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OCR for page 72
CERAMIC INSULATION
R. Thurnauer and J. . W. Deaderick
American Lava Corporation
Chattanooga, Tennessee
During 1946 so~ very interesting resurge on ceramic
insulation proteins There released Which, for security reasons,
were held beck during the war years O Furthermore, investigators
Rho ~rintted Europe immediate! y after cessation of hostilities
reported new aeve1~nmenta which are currently published by the
(From I. Department of Commerce.
Pore elain
The ~ro3erttes of Zircon ~orcelai n are described in a
Baler by Ralston Russell, Jr. and W. C. Mohrl. Zircon porcelain,
Accruing to the definition given in this parer, consists of at
Tenet 505O by weight of zircon,, and is completely ~ritrified. The
chi ef advantage of thin materta~ ~ ~ tts good thermal shock
resistance, high mechanical a~cren=th,, and low dielectric loss at
high frequencies and elevated temperatures.
Failure of electrical equipment, due to flashover at
high a' titudes S presents ~ ~rob, em for the designer of electrical
equipment. Of a er)ecial interest, therefore, is a Cater by
C* V. Fields and G. L. Cad'`rel1 g describing laboratory fIashover
tests on capacitor Rain bushings under conditions airnu~a
ting antitrades up to 5O,000 ft.~
M. D. Rlgterlnk and R. O. ~=risdale3, searching for a
bese for deposited carbon resistors, devel oped alkaline earth
porcelains from mixtures of clay, flint, and synthetic fluxes,
composed of clay,, calcined Both et least three alkaline earth
C)XideSe These ceramic bodies are characterized by excellent
dielectric properties, low coefficient of thermal expansion,
l.!hite color, and smooth surface. The ~ atter is of special im-
~orte.nce, since carbon resistors of this type are produced by
Cu~Gting spirals into the carbon coated body. Any imperfect) on
of the cerami c causes bridging over and spoilage of the retie_
tore. Precision resistors of this type replaced Afire wound
reelectors during the sear.
Tlenry lI Re.usner4 di scusses design features of high
vo~ tege insulators ,, to Are vent n~rerheating and f, ashover at
n ormal working vo:Ltages .
51~+ite e-end Other H' ~-Frequen~
I_ ~
A Anger Sneer Dielectric and Insulating Materials in
~ 72 -
OCR for page 73
Radio Engineering discusses high frequency insulating materials
developed during the roast few yee.rs, esoecla~ly steatite, titanla
bodies, and methods of attaching metal parts by soldering to
metallized Finns on the ceramic darts. while this parer does not
present any novel materials or idea, it is noteworthy for JAGS
eb~ e summe.ri Ration of the subject.
In a similar Gray, a career by J. Gingold6 reviews vitri-
fied electrical inuring materials developed and used during
the last scorn decades.
E. F. Richter7 measured the resistances of hard porcelain.
Steat;ite, and Ger=.en tyke dielectric materis ls of high dielectric
constant. These meterie.~s are known under the trade-names of
"Calite", "Condensa't ~ "Temna", and "Ardost~n" . Measurements were
taken-~t 50 circles' 100; volts between 20° to 500°C. Furthermore,
variations of die] ectric power factor arid dielectric constant
with temperature ere discussed.
A. J. Mone.ck8 cites a brief history of the development
and Latent literature of glees. bonded mica. Re gives method of
Production, electrical, and mechanical nronertiea of thi ~ type of
insulating material.
E. Albers-Schoenberg9 patented the manufacture of in_
suletors made from ai1limanite or ~nullite and crystal fine fused
MgO Al CON for heavy duty resistors. The Al;'O3 totals over 50
darts by sleight, the MgO 3 to 8 pants, and most of the remainder
i ~ lion . ~
Ceramic Material ~ of
An:
Eugene Waineri° patented a ceramic composition c om~ri-
sing strontium ~Gitanate and alkaline earth etannate. The result
is ~ ~na.terial of very high dielectric constant.
