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OCR for page R1
^~C[S IN 1H[
~ODUL^RI1Y OF Vl~ON
Seas Flume Symposium on
Frontiers of Visual Science
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OCR for page R2
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the
National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the
committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for
appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures
approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of
Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of dis-
tinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of
science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter
granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the
federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National
Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National
Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its
administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences
the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also
sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research,
and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the
National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to
secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy
matters pertaining to the health of the public The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the
National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government
and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Samuel
O. Thier is president of the Institute of Medicine
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to
associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering
knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies
determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the
National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the
government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. File Council is administered
jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White
are chairman and vice chairman, respective~, of the National Research Council.
Additional copies of this report are available from:
Committee on Vision
2101 Constitution Avenue N.W.
Washington, D.C. ZO418
Printed in the United States of America
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COMMITTEE ON VISION
SUZANNE MCKEE (Chair), Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Foundation,
San Francisco
LYNN COOPER, Department of Psychology, Columbia University
RUSSELL LEE DEVALOIS (NAS), Department of Psychology,
University of California, Berkeley
MERTON CLYDE FLOM, College of Optometry, University of Houston
DAVID L. GUYTON, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, Johns Hopkins
University
DONALD HOOD, Department of Psychology, Columbia University
JAMES LACKNER, Ashton Graybiel Spatial Orientation Laboratory,
Brandeis University
GORDON E. LEGGE, Department of Psychology, University of
Minnesota
PETER LENNIE, Center for Visual Sciences, University of Rochester
LOUIS SILVERSTEIN, Honeywell, Inc., Phoenix, Ariz.
KENT ~ STEVENS, Department of Computer and Information Science,
University of Oregon
ANDREW B. WATSON, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field,
Calif.
PAMELA EBERT FLATCAR, Study Director
JOANNE ALBANES, Research Assistant
CAROL METCALF, Administrative Secretary
ROSE WHITE, Secretary
. . .
111
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SYMPOSIUM PARTICIPANTS
ANTHONY J. ADAMS, University of California, Berkeley
JOHN ALLMAN, California Institute of Technology, Berkeley
DANA BALLARD, University of Rochester
RANDOLPH BLAKE, Vanderbilt University
DAVID C. VAN ESSEN, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
JON KAAS, Vanderbilt University
MORTIMER MISHKIN, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda
ANNE TREISMAN, University of California, Berkeley
ROBERT SHAPLEY, New York University
ROBERT WURTZ, National Eye Institute, Bethesda
1V
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Preface
The Committee on Vision is a standing committee of the National
Research Council's Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and
Education. The committee provides analysis and advice on scientific issues
and applied problems involving vision. It also attempts to stimulate the
development of visual science and to provide a forum in which basic and
applied scientists, engineers, and clinicians can interact. Working groups
of the committee study questions that may involve engineering and equip-
ment, physiological and physical optics, neurophysiology, psychophysics,
perception, environmental effects on vision, and visual disorders.
From time to time, the committee sponsors public meetings that feature
papers on advances in vision research. The meetings are designed to aid
the newcomer in reaching a preliminary understanding of the utility of the
latest approaches to vision research and to challenge more experienced
scientists, engineers, and clinicians alike to consider the appropriate role
for these new models and methods in the advancements of vision research
and its application to practical problems.
In March 1987 the committee sponsored a Symposium on Frontiers
of Visual Science at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington,
D.C. The committee brought together seven leading investigators in vision
research whose work embodies the integration of some of these newer mod-
els and methods. Participants discussed how converging lines of evidence
indicate that the brain contains multiple neural representations (i.e., maps)
of visual space, different maps being devoted to the analysis of different
aspects of the visual scene. This volume provides a selection of papers
from that meeting.
Funds for the symposium were provided from the general budget of
the committee, which receives support from the departments of the Army,
v
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the Navy, and the Air Force; the National Eye Institute; the National
Institute on Aging; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration;
the National Science Foundation; the Department of Veterans Affairs;
the American Academy of Ophthalmology; the American Academy of
Optometry; the American Optometric Association; and the Society for
Information Display.
The committee gratefully acknowledges the efforts of the vision scien-
tists who took time from their demanding schedules to participate in the
symposium. The committee also thanks its staff officer, Pamela Ebert Flat-
tau, for organizing the meeting and preparing the final report. Production
of the report was effectively assisted by Carol Metcalf of the committee
staff. To all these, we express our gratitude.
Suzanne McKee, Chair
Committee on Vision
V1
