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OCR for page 1
1
IE~ECTF::LC~: 33~_TT;~.~ Aft T ~01~ITCAL
By
A,, fir,, Again and :~. .~r~xanovich
irrational Bureau of Starboards
`~ingto;l, A). C.
Ate Senegal a-nc3. thoo'7et-@ Cal section of tilts direst includes
With contain excep' ions, -~al.niv the tape of material incl~ctod in
last yearts Digest under the hoaxing ~'Eloctr~ca1 Properties of ~
I'~at:;er." The cYcop~io:~s are items on T.~thods and Ins t - Wonts,
Dive metric Bro~kdo~rn, an] I~`i~rowave Pher~o.~ona, oa.c4~ of -which .'~as
a section of its owes this ~'car. Tn a~ lion, it has boon agreed
the i~ maters a? in the ra:?id'y~growin~ ~1 o. of t?~;ri~° ~Conductors,
will not be included in. the Digest tI.is ~roar.
Tic breakdown of -,-~La=orial ~,i-~h~°.n tons Icon follol-~'s
:;or~crally the nacho c`mployc~ last four,. The sub-~-~din:;s inched
(1) Thoorics of Dloloctric Polarization and Absorption, (2) Di_
cicctric Cons cant and Dioico-.,r~c Loss ~ (3) Dipole Morns and
strUCtUTIC, (try Conductivity, (5) Cap~.c~tors, (6) Eloctrcts arid
(7) Eloc~x~o_~riscosi,.y offccts. Thc ase4~n^..lont of a pacer
paper to a subhead ng is, in ~ one cas cs, qua ~ Tic we'd itrar,~ but
usually the grouping is clear curt. In Coral, p~,rcly thcorct.~cal
p a ? c rs a fo in the fi rs ~ sublet: ad. in:; flu t man fir O f t'' ~,2 p al c is uncle r
talc otI:cr subl~cad.~ngs inc T^d ~ cords ~ dorab' c ~corc ~ . cal or ar~alyt~-
ca2 matcria1 . Th-.rc are al so o~hor cordorlinc cases -hero -1atcria
is inclu~cd in this scotion Author t'r-an in a following soction,.
Or vice ~rcrsaO Ir fc-~ cases papers a-~ ~nclu~cd in snore than
one section.
An exccptior~a].~:r good co~.~`pi: atI on of papers on gen~r.~:T,
thoorot-'cal, and r.~any spccif~ c aspects of dice octal` c p':onor,~-na
was mado av~labIc wraith the publication in one vo'ur!,C of tic
pape rs ~ togs the r filth cons idorab Ic discus s ion ~ ~ tic s cr:tcd at tho
symposium on d~octr~cs held at rho Univcrsity of Bristol in
ApriTl 1946. Most of the Bristol papers arc rofc~rod to-in-
d~ridually Cal thor in tI: ~ s or one -of thin for lowing soc i-` ons . The
Bristol papers arc grouped under sour headings wit Oh goncral
do scussion fo] long each group. The groups inclu~c 0 Gcnert.1
Thcoro~lcal (6 Vapors ) g Thoory of Rclax~tion Timos (5 papers )
B:~cakdov~n (1 paper by Van Xippc1 with discussion), I.~casuroment
To chnology and To rnli.nolo:;y ( 9 pa;p c is Dana only on mic no- a arc
r~casurcn1c~ts), Appilcacions (9; papors ), Lone; Chin Compounds
(4 papers ) and Solids (3 papers ) .
a;
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2
Tk~eo~ics of Die]cctr~c ~ol~r~ization bird Absorption
~ number of ~T~'ga''ors havo ~,`~cn r`'otiv.~-vca b-, the ~n-
adcquac~°cs of con,~r~nlt~orlal-~ct:~oc'.s of co~n~?~~,J~.n:; dl~cicc~ric
.~olar:Lzatio~ part~cu~',~.rI~ b<~ca-lls~ of ;shortcor~iin,:,s of ,~ct~od.s of
chin -renal faced ~n poller s~'r~sta`~:cos. Sc~7c~a: Arcs
Groin thc 3~° s tol s~f)~.POS iUlll: 44!,'-~ ~ ~ Vet] EVE Uh~ s and real ~ J6C6. p~O,l`)lCl'l~ ~
Froh1~ calm d~ sc-~sscd Hi- ~ c '=;~octs of dipole ~ ret tJcract ~ on on rc3sult~t
. . .
polar cation and cor.~r~arod't:-c r.~thods of - cork 3~-1 on of Dob~-c-
Clausius_~Tosott~, Onsag~r9 and iTirl~wood (for. lends ) '`r'T~-'' ~-~.1s own
(for can sl:ror:Lg1,, aniso~ro:?~c sol Ails ~ ~ rho, s'.;^.ow~(l 'to Sac
first Biro r~c~hods arc basics. on ass'.'l^;;pt~.ons :-.'hici ~ I t3.~.ir
ran ;c of v~ id ~ to- anc3 that ~irk-~.?ood's ~or~.~ula, Slough accurate,
~ nvol;~cs conlpilration d~ ff-- cults cs . IN c OilC ~l~fli~ d that the cocci
of d;i:?o<~o i r~tcr-~+n off on c1~ cicr-tr~c cons Cant Was app;~cc~ Abe ~,
elf .~c~crlt for s olids than for Abounds .: Ad: the 1 attor c. s c,
dipo]c in=~ract~°on Icons loo `1 n q-,.~ti:7c tr`~raturc ~0Of~ornt
. . ..
