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OCR for page 28
28 THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS AND
PREVIOUS SURVEY ORGANIZATIONS
There was no previous geological survey organization in Idaho. The
office of the State Inspector of Mines was established more than thirty
years ago, and issues valuable reports. Formerly these reports contained
a certain amount of geological matter, but now they are restricted to an
account of mining activities.
ILLINOIS
The Illinois State Geological Survey, established by the State Legisla-
ture in 190b, has its offices in the Ceramics Building, and its laboratory
quarters in the temporary annex immediately south of the Ceramics
Building, on the campus of the University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois.
SCOPE OF ACTIVITIES
The Geological Survey is directed to' study the geological formation
of the State with reference to its resources of coal, ores, clays, building
stones, cement,- materials suitable for use in the construction of roads,
gas, mineral and artesian water, and other products; to publish from
time to time, topographical, geological, and other maps to illustrate the
resources of the State; to publish from time to time bulletins giving a
general and detailed description of the geological and mineral resources
of the State; to cooperate with the United States Geological Survey in
the preparation and completion of a contour topographical survey and
map; to distribute, at its discretion, to the various educational institu-
tions of the State, specimens, samples, and materials collected by it, after
the same have served the purposes of the department.
ORGANIZATION
The Illinois Geological Survey is a division of the Department of
Registration and Education, and is controlled by a Board of Natural
Resources and Conservation. The members of the Board consist of the
following: The Director of Registration and Education, who is ex officio
chairman thereof, the president of the University of Illinois or his repre-
sentative, and one expert each in biology, geology, engineering, chemistry,
and forestry, qualified by ten years, experience in practicing or teaching
their several professions.
The title of the executive officer of the Geological Survey is Chief.
The present incumbent is M. M. Leighton, who was elected to the posi-
tion by the Board on April 13, 1923, for an indefinite term to succeed
* Information furnished by M. M. Leighton, Chief, March, 1932.
OCR for page 29
THE UN1 TED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 29
P. W. DeWolf who had served from 1909 to 1923. Members of the tech-
nical staff are elected by the Board upon the recommendation of the
Chief. The research portion of the organization is divided into a Geo-
logica1 Resource Section, a Geochemical Section, and a Mineral Eco-
nomics Section. The full-time technical stag consists, in addition to the
Chief, of fifteen geologists and assistant geologists, eight chemists and
assistant chemists, one sedimentary petrographer, one physicist., a mineral
economist, a technical editor, a technical files clerk, and a draftsman. In
addition, there is. a part-time staff composed of some seventeen professors,
eighteen graduate students, and a petroleum engineer, who are employed
for the summer months and on. special problems. The Geological Re-
source Section is organized into the following divisions with a. full-time
geologist in charge of each: coal, oil and gas, non-fuel products, areal
and engineering geology, subsurface data, stratigraphy and paleontology,
editing, and educational extension. The Geochemical Section is divided
into a fuels, a non-fuels, and an analytical division with a full-time
chemist in charge of each, and a chief chemist in charge of the section.
The salaries in the technical staff range from $100 to $416.67 per month
for full-time work and from the rate of $85 to $275 per month for part-
time work.
The full-time clerical staff consists of a bookkeeper, a secretary to the
Chief, four stenographers, and a mechanician. These positions are all
subject to the regulations of the State Civil Service Commission, and
salaries range from $85 to $~50 per month. The Survey also employs
from twelve to fourteen part-time student assistants. who serve as mail
clerks, laboratory assistants, draftsmen, etc. These students are paid on
anxiously basis, the wages ranging from thirty-five to sixty cents per
hour.
APPROPRIATIONS
Appropriations for the Survey are made biennially by the State Legis-
lature; there is no other source of support except the allotments made
by the United States Geological Survey for cooperative topographic
mapping. The last five biennial appropriations, including the appropri-
ation for printing, but not including allotments by the United States
Geological Survey for topographic mapping, are as follows:
1923-25
1925-27
1927-29 ..................
19429~31
1931-33
............. $326,470
334,220
. 350,72;0
. 416,310
. 46S,890
OCR for page 30
30 THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS AND
Administration and office
Road materials survey .
Topographic mapping ..
Geology ...............
Geophysical studies ....
The appropriation includes $100,000 each biennium for topographic
mapping, to which is added an equal amount by the United States Geo-
logical Survey.
Omitting the $~5,000 allowance for printing, expenditures during tl~e
1929-31 biennium have been distributed approximately as follows:
Per cells
16
13
33
35
3
~ 100
Approximately 61 per cent of the State has been completed with satis-
factory topographic maps.
PUBLICATIONS
The following publications have been issued: Bulletins, 59; Mono-
graphs, I; Mining Investigations Bulletins, 33; Reports of Investiga-
tions, 24; Press Bulletins (Illinois Petroleum series), 21; Educational
Series, 3. Quadrangle topographic maps, prepared in cooperation with
the United States Geological Survey, are available for 187 quadrangles.
