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OCR for page 122
122 THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS AND
because the Survey is not situated at the State Capitol, and callers are
perhaps fewer in number than if the Survey were situated with other
State Departments.
It is also expected that the Survey can in the near future undertake
studies on the by-product chemistry of coals, professional studies on the
seven outcropping rock systems of the State, a Summary Report and
Handbook or Index of the geology of the State, a further and more com-
prehensive study of clays and ceramic materials, a new report on lime-
stone, a report on sand and gravels, underground water resources, special
reports on coal and gas, and a more complete system of handling and
reporting current developments in coal, oil, and gas. A geologic mail
of the State will be issued about June i, 1932. Publications on Under-
ground Water Resources, Oil and Gas Sand: Intervals, special reports on
Coal in Barbour County and (foal in McDowell County, and a detailed
county report on Green Trier County are in preparation.
The usual routine of field geologic work for county reports has been
somewhat revised during the past biennium. From now on, emphasis
will be placed on collection of data which will be directly attributed to
development of mineral industries.
PREVIOUS SURVEY ORGANIZATIONS
The present Survey, established in 1897, was not preceded bar any
similar organization in the State. Its career has been continuous for
thirty-five years, except that no legislative appropriations were granted
.
in the biennium of 1b'39-~, when only routine office matters were
handled. Dr. I. C. White served as State Geologist for thirty years, or
until his death in 1927. David Reger, Assistant State Geologist was in
charge until the appointment of C. McC. Lemley,
~= ~ who served as State
Geologist from November, 1929, to March, 1930, or until his death. The
present State Geologist, James D. Sister, has been serving since July I,
1930.
WISCONSIN *
The present organization is entitled the Wisconsirl Geological and
Natural History Survey. It was organized in 1897. Its offices are located
in Science Hall, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.
SCOPE OF ACTIVITIES
The law creating the present Survey was passed in the spring of 1897.
It provided for:
* Information furnished by E. T. Bean, State Geologist, March, 1932.
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THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 123
(~) The completion of a geologic survey of the State with special
reference to economic features; (2) a study of the soils of the State;
(3) a study of the plallts, especially of the forests, with reference to cul-
tivation and preservation; (4) a study of the animal life of the State,
especially the fish; (of a. study of the physical geography and natural
history of the State and the publication of results in such borne as to
serve as manuals for the public schools; and (6) the completion of a
topographic map of the State. The legislature of 1913 directed the Sur-
vey "to examine the mines and explored mineral lands of the State by
persons competent to make such examination and make an accurate
determination of' the amount of ore therein, the expense of mining, and
such other factors as may be necessary, in the judgment of the State
Tax Commission and the Geological and Natural History Survey, for a
proper valuation thereof." Since 1924 appropriations have been made
for road material surveys.
ORGANIZATION
In 1931 the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey bias
placed under the Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin,.
Prior to that time its governing board was an ex officio body composed of
the Governor of the State, President of the State University, State
Superintendent of Public Instruction, and President of the Wisconsin
Academy of Sciences, Arts, and Letters.
The executive officer is the State Geologist. The present incumbent is
E. F. Bean, who was appointed by the Board of Commissioners in 1925.
In 1931 he was appointed State Geologist by the Regents of the Uni-
versity. All of his time is devoted to the Survey. The compensation is
an annual salary determined by the Regents. W. O. lIotchLiss was State
Geologist frown 1908 to 192a=.
111 subordinates are subject to Civil Service. It has been customary to
employ University students for technical positions. The clerical force
consists of two full-time stenographers, one typist for approximately five
months per year, one part-time draftsman, and one part-time office aS~
sistant; this last-named position is usually given to a geology student.
Salaries within this group range from fifty cents to one dollar per hour,
and from 675 to 812a per month.
The geology division consists of the State Geologist, E. F. :Bean, ill
direct charge, and the Assistant State Geologist, lI. R. Aldrich, who give
their full time to the Survey. Another geologist devotes part of his time
to well records and glacial geology. In addition to these permanent em-
ployees, about fifteen geologists and twelve assistants were employed
9
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124 THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS AND
during the summer months, prior to 1931. For this work the Survey
employed University students specializing in geology, at salaries ranging
from $75 to $250 per month.
The Natural History Division is in immediate charge of Dr. E. A.
Birge, who receives no compensation, except payment of actual traveling
and field expenses. This division employs one full-time biologist and
approximately six part-time assistants, who are advanced students in
chemistry and biology. This division receives financial aid from the
United States Bureau of Fisheries and from the Research Fund of the
University of Wisconsin.
Owing to the lack of funds, the work of the Soils Division was sus-
pended on July I, 1931. Prior to that time the Soils Division was in
immediate charge of A. R. Whitson of the College of Agriculture, Uni-
versity of Wisconsin, who received no compensation except for actual
traveling and field expenses. most of the work was done in cooperation
with the United States Department of Agriculture and the IJniversity
of Wisconsin. This division employed one full-time specialist, part of
whose salary was paid by the Survey and part by the United States
Bureau of Soils. About nine other persons gave part of their time chiefly
as field assistants and chemists, at salaries ranging from $85 to $250
per month.
APPROPRIATIONS
The Survey is supported mainly by appropriations from the State.
These are continuing, and for the last four years have been as follows:
928-1929 ....
929-1930...........
9'30-1931 ..........
1931-lg32..........
General
......................... $7070008
75,000
75,000
. 35,000
a Of this amount $15,000 per year could be expended for topography.
The Survey has been materially assisted by sources of support other
than State funds as follows:
U. S. Geological Survey U. S. Bureau
(Topography) of Soils Other
928~1929 $15,000 $~0,000 $3,000
929-1930 15,000 10,000 4,600
930-1931 15,00~) 10,00~) 4,500
931-1932 ...... 4,500
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THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 120
Estimated expenditures for each of the following items:
Per cent
7
1. Administrative and routine clerical
2. Topographic work in cooperation with U. S. Geological Sur
vey. About 25 per cent of the State has been completed
with satisfactory maps. All work ceased July 1, lg31 20
46
3. Geology
4. Geography very little expended except for printing reports. ..
5. Other items, such as soils, biology, mine valuation, etc 27
PUBLICATIONS
· ...... ~
The publications of the Survey are issued as bulletins (numbered
consecutively), biennial reports, and maps. The bulletins are issued in
four series. The scientific series of bulletins consists of original contri-
butions to the geology and natural history of the State which are of
scientific interest rather than of economic importance; there are fifteen
volumes in this series, eight of which have been published since 1911.
The economic series includes those bulletins whose interest is chiefly
practical and economic; it comprises twenty-four volumes, nine of which
have been issued since 1911. The educational series includes bulletins
primarily designed for use by teachers and in the schools; there are nine
volumes in this series, seven of which have been issued since 1911. The
soil series includes the bulletins prepared by the Soils Division. All but
one of the forty-one volumes have been issued since 1911.
The publications include reports on geology, physical geography, geog-
raphy, biology, and soils.
An increase of at least ten per cent in the pre-depression appropria-
tion is necessary if publication is to keep pace with investigation.
PRINCIPAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS SINCE 1911
An areal survey has been made of about 10,000 square miles in the
northern part of the State. Road material surveys have been conducted
since 1920. This work has made available much detailed geological data.
Stratigraphic work started in cooperation with Dr. E. O. Ulrich of the
Enited States Geological Survey has been continued in cooperation with
the Milwaukee Public Museum. A study of the-Niagara formation is
under way.
The main work of the Biological Division has been directed to the
study of the productivity of lakes. Their scientific contributions are
outstanding.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
natural history