and in the for-:cr an or~crc~ st~66 pick o~r~°r.~tos ~:it2~ Bit ~cr
pcrria~c~t polarization or a p.os~ti~7~-toin-~raturc coofficio-:lt for
diclc~tric constant. TV_ feather concluded that joint il.~NT-.st~;a-
tio.ns of. structure Lund di-~ccti~c .prop--r-~cs are (~ss~;nt:~1 loo
inc~casod und~rs~t~nding of thc'n~tu;~ of d~polc int~actior1 in
vet rious sounds ', Kir3~rv~ood3 roars card his l-JC1 1_l:DoT-;j~ ';.lCt~Q.d Ot
cor-1puting pola.rizatiQn in polar liquids -which .~13 arts fro-1 th,=
Loront-z -local field (F= ~ ~ -I..; W~ ;'` ) and uses statistical
arc charL is S r.:c thod ~ into s ~- owe.. ~ Ma pro rob lo c ok ~ ~ i s on ~ c t\~7C o t1 ob -
serv~d a~d COi~lputG? valuc3 for war and tic r.1orc co+;~lor~ alcohols,,:
Tic pointcrl out the t iris Icon accounts fo ~ var$atlo;.~s of did- ~
c lo c.l.rip -.c on;s Stint -`i:l ~ t3~ to: ~ ra ~7 ~ no bug Nina 'J ~ ~ no cds c ons idc rat lc :
c~tc?.lsion to dosGro'~?o disl?crsion p'~cno:~on~,, Baucr] wrath
7,~assi~non rc~ic~cd iris Good of col^:putl~g cr'-~st~l~no ficlds
which Is coscr~bod in. Section ~ ~ ~ or Cast Scarfs i) ~ Scat and
C Ci^.~p `~ ro d ~ '~ w i th the; Deb ;-~- and Ons ~ tic ~ mo tl':~ I S O Bo t t ch- -0
rc viowesd. 'lolls contribution: -to intor-~ai field thcor~T whl.ch Alas
Also rovic~cd in part in last yoarts Oigost. Tales r~ctI~o] ~n-
~rolvcd the art Cc of consic~cring tic ~no'ccuic in Who t?classical
cavity to bc r~on-pol~~r but of trio §~mc ~?ol,ar~zab=l ~ to as ~ -Jo . ~.
Polk molcoulo uncor cons aeration. By this tccl~rlic;io ~lCl unwire; :
Gns a:;c r ~ s Tic omputa ~ ~ oils f or Sac t ion ~ f fc c ts, 'ARC c onc Ludlow d t'-a t :
do vic.t i ons fro.-.1 the Deb Tic -C laus ins -Mos ot t i .for~u lets foil the
pros sure dopcudencc of talc molecular p Olsen zati on of gas as and
the dcp c Ada no c o f mo la r ro Bra c t i or: of ag u p Otis c ic c t r~ lo! ic
solutions on ct~ccntr~-tion can. be cxp~ain-~. ~ant: compared
. .. . . . . . . . .
crate cally Ot~sa~cr ' s abet: Dcb~c ~ ~ th~.orics and conclu,~cd tho.t talc
l=ttcrts.~ be irlaccuratc but ~hc form¢rts ccrt~irI-~r Ask Tic
further corlcPuded that Dcb.~ c ~ s ~ hoary caner ~ be Acre f`~- strong;`,
HO sug:;cs -ted tile Dcb~yO_!~ lotus lUS _Mos otti ~cl~n~t:L on be cor,3~.i~cd
to the ideal Is law ~ tacit the ac dual d~cloc-~- boor
.. , - . .~
of polar subst`Q.~nocs be cons~dcrc~- as dcv~°~ ons Boom the ~deal.
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3
In ~ second paper uranic prcsontod sores rnathc~i-,~a~cical Ohs
roprcsc-nting polar r.:oicculos in crystals in which various rostric-
tions or rf~olocular orientation in a crystal wore considorcd and
the resulting tc~npora Arc dopcncIenco of die] cctric polar~zability
on scrimp craturc as ccrtair~cd.
Kruissink[3 ~;avc ~ critical rc~riow of thcorics of dicicctric
po~arizatior~ and strcesod that a satisfactory cor.~prchonsi~c
thoory is lacking. Ha who; that thc ~nodcl off KirI~ood (~* Corns
Phys ice 4., 592_60:L ~1936 ~ ~ can- be modified to "produce for:;~ul~s
identical Title those of Onsa~;cr (10 Am, Chcm. Socials, -36-93
( 1936 ) ~ teas ed on a " c ontinuous Tic ic c tr lo t' c onoop t ,, Ho sl^- offs od
further that the scruff cup! rascal formulas of 30~tch~r -,,ricld good
agrcomcnt with cxporin~cnt and c~phasizcd hoary canard it is to talro
into account tic structure of liquids as undc.~atood tod.~. Y~c
concluded that the formulas of Ki.-kv~cod dca1 with polar liquids
ill a tllcorctically acceptably very, but aro difficult to apply*
An early paper of Bottchorts apocarod in tic abstracts in 1947.
This papor dealt witn computations of reran internal field but
tho results prodatc later papers along the sar.:c lines Which wore
co~crcd in last Scores ]:)igost and in roforoncc (5~' 7KulT'^.rni
Jat7~ar, Yathira,] 17cngar; and Sathc)O discuesod tho inad~qu.acios
of the Dcbyc_Clau.si~-~`:os?tti creation and Acing thcir own ~
vows ion of it O Cons Curing thc dipole as a long, chin cyIindor,
they obtained tho following; c~prcssion (~.--1) ~//d= an IT
(~\E I: A<.) where the tcrri~s ilk their usu~1 ri~canin.,s O TIlis
cxprcssionj d~r~Tcd c:Lass°cali=, was s'~>o'.~'n cqui~=lc-nt to tI:c Core
goncr~l quantum rclaticn, (- - tt `~l = ^,;i ;~/~.--.~ i..' ~iI~:~NT3;` '-~,.iz) 1
for the case considcrod, in which tile Gigolo icy r~codlc Shaped and
has only two possible settings fin thc cloctrical flold.
Poldo r and Van Santonll ca lculato d tho c f~c c t ~ arc dic loo trio
cor~stant for a r-~atcrial consi;~g of a mcdiu:~ in which c1lipsoidal
solid particles or cr~:pty holes with various dicloctr~c constants
arc packed togc~hor. Thc calculation was based on art a~?proxtrna-
tion which in the case of sphor~cal particles gate results
identical with Bottchorts n~c~hodg. Choir paper ~nc~idcs ~ dis-
cussion on the ctfcct of the shape of the ellipsoids. In a
lator paper Poldorl2 gas a short ro:Tiow covcrir~g Cuss of
compIcx quantities in ~c~c~ibing dicIcctric propcrtics, ~ omc
phonomcna leading to mc~hods of mcasur~ng talc dicloc-~c constant
and lass factor, the dopor~oncc; of twos propcrtics or ration
fiance ~ and the success of ccrtair~ novels- ire intcrprct~ng to
facts. Lowin:3 has computed the pluck of dicicctric constant and
por~ncabi1 its of a mixture consisting of ~ homogoncous xnatcrial
in whic'n particice arc i~.~bcd~cd. Fo=.~las arc found -which. arc
valid at high frogu¢r~cics, so long as tho size of the particle ~s ~
small compared to the wa~rcicngth and tic packing is not too Arcs t.
