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Language and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics (1966)

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Front Matter (R1-R11)
Contents (R12-R14)
Human Translation (1-1)
Types of Translator Employment (2-3)
English as the Language of Science (4-4)
Time Required for Scientists to Learn Russian (5-5)
Translation in the United States Government (6-6)
Number of Government Translators (7-8)
Amount Spent for Translation (9-10)
Is there a Shortage of Translators or Translation? (11-12)
Regarding a Possible Excess of Translation (13-15)
The Crucial Problems of Translation (16-18)
The Present State of Machine Translation (19-24)
Machine-Aided Translation at Mannheim and Luxembourg (25-28)
Automatic Language Processing and Computational Linguistics (29-31)
Avenues to Improvement of Translation (32-33)
Recommendations (34-34)
Appendix 1. Experiments in Sight Translation and Full Translation (35-36)
Appendix 2. Defense Language Institute Course in Scientific Russian (37-38)
Appendix 3. The Joint Publications Research Service (39-40)
Appendix 4. Public Law 480 Translations (41-42)
Appendix 5. Machine Translations at the Foreign Technology Division, U.S. Air Force Systems Command (43-44)
Appendix 6. Journals Translated with Support by the National Science Foundation (45-49)
Appendix 7. Civil Service Commission Data on Federal Translators (50-53)
Appendix 8. Demand for and Availability of Translators (54-56)
Appendix 9. Cost Estimates of Various Types of Translation (57-66)
Appendix 10. An Experiment in Evaluating the Quality of Translations (67-75)
Appendix 11. Types of Errors Common in Machine Translation (76-78)
Appendix 12. Machine-Aided Translation at the Federal Armed Forces Translation Agency, Mannheim, Germany (79-86)
Appendix 13. Machine-Aided Translation at the European Coal and Steel Community, Luxembourg (87-90)
Appendix 14. Translation Versus Postediting of Machine Translation (91-101)
Appendix 15. Evaluation by Science Editors and Joint Publications Research Service and Foreign Technology Division Translations (102-106)
Appendix 16. Government Support of Machine-Translation Research (107-112)
Appendix 17. Computerized Publishing (113-117)
Appedix 18. Relation Between Programming Languages and Linguistics (118-120)
Appendix 19. Machine Translation and Linguistics (121-123)
Appendix 20. Persons Who Appeared Before the Committee (124-124)