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Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics (1966)

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Front Matter (R1-R11)
Contents (R12-R14)
Human Translation (1-1)
Types of Translator Employment (2-3)
English as the Language of Science (4-4)
Time Required for Scientists to Learn Russian (5-5)
Translation in the United States Government (6-6)
Number of Government Translators (7-8)
Amount Spent for Translation (9-10)
Is there a Shortage of Translators or Translation? (11-12)
Regarding a Possible Excess of Translation (13-15)
The Crucial Problems of Translation (16-18)
The Present State of Machine Translation (19-24)
Machine-Aided Translation at Mannheim and Luxembourg (25-28)
Automatic Language Processing and Computational Linguistics (29-31)
Avenues to Improvement of Translation (32-33)
Recommendations (34-34)
Appendix 1. Experiments in Sight Translation and Full Translation (35-36)
Appendix 2. Defense Language Institute Course in Scientific Russian (37-38)
Appendix 3. The Joint Publications Research Service (39-40)
Appendix 4. Public Law 480 Translations (41-42)
Appendix 5. Machine Translations at the Foreign Technology Division, U.S. Air Force Systems Command (43-44)
Appendix 6. Journals Translated with Support by the National Science Foundation (45-49)
Appendix 7. Civil Service Commission Data on Federal Translators (50-53)
Appendix 8. Demand for and Availability of Translators (54-56)
Appendix 9. Cost Estimates of Various Types of Translation (57-66)
Appendix 10. An Experiment in Evaluating the Quality of Translations (67-75)
Appendix 11. Types of Errors Common in Machine Translation (76-78)
Appendix 12. Machine-Aided Translation at the Federal Armed Forces Translation Agency, Mannheim, Germany (79-86)
Appendix 13. Machine-Aided Translation at the European Coal and Steel Community, Luxembourg (87-90)
Appendix 14. Translation Versus Postediting of Machine Translation (91-101)
Appendix 15. Evaluation by Science Editors and Joint Publications Research Service and Foreign Technology Division Translations (102-106)
Appendix 16. Government Support of Machine-Translation Research (107-112)
Appendix 17. Computerized Publishing (113-117)
Appedix 18. Relation Between Programming Languages and Linguistics (118-120)
Appendix 19. Machine Translation and Linguistics (121-123)
Appendix 20. Persons Who Appeared Before the Committee (124-124)

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Appendix 7 Civil Service Commission Data on Federal Translators TRANSLATORS AND CLERK TRANSLATORS Total Translators in Each Division and Grade UNITED STATES Translators Number Grade 6 22 14 26 15 40 10 52 23 7 2 217 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1 1 45 Total U.S. Translators and Clerk Translators: 262 WORLDWIDE Translators Number Grade 6 36 17 40 29 71 16 54 26 50 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 Clerk Translators Number Grade 16 24 4 5 6 9 Clerk Translators Number Grade 17 54 22 4 5 6 3 1 7 9

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WORLDWIDE (Cont'd) Number Grade Number Grade 7 13 3 14 25 Not Graded* 26 Not Graded* 30 123 Total Worldwide Translators and Clerk Translators: 453 *Employed by an agency that does not use the grading system. Classification of Translators and Clerk Translators According to Representative Agency Translators Clerk Translators* Agency U.S.A. Worldwide U.S.A. Worldwide 17 17 5 5 Library of Congress 26 26 2 2 Dept. of State 3 5 1 Treasury Dept. 32 112 17 51 Dept. of the Army 11 13 2 6 Dept. of the Navy 22 37 34 Dept. of the Air Force 13 14 6 6 Dept. of Justice 9 9 Post Office Dept. 4 4 Dept. of the Interior 5 5 1 4 Dept. of Agriculture 18 18 Dept. of Commerce 36 36 1 1 Dept. of Health, Education and Welfare 1 1 Canal Zone Government 1 1 Federal Aviation Agency 1 1 Federal Communications Commission 1 1 General Services Administration 1 Housing and Home Finance Agency 9 17 9 9 U.S. Information Agency 2 2 National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1 National Labor Relations Board 2 2 Panama Canal Company 1 1 Railroad Retirement Board 6 7 1 1 Veterans Administration *A clerk translator primarily does clerical work and is required to have some familiarity with the language involved in his work. The bulk of clerk translators are located on the Mexican border, in Puerto Rico, and on Indian reservations. 51

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Civil Service Salary Schedule, 1964 Grade Minimum Maximum Mean 4 $ 4,480 $ 5,830 $ 5,155 5 5,000 6,485 5,743 6 5,505 7,170 6,338 7 6,050 7,850 6,950 8 6,630 8,610 7,620 9 7,220 9,425 8,323 10 7,900 10,330 9,115 11 8,650 11,305 9,978 12 10,250 13,445 11,848 13 12,075 15,855 13,965 14 14,170 18,580 16,375 CGS QUALIFICATION STANDARDS, TRANSLATC)R SERIES (EFFECTIVE DECEMBER 1959)* Translator GS-5/~1 Category I positions require sufficient knowledge of the lan- guages involved to render adequate translations of simple, uncom- plicated, nontechnical material such as birth, marriage, and death certificates, proofs of residence, and correspondence dealing with relatively simple inquiries for information about benefits, services, etc. Positions in this category are found only at GS-5 and OS-7. Category II positions require that the translator have a native ability! in the language into which the translation is made, and a comprehensive knowledge" of the language from-which the transla- tion is made. Translations cover a broad variety of subjects such as science, economics, legal, and diplomatic work, as well as any other type of technical or specialized subject-matter material that may require translation. The level of difficulty of positions in this category is determined not by degree of language proficiency alone but also by the knowledge and comprehension of the subject matter involved. Positions in this category are found at all levels between GS-5 and GS-12. *Quoted from GS-031. iNative ability in a language is the ability to speak or write a language so fluently that the expression of thought is structurally, grammatically, and idiomatically correct and reflects a range of vocabulary in the language commonly characteristic of a person who has received his education through the high-school level in a country of the language. :/Comprehensive knowledge of a language means the ability to read the language easily. It represents an ability acquired usually acquired through academic study and is a lesser ability then "native ability" as defined here. 52

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LANGUAGE AND EXPERIENCE REQUIREMENTS— CATEGORY I POSITIONS Written Tests are Required for All Positions Grade OS-5. Candidates must be able to translate from one foreign language into English or from English into one foreign language . Grade OS-7. Candidates must be able to translate from two foreign languages into English, or from English and one foreign language into one other foreign language. In addition, candidates for grade GS- 7 must have 1 year's specialized experience in pre- paring written translations of nontechnical material of routine or repetitive nature in the appropriate languages. LANGUAGE AND EXPERIENCE REQUIREMENTS— CATEGORY II POSITIONS Written Tests are Required for All Positions Positions in this category require the ability to translate from at least two foreign languages into English or from English into a foreign language and from the same foreign language into English. In addition to basic language ability candidates must have the following number of years of specialized experience: Grade GS-5 GS-7 GS-9 GS-11 Total, yr 2 This work experience must demonstrate the ability to prepare written translations in the appropriate languages, involving techni- cal material in one or more specialized subject-matter fields such as architecture, automotive mechanics, physics, biology, legal or judicial procedures, foreign affairs, statistics, etc. This translation work must be of such a nature that the finished products appear to have been written by a native subject-matter specialist or technician in terms of sense, tone, style, and termi- nology. The degree of finish will depend upon the level of difficulty involved. For all levels above OS-7, 1 year of this specialized experience must be equivalent in scope and difficulty to that of the next lower level in this series. 53

Representative terms from entire chapter:

foreign language