Special caves trcatcd.arc iron dust corce and cxpandcd diol¢ctrics
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4
ire which the t'~?articics"; are Fib bu~i~h~'cto For Lcrrc';.:a:;nc=~.c
r.atorl-ls, ~i-i-al" flocks LIT arc assuricd. so Chit tI:o rcs'~l'~s
rcfcr to initial pcr~lcabi] °' ~ >~
of fllc J~ixturo ~ 1~hc pc3rmca'~il~ t-,
On ~`cco~.~;~t Of Ever '~c~vcr:.£~cncit~J
~ -r;ia-v;7- ~be c 3-r;:c " ~ os s; y" ( :f ~ o 3 ~ ~.~;
bc c -;:r.~p ~ cx ' O Even ~v:~an ~h~ subs ta-~cos ~rc al1 no~l-.~crro'~.1a:~;1~; = ~ c,
tho p cr^~;~caL il~t `'r of thc mixture r.:a~ ~cpart f' ~ o~ unit' or bc
com:p~ox`' ~.c f(;rr~ula fo~ tL~o (lioicctric cons u~nt of i',~c r.:i~xtu;~o
was ,,i~Ton as ~ _ c/~+ .~F _\
~-~ ~ .~ -iF j
where ~ = ratio of vol~c of par - G~ cics to thc t~ta~ l701unc cf t~c
mixtul~c and (.i 2nd (~ arc tr,c dicloctric const2nts of tl1o materials
in wh~c,: tI~c partic3es arc c~ispcrscd and ~rom w~.c'': -ubc p~rticGLcs
arc for,.~c~, r~s~?octivcly', TI~c equat~or is c9%cvolopcd for sphcr~cal
particlos whoso rad=~s is loss than ~hc w~,,~::gth. It ~r~o'ds up
to F - l/2 and ~.s S~Gill useful ~r~ s ~r.:c c~scs for l.~r£or va ~ucs of
f~,, ~ Thc sar~c equatio~s ap~. ,1-,: tor pc ~oab$ ~ ty.
A fivc--,~car-oic4. pa~cr b-; I`rubo)4 bec~ri~c ava~1c during 1047.
In thc papor ~L'C'Sl':O\r]S t'~t with p,:-r~or~cna such ~s ~bsorpt~or~ cf
supc~sox~ic wavos9 dic~cctr~c l:'ss, and~; pa'>~magi~ctic dis~c~sio;~`,
t'nc tino of r^lax^-ion l?~fS an i=~.Li~rt~n' l-~Ic. tn ~ L o)~'c'~isp~rs~
systcr^~,, ~n which vc.~. ous tines of rol~xat~on COCX1St.9 t6C ]lS-
t~ibution f~nct ~ Qn of tli,~lC of :rclo.xat~on nuat bo k;~rJn. ll~lon thc
Boltzr~ar1 cqu~tion cxprcssi~; tI~c tir.~c var~ ~tic)n 0f ~ho d~. s ~ribu~
tion f~nct~on of thc sys-or~ is ~,i~7on, t':~- t~rac' of rolax~'-ion ca.n
bc obt~incd. as a s `:i~.tion of 4~Lc ~ropor_~aJuo .~oblo~' sorc in
forl~tioi~ rc:;~.~din~, ~ho <~4 strtbution ol rclaxat~ on tir~cs can
casily bc obta~cd. Tho resul~s ar~c ~,J1~36. to~ thc i~roblex~s of
diclcotric loss and clcctrica' conduct7 on of :-Qotpls O
F~lllic:~15 ,aas dcvc].oped a now thcor~ of abso~p~ion rar;,icu-
larly aQ:?1 icablo to r~licrowa~rc 1>hononc:2a ~anc7. Brablc1 ;~as r.cvolr,pcd
of lo~N ~rcqucnc~
rcs on~ nce O ~ -tJ~f~'rturlatc ly Q^1] y s~nor~
-.~; r ~.q~?~S Wc3~C 29~;~ ~blc ~ Frohllch showc: th~t
a now tne or,-~
ab s trac ts 0 f ~ .
thc Lor-ntz for~,1ula fcr tl~c sha:?c of abs o~p tion lin~s is irco-~rcct
cxcopt ncar rosonancc, and a corroo ~ to~ula ,~F~aS do:~.vod ^.nd d~-
cu3 s cc]. ~ : Ho ~ o] n tod out that thc nc~,l for: rl:la should bc -~scd w.~,cn
consic~crin~ ultra-hi:;h froquc~cics. Brabici6 attributcd tho bo
havior -o~ dicictr~c constar:t anc~ ~ oss-an~;lo at low '~cq~cncios to
thc oscil:1ations of nea~ry particlos ~nd on th~s baa~°s ~ovc]~?~]
his now~ theory of dioloctric ro-sonancc. ~
· ; . .
Flv~ of tho Br~sto1 :?~?~-rs don1t ~-~h thoorics of' ro];axati~r~
t imo s in d ~ ~ lo c t r i c s . G ire rd ancl Ap ad ic :7 o,~.r.l~nc d clc v~ ~ t l ons
b~t~v<~corl c-~pex~ir.~c-ntal ar~d theorotic~.l (Dcb~ ) d~s~c~si~n ci'r~cs
f or s ~1ec ~cd ~?ure ~iqu ~!s, s o~ utions -and c ollol da1 ~.1~a . T1~e ~=
c cnc 1l1de d tlla ~ the do via t ~ ons ~o 3~o nos ~ p r ob ab ~ ~; `~`u ~ t ~ suc~
thin£s as act~.~l r~olocular sha:?c as contrastod to six.~ple sp.',~cres
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5
assumed in th`- thoor--, defor^~ahilit,,- of solutc x'cl;-culos by ~
soarers, an`] -unto dcpcn.dor~cc of ~ c':arac=,c~ist~'c bipolar st~cturo
up on toTl:::ora~uro. Gc~l~rs c.nd du droll ~o T,loT.-vod studies ore .thc
or f~.c~or Erect to'::pora=~uro coctf~cicn~ of sorts solid (.~i;~or~?~us
dioloctr~csO choir i', wets b?SoCl Cal the assu=~?ticn of ~
statistic-l sco.~¢ring of the activation on~r~ics cictcr;~nin~ the
p-~rossivc or rot~tior~.1 diffusion of thc idols and/Gr Is
of the dice octric O Who-,; concluded 4~t in the Cal so of ar~o~?i~iolls
d~cloctrics, ]:~aving r.~odoratc Volvos of dioloctric corned pi
factors Band uherr.~2~] o~ nsion, the ratio between the te;~pera-
turo cocff'iciont of the c~.olcctric constant arced talc power factor
is appro~ir.~.~, 1~Ccpondont of tho na ~u ~ ~ of the c3.icloct~::~ic .