A base map, a geologic map, and an oil and gas field map of the State,
also prepared in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey,
all on a scale of one inch to eight miles, are also available. In addition,
the Survey has published a map and directory of Illinois Mineral Opera-
tors and numerous engraved areal geology maps of quadrangle units
which accompany the various bulletins. Some of the reports on work
done in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey have been
published in the United States Geological Survey folios and bulletins.
PRINCIPAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS SINCE 1911
Since 1911 some 13,000 square miles have been mapped geologically
in detail, partly in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey.
The coal resources of each mining district have been studied in detail
and reports have been printed; Illinois Mining Investigations were begun
in 1913 in cooperation with the Engineering Experiment Station of the
University of Illinois and the IJnited States Bureau of Mines. Of the
reports, eighteen bulletins have been issued by the Survey, fifteen by the
Engineering Experiment Station, and nine bulletins and seven technical
papers by the United States Bureau of Mines.
OCR for page 31
THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 31
Oil and gas studies have been carried on extensively in the southeastern
Illinois field, and in local fields in southwestern and western Illinois, and
structural studies elsewhere in the State. Nearly three hundred analyses
of oil-field Waters provide data for an important geophysical study.
Geophysical studies have been recently made with the magnetometer
and an electrical resistivity device. Studies have been made in petroleum
engineering, including methods of controlling water corrosion in eastern
oil fields, oil-field muds, the effect of different types of oil-field waters on
the rate of setting of neat cement, and the repressuring of old producing
fields.
Studies have been made in many non-fuel products, including fire-
clays, brick clays, sand-lime brick, cement-making materials, limestone,
sand and gravel, silica, St. Peter sands, fullers' earth, the fluorspar de-
posits of Eardin County, and the lead and zinc deposits of northwestern
Illinois.
Studies have also been made in underground water resources, includ-
ing artesian waters of northeastern Illinois and the structure of the
Dresbach and St. Peter sandstone formations.
Studies in engineering geology, particularly in cooperation with the
State Highway Division, have included problems connected with land-
slides, mud-flows, rock-falls, bog-foundations, unequal settling of fills,
road-building materials, behavior of aggregate material in use in
pavement and bridge foundations. Municipalities have sought informa-
t.ion on surface water reservoir sites and dam locations, the possibilities
of subsidence over mined-out areas, and so forth. State-wide studies
have also been made of land drainage and the reclamation of poorly
drained areas.
Intensive studies have been carried on in subsurface geology and in the
systemic stratigraphy and paleontology of the Silurian, Devonian, Mis-
sissippian, Pennsylvanian and Pleistocene systems.
Topographic mapping with the United States Geological Survey on a
dollar-for-dollar basis has been carried on with nearly 35,000 square
miles of sketching, approximately 1900 square miles of revised mapping,
and most of the State now covered by primary traverse and primary
leveling.
PRESENT MAIN LINES OF WORK
The present main emphasis of the Survey work may be said to be three-
fold: (1) A study of the occurrence of the State's mineral resources;
(2) studies leading to improved and new uses for these resources;
OCR for page 32
32 THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS AND
(3) a study of the State's mineral economies with a view to providing
a complete picture of the movement, and the factors affecting the move-
ment, of minerals into and out of the State for the benefit of the State's
mineral industries. The Survey has within the past year established
new Mineral Research Laboratories well equipped with modern scientific
apparatus, where the extended~program of mineral research is being car
.
rlec . on.
The work now being done consists largely of the continuation of such
research and field activity as has already been outlined under " Principal
Accomplishments since 191l,'' with the exception that research work in
geochemistry, geophysics, and mineral economics considerably enlarges
the scope of activity. Field, laboratory and office projects are going for-
ward in coal, oil and gas, non-fuel products, areal and engineering
geology, subsurface geology, stratigraphy and paleontology, topographic
mapping, geochemistry, geophysics, and mineral economics.
The Survey maintains an educational extension division whose work
includes the publication of educational bulletins and pamphlets, the
organization of field study conferences and lectures for teachers of high
school science, and the providing of collections of rocks, minerals, and
fossils to high schools.
The Survey has always maintained a close relationship with industrial,
com~nereial, scientific, educational, and state organizations throughout
the State and with related scientific associations of the nation. The recent
addition to the organization of the section of Geochemistry and Mineral
Economics has widened the scope of the Survey's work and offers large
opportunity for valuable fundamental research and significant contribu-
tions to our fund of knowledge regarding the economic geology of the
State.
PREVIOUS SURVEY ORGANIZATIONS
Illinois' first Geological Survey was established in 1851. Dr. J. G.
Norwood was in charge until 1858 when he was succeeded by A. E.
Worthen, who prepared eight comprehensive volumes on the geology and
paleontology of Illinois. After 1872, appropriations for field work ceased,
and after 1875 the small appropriation for publication also ended.
There were some independent geologic and paleontologic studies, some
topographic mapping by the United States Geological Survey and some
aneroid surveys by the University of Illinois, but no work was supported
by the State until 1905 when the present Survey was established by the
Legislature.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
states geological
