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Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics (1966)

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. "Amount Spent for Translation." Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1966.

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Front Matter (R1-R11)
Contents (R12-R14)
Human Translation (1-1)
Types of Translator Employment (2-3)
English as the Language of Science (4-4)
Time Required for Scientists to Learn Russian (5-5)
Translation in the United States Government (6-6)
Number of Government Translators (7-8)
Amount Spent for Translation (9-10)
Is there a Shortage of Translators or Translation? (11-12)
Regarding a Possible Excess of Translation (13-15)
The Crucial Problems of Translation (16-18)
The Present State of Machine Translation (19-24)
Machine-Aided Translation at Mannheim and Luxembourg (25-28)
Automatic Language Processing and Computational Linguistics (29-31)
Avenues to Improvement of Translation (32-33)
Recommendations (34-34)
Appendix 1. Experiments in Sight Translation and Full Translation (35-36)
Appendix 2. Defense Language Institute Course in Scientific Russian (37-38)
Appendix 3. The Joint Publications Research Service (39-40)
Appendix 4. Public Law 480 Translations (41-42)
Appendix 5. Machine Translations at the Foreign Technology Division, U.S. Air Force Systems Command (43-44)
Appendix 6. Journals Translated with Support by the National Science Foundation (45-49)
Appendix 7. Civil Service Commission Data on Federal Translators (50-53)
Appendix 8. Demand for and Availability of Translators (54-56)
Appendix 9. Cost Estimates of Various Types of Translation (57-66)
Appendix 10. An Experiment in Evaluating the Quality of Translations (67-75)
Appendix 11. Types of Errors Common in Machine Translation (76-78)
Appendix 12. Machine-Aided Translation at the Federal Armed Forces Translation Agency, Mannheim, Germany (79-86)
Appendix 13. Machine-Aided Translation at the European Coal and Steel Community, Luxembourg (87-90)
Appendix 14. Translation Versus Postediting of Machine Translation (91-101)
Appendix 15. Evaluation by Science Editors and Joint Publications Research Service and Foreign Technology Division Translations (102-106)
Appendix 16. Government Support of Machine-Translation Research (107-112)
Appendix 17. Computerized Publishing (113-117)
Appedix 18. Relation Between Programming Languages and Linguistics (118-120)
Appendix 19. Machine Translation and Linguistics (121-123)
Appendix 20. Persons Who Appeared Before the Committee (124-124)

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Amount Spent for Translation Considering the various methods used to secure translations, it is not surprising that federal agencies have paid many different prices for translation—prices ranging from $9 to $66 per 1,000 words. (It is not altogether unheard of for a translation purchaser to pay a translator who does exceptionally good work for more words than he actually translates.) At its first meeting, the Committee decided that it would be useful to have a fairly reliable estimate of the amount of money the government was spending for translation. Although the figures collected by the Committee constitute only an estimate—and a rough estimate, at that—we feel that it is the best estimate of the govern- mentts translation expenditures made up to this time. Amounts spent by government agencies for translations done by: $ Millions JPRS Fiscal Year 1964 1.3 Commercial Agencies Fiscal Year 1964 (Est. by H. R. 3.6 Select Committee) PL 480 Fiscal Year 1965 1.5 NSF Domestic Fiscal Year 1965 1.1 In-House Fiscal Year 1963 5.3 FTD MT 1 March- 2 October 1964 0.27 Total 13. 07 It is clear from the above figures that translation in the govern- ment is a very small field of activity when compared with most undertakings in which the government supports research and development. Bernard Bierman, a New York translation agency owner and a director of the American Translators Association has estimated that the commercial translation agencies in the United States do about $7.5 million worth of business each year. When this figure is added to the $13 million spent by the government, the sum is 9

OCR for page 10
about $20 million. To this should be added perhaps $2 million for the amount spent for nongovernment in-house translators. Thus the estimate of the amount of money spent on translation would be raised to approximately $22 million. ~0

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