Ti:Le procodii:~g route cannot ~bc coop lai read bar known the crick like
those of tech arid V¢ragnc~r. G~.rtor~9 '~rosontod in ex,:~nation
for the goner~-~-obsorvod fact thct in "£;°~'d" dioicctrics, two
pc'v~or factor is essentially in~lc,:orldont of froquc~c,-.'r, Funda~lont`~.l-
1~9 a~1J oxiolanations based on ~ lir~ited c'istribution of title COll-
stants must Icad tc' rosul~cs in accordanco with Dob,-,~e ~quntio-s,
and a c ons bunt 71 os s angle del;~ds a dis tribu t-` on c:~tondin.£ bo ,,+~.'d
theiwho~e range of const`~.nc,,-. Ho ~ssu'.~ed there thorn Q~'-iStS an
exponential c'.istr~bution of tompor~r~- "thorma] walls" and that
oscillations of dipoles or ionic Is take place botulin
ther and the " :orr.nanent walls" associ~od wraith t Tic ~nJividua~
nolocular structure. Such a r.~echanis`~ w~ulcl Micro rive to a loss
angle constant v'1th froqucnc,->r. Sach20 consid.orod the ~roblor.~
of the ~roquor~c; dcpondoncc Of the dicloctr~c constant of poller
solids and pointed ant that tile Dob~,~c forr^llll~, wh.'cL1 oxpresscs
the a-c diolectric constant for such solids in torr;:s of -ado
value at cord. JOCKS and high frequencies, a rolaxation tin; and a
f:~equ~nc-~r, dom not agree r;~.oll~->r -ah ¢~pcri~i~ental results in ttic
cave of solic9.s. Thoso discrepancies right bo cxplc.~`ned Hans
of a short range interaction botwoon ne~gL~borin:, dipoles,, Qu~nti-
tative considoration of the one-~;~n~ens~onal problem shows I;; the
Dob=,,~e formula still applies, but healer a stu-d,~,T of icons
in 2 or 3 dimensions would retrial tile source of the d~scro,:ancies
is left open. ~ ~ ,`~!h'tchead~i in a general analysis of dielectric
measurements concluded that present diel ectric theories usual 1y
load-to ap]?roxir.latel`~,T linear phenomena, giving rise to rotation
and relaxation spectra ran`,in~ from story high to low froquenc;ies.
As dielectric loss, absorption current, and loss angle ore ~nter-
.related; equivalent results can be interred from the 5tU07 0=
an, one, while a comparison of there rival- eliri:inato cordon parameters.
the emplo~'rnent of time-dependent fields oilier than constant or
s~nuso~l has '3articu~ar applications, especially where direc-
t~° onal fields of short causation are required, and for the stud;
of discontinuous nonlinear phenomena such as discharges.
?iekara22 cores ide red four effects of molecu7 ar orientation,
namely=: (3~) Dielectric polarization, (2) saturation in a Strong
field, (3) electric birefrin~;ence (KLerr effect), and (` ~ r.~agnetlc
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
dipole moments
6
birefringerice (C ot ~on-?.7outon o: fect, ~ 9.'1~e l.c. .` ~ ~ ~,'~.iocl was
r~itrobenzer~e vihlc7a ,.-as c:~ssol~re~c7~ 13a a. no~-po'a:? s,:_~,rt. Irhe
molar coxes tents for these fou ,~ effects ewe ceil cv-~ ~ Jeer 'a j orl
the bas is of the cogent z Portia to. t2-.o local. fill ~ and (b ~
the Onsa:;er fic'd. The 1~3r a~x,~ed re`~;son~bl~ -~-Jo11 w' l;k a
t',le orgy- bus od on three ~ -< Apes 0 ~ ~c~eculo ~ c cup ~ maria; 0 ~ ~ ~ J(~',.~.~_t 0,
F~wler~Deb:7e ciue -~o t~.e cor~bincd. ac u~on c)f a ~,re=t nu:^nb~r cf
surrou}:,din; 1;~on ecul es 9 (2 j ti3£ bans Ito;~= fo=~Y:~.~.~on of uns tab ~.e
and non-ri:;id pairs v;'ith t.h~= nearest nei<,!.l'~o~.r~ ~lolc-~J-c, anc:
(3~^ cou;-~lin~ c~ue to the r.~.tu,~x int:~7~nc-;~on o,= t;~o tr`~ns-' ;~cr.;
ouas ~ _anti,.:ar~1 ~le:L ~airs fo~^:ed b-: the cru.p 1-ln~ o.= t`~,~,3
7
prop`~,T1 iodide, but;~1 chloride, betel bromide and but'-1 inclide in
such solvents as hex:ane,he3?tar~arbon tetrachloride;and tolt?`ene
The results he used ~o cat cud ate the apparent `- ~ echo c home
in solution Osiris; the Debye equation and volume f;~act~ions~ Tile
customary e:~trapolation tcE_ ~ for c=1culat:~ng the din one night
of the ecu~valent gas failed to giver cons~s~er~t rests,, ~x~ra-
polating~ho,-.ve~er' Cot _ l.7 genre values Rich were not only self
consistent b~t also agreed With the exper::no~-detor~mi^ned Ache
in the vapor state. Goss Is Forrest ;ave ~ better a ;rec~:ont than
the re s ~ ~
Plessner and Rlcharcls28 have obtained curves of power factor
vs frequency over a range of te~-pora-07~^ne~ for solutions of esters
in three contrast~;.n~ ~iv~cLroca:ebon ~?o'-3~,1ers. polvisob~.tene, pol~-
theme arid pol'~Ts~~ene'' All e~-h~'~^~ed maxima at radio frequencies.
The breadth of the curares for pol~=so'~one and pv]~ther~e contain-
in:; 2~' dioc~yl phthalate indicated a d~ str~.~ution of relaxa~;~ on
tinges; ire I've case of pcl' serene, the b`~ead.th of the di$tri'~.~tion
was `,ree.ter and the hey of the eat dropped snore rapidly as the
tem~per.~ture~as decreased than in the case of po1~sobu~ene, aue
probably tooths cr-~rs~a1line structure of po:L,,=t'~ene. At each
ten~pex,~ture, the rela~xat~on Ayes were less for polytI~ene An for
polyisobutene. Prom the areas under =~'e cur~,-es , ~ arrive of
205 - 2,,6 Dobbs units seas calculated for tI~e dispose moment of
c3.iocty' pht'~alate. The activation energies of' dipole orientation
for this ester in poly1~ob~tene and One was about 16 id Cal.
and 15 K. Cal ., respectively. the power factors of the ?°1~=,~~
s t;-rene mixtures ATE corer than (loos e of the florid le p O:L-~,=~.~,~S ,,
and ~3:~e activation energy calculated floors the c~ar~;e of' power
factor with temperature was only about 5 K. cats The authors
believed that dipole or~entari.on in -t'ac rigid po1,,styrene has a
d~ f fe re nt one charism than ~ n the .~exib ~ e p 0 bane rs .
Sharbau~;h, Schmelzer, Eckstrom and Kraus29 used a calori-
n~etric method to determine ever<:,= absorption in an Of field for
several quaternary and ternary amr.~oniur~ salts ire solvents of low
dielectric constant. Tile dipole cond~ctivii:~ arch Toss factor
for Cheese systems were calculated frown the e-~per~r!:enta~ C~`atac!
The dielectric losses were e~;a~ni:~ed as & f~.nctior1 of frec~uenc~-;
and co-ncentrati on and ~ nte~?reted accow-`ing tc the Debye theorizer.
Critical frequencies, molecular radii, and dipole moments Greene
e valuated wI~erev`-r feasible* Solutions of tri- °' soamyla~r=mor~m
picrate in benzene and dipneny~ methane behaved as a monod~sperse
system having ~ sirl:;le wel1-defined polar structure relatively
independent of concentration. Corresi;onclin~ solutions of ~ ot:~-
n-but~rla~nc)nillrn thioc~ar~a~e, in contrast, show a rearmed departure
from the oretical bear for a monodispers e S~,Ts bees, liar i no; a
broad Bistro buffs on of relaxation times and a high deduce of
association stron ;~T dependent on concer~tration. Di-r~-'~u-y]dioc=~-
aecyl-am~?lonium t;~:ioc-~nato sho:'ed r.:onodisporse behavior al ~ ow
con`^ontr~t orals I::3 th rlore p~ys-~ccll~ cold o2oc~r-.-ce.ll-,T dit~=nt
polar bodice a:,?~`r~`i~g as -~n-- cor~c=~t:r`~.~.~or: ';~.s 4nc~-,.s`~(i. ~.o
results Marc ~1~ r;~: -£rJe:.A;c-nt '-ire by poJa~izatlorl3, corld~lc=,arco,
arid cryoscopic r:~s-~3~omc:~s for' u:~=so SEAS It ~S ~
='cl=~allar;~ach30 ~rescn~c-1 Salts of invos-,= get Us of pi;;- fibs
o f ~ oiar i- qu ~ cls c ores b in.: -~c ~ Coca bane to !,'~ o c o:.~= on -~c ~ -
r~que of stu~>T~^-rl~ Briar liqueurs In nor-l:~?.=r SC)L1~TO;~4,SO '.~3 S~O~3~-CL
that cures ~l~v7~~ ~hc cod ol octr~.c cor~stn.-£:';.,~ of be :~' X3't -A~:;l;urcs
as ferric Lions of ~i,'fle tr-~?_r~ture aro nor::~a' 1~ -~'J0~ A, -~-~res so ~Jt~,<~ on
only associ.a'~d GYM o~.iy -. 1i~.l6.S,~Ut ~O at 10-
for r.~ix~-^rcs of associated' ~.Q'~ nOn-.~-SSOO.~Ot,e] -~-'ctu1"~;l~. 1~- t6O
~ atoner c Ask t2.~.` power factor IS cx''.:~. `it~l.l;~cr certain cir~
cur~stances.~;nro rnax=,n~O le so.,-; t'~= c7.:~;cct;~c -~v~.~r~t,:-
in:Tr'lves Jar (.~7 · st~i~.r':ancc of r~r~--t~ v~7 -- Ic-~;c regions in '~hc ID
~ red tha-c c; ri~i-~iJu:rc fit ~,8~0~` U~ ~:1 -~:~-~=,S S'3~..t~d ~ ids 13
not r.~.li croscol).~ c~.lly Borg: I,
Foreman find Crispy r.~cas':red to rho froq~l~nc=~- ao,sc)~:on.
spectra or a n~;r.:bor of Mucous cloC-~?ol-JJ~a~c solute. ons anr~ fo1~;nct
the to sill its in ~,cn`- Ale. l a, ^~ wont ,--: ~ tic t':o p rid -. A' c t $ oh- o ~ ~:C-b~,-e
End li-al'~er~ha~n`, lioasu^~or,lonts ~.?c:-e ire Kilo a:~.~i>~.t;o .~-~-
cluor~c~,- ionic ~ 30 to 3C)O I.G O.~Ct. of, r >,-; ~bsor;~s on is dcur3r:.~;~ec4-
calo~imetr~ caller.
_w
he t32 s -~: ~ ~. od ~ the ~ ta to cf a:, ~;lo-.lc --all ~ ~ <~1~ of ~ ~ no l~-c i vat c.~ d
particl~s,~;~rsod in o;q~.nic l~q1?~°!cts,3~-r ins GO =~ho d.~=,oc-~r:o
con~,!~.nt ri~cas`..~rc~;~or~.ts of the ~o~tl)=r ~ -~:°! S <~at;3. S'-~401-] ° ~ P~ NO ~
noxl-sp lyrical parr;Lc'cs, ='~c cl-cloc ;~;7~^C constant of the c-l^.s:^r~ion
is very cor:Lsidorabl7 ~l.i~ho~r than lc;^ SL3'1~1~2' Pa.~iC1OS C)CC~)',/1nG; -
~,2:e same 7-rO]~;~.~; tot; b'';e or or t-~-'c `~1CV~=JJ ~ on fry spi3~=:~4ca1
form, the hlgllor is the tic constant; teat in ~ d$~--rs~-,on
at yes ~ al rlilic~ me ~i:Jar~iGif3 IS arc in t':o proc`'s~ of
bu~1ain~ us, an ~ncrcas~°n~ cio3..ectric inculcates tno pro~:ssa me,
for7,.~atio'~ of the p~r,,~cle strl-'cture. Data are given fall c3is
p ~ is i ons of Zn, ~ l, m 102, and ca rb on b lack in l ins ~ .o d and rlins Ida l
oils.
A new motion of, O]octriC=41 dispors~or~ at loll fre.qil~r~£ies
(103) has beer: observed in ionic orvstal.s by :Brockoil.r°~gst~ and
Bye eloc~lica]: Spoors has icon st,~d~ed Us a :~nct~on .of both
frca,~oncy and tomporaturo. Thc oficct was 'absor~Tod ire cr-~ta:Ls
that had boon t~c~~'ucd to ~r~o~uco ~cl-~.~: l=.r`~o r~u,,?~?rs of
I~.~61c~ defects c~nd it fleas b`3~,,.~ obsr~,rod in -ohs al'=- l~
1~a~ -. dcs c.nd sir chl0-rido. The Affects Alas .~+-r°':1ltod to t'f~C
JUDE) ing o ~ the p os 1 t ~ ve ~ ens ~ ~ ~7~ c
9
carom of 1=on.~c~cut,
10
bans Her of implore h~dro:;er~ ions ~
In a Preach war-~:ir.'e p~l'c]~ca~-ion, T..on35 repotted on measure
dents of free ~rariat~n with ter^~-~a~re or BLIP dielectric coda
arid absorption in tre mange 2,()~ - 250° i~ foe' about 25 c.~vstaQ
p orders ~ T'llc behavior of T~InC4 and ALIT CI. ~M~C12 Scold be
expanded qualitat:~ely by tile presence c; f sale depot es . Spor
tane ous p olari za ~ ion be low ce :;:~ta ~ r1 ted ~ ra tribe s ~ had ~ o be - as sane
to exp ~ awn the more CO-f,Jp ~ eX bo'~.avi-or o ~ W - PO4 ~ Midas OF ~ and
1~3Fe(CN jet F;~`l'H4~Oa=~2EI20 probably has a 2n] orate phase cleanse
about 213° X,
In a 1Russian maritime article SiRcrs~
11
from the ~ ray deterr~inatior~s, the Clue of~-beco=~es 4.07 'Rich
agrees well with the theoretical value 4~/3 for an isotropic
substance. This theory accounts for rhe clammed aielectr~c
constant at low field streng('ns wh~c'~, as shown by^~easurements
presented here ~ has maximur.~ values a`c -~°C and I24°C ~ t-:e Cur} e
temperatures for the free crystal. This shows th~t cone anomie LIT
must lie Art the clarified dielectric cons pant alone and not in Ache
interaction of the-claxnped dielectric constant and -he phenol
electric effect. ~isrmode] also accounts for recent measurements
of l.7'l. A. Cager Rich show that the dipole dielectra c constant is
relaxed at a frequency of about 5x107 cycles ~ Ire a later paper-
(letter to Editor), L.lason40 proposed a modified model Where a
Vanishing ferro-electric effect is obtained near absolute zero
with a rlon-vanish~n~ dipole mo:;lent.
Single crystals of barium.: tit~.nate were tested by TIuir:1
Fitly fields up to 30 kv/~, and typical h'steresis loops observed
below about ~ 24° ~ . Extrapol anion to zero field of the satur~a ~ ed
Prague shores a polarization value of ~ single Contain of approxi-
matei~ 16 ~ coulonlbs/c~n2 (cf. 5.3 for 1?o].~-crystalline specimens ),,
The `?olarization falls above about l10°C, lineally above 130°~.
Permanent polarization still excises at 20°~; the coercive field is
greater than, and the maximum polarization is less than, at room
temperature The preparation of the crystals Novas done by day;:
and Rhodes4§, Partington and Planer43 reported on the effect
of applying a strop:; d-c voltage to barroom titivate and redated
con~p.ounds ~ -Thetis found that; below the temperature correspond:~ng
to the ~a;rim~un Ire dielectric constant,the constant increased 3-6,%
Sport application of high`.tenslon ~ (3300 ~7,/tc~r for 2-3 m-,nO ) . After
the high voltage~was removed, the dielectric constant reverted
at first rapidly, later more slowly to its original value, the
total time of decay varying from 10 to 50 ul~nute.s ~ At temperatures
above tile temperature of maximum dielectric constant they found
that the dielectric constant 'became smaller immediately after
ces sation of the high tens ion and reverted to its original value
as before,, The loss factors behaved in simi lar fashion-.
. . . . . . .
The dielectric -c ores tank.. and loss .of Ba and Ba-Sr-. titana lee
have been measured by Ftoberts44 at biasing field strengths from
O to S Mv/m, at temperatures ~ froth -50° to ~ 135°C and at fre-- :
quencies from O.l to 25 M.c/~.. The measurements firs tempo~ture
indicated the expected agreement with the Cuz?ie-~Teiss lariat
temperaturos below the Curie point.: I.leasuror~er,.ts vs field
strength indicated that the electric field intensity could be
expressed as a simple f~r~ct~° or of the electric displacement, con-
s i ~ ~ ding 0 f ~ ~ ine a r and a cub ic ~ e I. O A ~ t eons? e ra tll re s b e ~ ow the
Curie p Dint the results were more c omp licated p resumab lo b ecaus e
there were spontaneously polarized domains which gave rise to
hysteresis and remanence. At field strengths low enough to avoid
25
amm~on~°a at temperatures near the freezing point, They attributed
the sudden charges of resistance to change of Senate rat;her than
to superconciuct'~rity.
F~ohlich99 reposited on a study of tile .benavior of free
electrons in tonic crystals in the; presence of an external field
arid gave a new method of calculating She electric c,.~er~.
Vervveyl°° has considered the electr-'~c~;l cond.uct`~.rity which
is due to free eiectro:?. movenien'~ (neglecting ionic or electro-
lytic conduction) in terms of variations from exact stoich~ome ~ri.c
com~?osition`, Minimum electronic concc~.cu.~vity occurred ilk come
pounds when the composition was exacter s'~oich.~omet.~ic. An
experiment for demonstrating the effect was described Erich
potassium ch.~or5.Qe cr;7-sta~s in Which a sma].i excess of potessi,~m
vitas obtained by heating the crystal in potassium vapors
Pershits1O has investigated in detail the effect of current
re hers a ~ ~ in ~ i] ic on dioxide ~ and p otas s ium chloride at tom:) era -
-tures between 400° and 500°C', He concluded from tne dat~ that
electrolytic polarization galore rise to the-f'c~mation of poorly
conducting layers at the electrodes adds on this assumption,
forr.~ulated the following relations for the forward and reeve
currents:
i . . .
Or ~ . A,, ~ C- C 'it ~ Aim' ~ ~ ~ ~ rem `,
i, .
fir`,, = ~ V,..~' + E; e '''(o,)1 +,'V/~
where R1- equals initial resistance in- the absence of a foremen
boundary layer, R2 equals final resistance, ~ equals the time
elapsed from tile last cou~nuta~-io',~`, Or c`~.~.al.s bile duration of
the ''reverser current preceding commutation to ~tfoL~ward,'i
of equals the probability of mobilization of an ion under' the
action of the fields and ~ and C are constants These ectua-5or-.s
are in accord with the e~?erimenta:l currer~-time curves.
The electrical conductivities of sulphur, paraffin, ambroid
and stearic acid vrere measured by onolO2 wined they were ir-
radiated by X rays. The increase of conductivity by the irradiate
tion divas proportional to the intensity of Ye rays and the intensity
of the electric field applied. T]hen the electric field intense ty
was changed suddenly, an after effect of the conductivity took
place. I'he effect alas proportional to the change of electric
26
field, and decreased e~-~?onent,ial'~ Wraith t!i~:e* Ike te~erAstu~e
effect was SiSG s ~;.~: en.
~ ~ S,~li~ran~03 has s Ellis ed bile e:lectr:Loa~ co~c~.uct~ Tori ty of
cellulose sheets (CtCel] ethanes ~ under tori ~ Is cond.itior~s *
Sands? le s we re ills. ~ re go a te d bar s te e fir.. ; in Bra hi flu ~ ~ ~ ] t s v].ut i c>~ s
r;~e cond~.cti~r~ty at a ~,iven humidity `ncreaseid wi ~h inc;.~eas1~g
salt content and depex~eci sor,~ew':at o-.~ -~he act;ua:1 s~t ,~-ese~-~;.
For a £i~Ten salt coni;en~, the con~vctiv.ity -~-~.s at;i eX'?~. ~ ~
flinction of the cor~d.i'viv~ing la,~idi-tSr o`~er a ~i~i~2e range. 37~o:i:r
various effects g it was conc~ded tl~a~ con j7..~] 0~ i.3 essent~.~:l~,-
~onic .
~he d-c conduc t~° vitios of ny~ on-~;~at~r aur. ~jf n~r ~ or~-foru~c
acid-s'~sten~ were r>^easured by iL'n.£; a~d I'ed~~eyi-i" as ~ f~llncG:on
of adsorbate cor~centra=~ion. The ini-~~':!-,; ~-near r.ate of ~:ic'~-a`~e
feJ ~ away at an adsor~bate concen~ratio~l~. o' abo'~t 0.3 =ol~lOC ~,.
,,sim~iiar JtJumin{ point fo~ woo~ r.~ater occur~red s.t; ao~ut l.O -mv.~/
.~00; :.. {on~c Cor~cuct~.vit-,y as t'~., as eie,^~rorl~c co.~ci~..~tivit~r
ccu15- account for the resu~ ts, Iri the Jatter case, t'~e adsorbs]
r~olecu~es t`~at provide im~urit;y centers for eleci;ron.~o ~O)~C:7.2,Ct3_'-
vity would: tee associated :-i~th Jo~v-!-ene~,~;y s~tes,
I'`easurernents v~ere ri~=cle by l.ac,c, linthQ~;~r .and G'1 ~ ~io5 of t~n
d-e ~ or~duc ti v~ ty of r~bbe r~ ~ ~ ac7.e ~ ,. ~ ~ th c ~ r ~ or1 ~ ~-a c!: . F<,= ~s i s ts n c ~
was cound to decrease w~ th ti~e, ab ~i.~st ~r=~ ra`~~y,, ~ther' ,.~`e
siowly, fir~ally ap:~roachin~ an eaui~ =t,rill~1 va]-ue ~ Th.-e be2ls. JiO ~
apparenti'n; was inGopende'~t of ~he t-~i ~ o~ 'c1~:~ u.sed. Te`~pc!rau',~e
coof~icien-ts of res~s'~ance `~clec7- to -.nc:~e~!se ~it~ th ~cre?^sin~ con-
centration of blac2` ano with ~ncreas ~.n - =~-ter}s-° or. o~ the sciri~ple .
I~e results were inter~e tied on the as s ump tion t~`a t tI:Le ca1.bon
b la c~ ~ tend s to f 0 rm chain s in the ~;3be r ~ 1e ~ ri~', ~ ~ e ~ ~ ~s ~ Rul.~be r
Insu~ation sec tion of th's Diges ~ ~
Da viiani06 li~3.s dis ov s s ed oli1 f~iclll ~ -' e s of a s7ii t;abi s clio ~ c e
of sol id el:es :-oly~e for a ~as eel' , wL'ick ~u~s4- not .be a:~
elec~ronic or rl~ixed; ion-electronic ~cor~duc'~or, an~d has desc:-~bed
novel cons trucr,ior1 using elec'~rodes 1rYith aLir and carbon mor.`o-~c~e
lay-ers anc~ -
27
Nelepets108 has criticized previous equivalent circuits
used for representing the behavior of electrolytic capacitors
A new circuit was described which replaced an electrolytic
capacitor by a series combination of a rests Lance and a lossy
capacitor, wraith a diode and a triode in parallel with the latter.
By proper adjustment of the grid potential in tile triode, the
current-voltage characteristics of art electrolytic capacitor
could be closely duplicated.
E lee tre ts
~ ~ ~ .
In a 1943 publication, Kakiuch~l09 reported that an
electric charge is released when certain long~chain compounds
which had been frozen under an electric field were welted again.
Type A compounds, such as paraffins, acids arid esters, produced
no current; Type B compounds, such as alcohols ~ halides and
amides showed a considerabl e peak in the current-teri~perature
curare . ~ an X ray s tudy, there were observed two rings having
intensity maxilla in the direction of the field for the Type B;
the ironer ring is enhanced in the direction of the field. and
the outer ring in the direction perpendicular to the field for
Type A. Hence, it was concluded that Type ~ compounds have no
elec tric moment; it is canceled by the hydrogen bonds for
a lipha tic ac ids or by the a rrangement a ~ te Dana te ly a ~ ong the i r
long chains for esters.
Nasledov and 1;IalyshevllC1 reported that amorphous seler~iurn
can be polarized by induction and, in the absence of an external
field, remains polarized for over an hour.
Daletskiilll has reported that gentle polishing of oriented
polys tyrene films caused them to acquirers a post tive charge,
whereas strong polishing restored the negative charge customarily
present in bulk polystyrene.. These oriented fiords are optically
anisotropic, whereas bulk polystyrene is optically isotropic.
Then stretched, they acquire a three-dimensional orientation and
resemble a crystal of the rhombic sys tem . The oriented layers of
polys tyrene v-'ere obtained! up to ~ ream thick from solution and up
to 12 nuns thick bar polymerization of the monomer.
Electro-Viscosit~J Affects
Kimurall2 has determined the effect of an electric field
on the viscosity of liquids. There was no Affect on non-polar
liquids like teen zen e and hexan e . I~ne vi s c o ~ i ty o f p o la r liqui ds
generally increased with the electric field. ::it'n two liquids
of the sane dipole moment, the effect was greater for the molecule
with the ~ anger chain. For compounds such as bron~obenzene ~
chlorobenzene, octyl alcohol and ethoxybenzene, the viscose ty
;;~ ~
~g
~ncreasediat .t:~rst, t~:en^a:?l,roac]~d a constant. vallue. T`Io~l.'ever,
fo r o - ~ ~ chl o 3?o teen z en e, -iJ e t ret c.t'.' lo '?o e ~i~.ax: e a,~d d ~ b ro~. ~o e fl~n e, the
~Tn s c cs ~ t~r inc re a s eci con s -; cte ra o 1 y -~.-, .~ th in c rea s e in -uLe ~ic ld .
~ . . . .
Andra~ic an~scosit~' effect to occur in a
liquid~ i~ mus ~ have both conc~.~ction an~ ~ol~ar n1o~ ecules. ..- :~` ..~. `. -.
r ;4rrliff~. th ana ='nor.~4 have ini.~-e~:ti:;atecl t'~= passace of
n~rcur<~' throu~ ~+inute'6r°'f~ces ~n ce916lose a~tate-arld~ in: =~-f ass
~ne-~;r o:xi'~eri~ier:tal resu]'ts- sl~o,.-:ed~ (a) ~.~-~en r^er^~.rv is se~a~ed
(.ron~ ~ se~;~i-cor:duict~n~, 2~ q~ct b~ a- ctielectric <~:rl~; a s~a:ll hole
(0:.01 c-~, or less:) ~ 4-he applica.~ oh of se~7eral tho~.~s end volts to
clie jme~tc'U'ry and t;o' an e];ect,q~de ~n tine se~^i-co~:~ting 1~d
cause~s~ theipassa-~,e~^ of mercury th~o~i~;h the 7noie in a, (=,~ f~n=ly
div~ cJedL corld~° t~on and p~qaduces a ~t,'~.t, o~° dal suspens~ on o~ +'~e
r.:e:~cury in t3ae liquid, `1~) tne 1.~ticles of rnercur>T, afi,er !?assing;
fl~roug'~ the 'no] e, do nol: rno~re aloe:; tl~e ' ines o:L eiec.~ica-l force
in the liquid anti do not contribute t:> ~ ]:-~e fl o~ of cur.~ent
(c) the iactic3n'Ld;oes no~ oiocur nf t',~e lic~i~i. r1ec~aum l~as a
resisti:v~ t~,T ~cE: ter than I09 ohrll-cm, and stable suso -ns~ions are
hot produced-i~; the resistiv~ t:- of 'G1l~e .~1ediur.Y,^ is less t'~lan 106
ohil.' Ct-^i 5 -(.'cl ) ' '~n~ ~ C' ti on oc c urs; i ~1re s,~ e ~ ti ve 0 ~ the polar-' t.~ o
tI~e f~ 31JA but ;the .`,otent~ a] c~.iff~erSer~ce reollired '~7aries; ~drc3in~
to l~hetli,e~;-~e r!~eroury ifs positive for ne~atlve ~-~,lbli respect to
the ~ iqi>ici or if a-c ~io,1~;es are us~ecl. t~he t~edr~T su~£,rested. is
the t th e ! -~l e rc ~lry s u rf a c e 1 s d e f o rl~ e d ~ b ~ the rl^ e c illan ~. c a 1 f ~ rc e
exerted ion its s~lrface o'~^'i,~= to the c'~.~rgei: tlaereor~, and ultirn=-iJely
tJ:iis. force ex~ceeds tile courite~act~; fOrcd o' surfac~ tension.
Tl~e ac t~ or~ is in~e~.endenr. of !Jhe s~i~t ~c~e ~ .o;~,:~ ng the cI~ e le c 4~ c
barrier and also of tl~e s~ze of £,he li;o~e~,- provitc~in~g it is e-Mall.
It appears pror~abJ e the' an~ 1~ q:~cT ~iouic2` act s~-~ar.~:y.
;
.t .. .t . .
. ~.. .
t, ','.f;~ ~. t '
t 1 ~
29
bins low)~5 has obtained a patent for a clutch based on an
apparently new electro-~;is-~y effect, `:~e tangential
f ri c ti one ~ f o rc e be t~.~,~e en the tw o e le c-tro6.e s with ~ c ollo Ida ~ - ~ i quid
dielectric is a functior~ of the electric field. Ace patent
describes an ~'aJectro-~.~.id!' Clutch by mvans of which an =xceed-
ingly small current evils control the ~ransm:~ssion of considerable
torque. Two discs are noun ted on shafts so as to farce each other
with very little clearance. The space between the discs is filled
with a low-viscosity dielectric fluid containing finely divided
maters al such as starch. One of the discs is driven by a suitao] e
motor. Ibere is no noticeable tendency for thee other disc to
rotate until an electric circuit is completed across the discs;
then the Ado rotate as a unit with considerable force and per-
sistence . l.~~en tne circuit is opened, the dri wren disc stops
immediately. Only rear small electrical ~ energies are required to
activate the clutch, the minute current of a photoelectric cell
being sufficient (the cell , a battery, and the "'capacitor" formed
by the two plates are al l in series ) . fine pa tent dLescribes in
de tat ~ the V`TO rkings of a re la y amp Toying chit to ' t' hi eJ ec t~ c I' c Mu tch .
An analogous magnetic effect;-has been found by ~.binow at the
National Bureau of Standards, but there ares no publication on it
available at the end cuff 1947.
~
.
~ t
.. .*
.t
.h
I'
Jo
BIBL1OGi^P~
lo 1~L Goncral Discussion of Dlcloctrics V:1. XLIL4
Terns ac ti ons of' tho Faraday S oc lo ty, Guano y and
Jacks on; London, 256 pp. 1946 ~
. .
2. Erohlich, H. p.~ 3 of ref. (1)
, . .
Kirkv~d, John G., p. 7 of rof. (~)
Baucr, Edr.~und, and I,.~assi£;n on, D,, p. }2 of ref. (1)
~- ~
Bottcl~cr, C~J.F., p. 16 of ret. (1)
, , ,
6 ~ Prank, F.C,, p. 19 of rof. (1)
~.
7. Prank, F.C,, p. 24 Gt rof. (1)
~, , ,
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~.