The Same inventor obtained four snore patents in the
same fieldl--],~2,)3,34 covering combinations of titar~ates and
stanna4ces of the alka~ine-earth metals and barium titanate in
combination with alka~ine-earth zirconate.
The Production of thin ceramic plates was of importance
during the war because of a threatening mica shortage. A French
Patently confrere the manufacture of thin ceramic ~ tes . A
ceramic waste is spread either on a refractory elate or between
taco refractory plates coated with graphite, dried, and fired to
form thin dielectric elates for condensere. After firing in a
redlucing atmosphere, the orates are ellbeequentl y fired in an
oxidizing atmosphere to remove the graphite coating.
- Aver de Bretteville, Jr.~.6 describes cathode-ray
oscillo<~i~^ men made on a fired disc of haying titanate,
its' analyze he entire charging and d1 Charging cycle. The
OCR for page 74
nP~te~ia1 showered s2.turation of the dielectric flux density with
inc~ee.sing voltage end is therefore a nest- type of ferro electric
materiel. Dielectric constant Beaks were observed near -70°,
10°, and - 120°C ~
A. Ron Hi;~e~ ~ ~d ~sociatesl7 describe the results of
an inves~Gig~o~tion into the di electric properties at various te=-
~ere ture s end f Sequent i es o' ti Cant um di oxide, some e.Ika~ i ne
earth titanates, and some mixtures and solid solutions of barium
and ~ tr ont! um ~ o~ ounds
Is
.
Loule 13e.vlas and R. L. Grsenl8 measured the dielectric
losses and dielectric constants of 104 glasses ~ using the reso_
Snag charity muddy at 3000 and 10,0~)0 megacycles and proposed
cuel=tative exn1~nat:.~s of the mecharlism producing energy s.b_
sorption and die3Lect,ri ~ losses at very high frequencies, based
on -he t~s and numbers of the interstitial dons e
Joh., Gallupl~ found the t electrolysis occurs in the
stems of soft gIess tube envelopes due to bombardmer~t by reverse
emission from the rectifier elates.
R. P. Hood20 patented a "less having low loss factor.
Tt iS made of crystal ~ i red boric aci ~ introduced into ~ boro-
8i~ic.~te glass to ~ ower the Coverer factor.
F ~ J. Williams and J. A. Orsino21 lncor7oore.ted a lead_
niches glare i n ~ storage battery., to decrease the end_of~charge
vo~ ta~e by G ontinua1 ly supplying nickel ions to the electrolyte.
The cold ce.~city of the bakery eras also increas ed.
Rinving Leung22 measured the specific electric rests_
trance of ir~dus+~ria? glasses between 400° and 1000°C. The loga-
rithm of the resist, vity was found to be a ll near function of
the inverse of the absolu. e temperature bet'~reen 500° Gina 800°C.
Polarization of the electrodes above 800°C. became significant.
Electric condensers using glass as dielectric were
Patented in Switzerland 3. Glass plates, ha~rlng the desired
capacity, with metal foil s es inter~nediate layers, are stacked
and the s tac k he et e d under ~ li ght Once ~ ~ ure unti 1 the ~1~s ~
softens and the metal folds Isabel in the glass. The block is
Allen cooled slowly.
8. 0. Dorst24 patented an electric condenser which has
a vltreoue condenser d'electrlc material, consist, ng substan_
t:ially of a Potassium lead silicate which can be identified as
compound in the fired ceramic material.
_ 74 -
OCR for page 75
Metal Ceramic Combinati ons
A two stage audio amplifier can be compel etely assembled
on a small steatite plate and has been used in large quantities
during the war for the UeS. Army' ~ Droximit;y fuze25. The com-
r'1 ete circuit is stencil ~ ed on a fired steatite al ate using
Figurer paint for conductors,~and mixtures of inert ~neterials smith
carbon for resistorse
A German_Dutch natent26 suggest for vacuum tight joints
l?et'veen Nepal s and ceramic bodies a silver paste containing 0.05
to l~ silicon. Firing in a reducing atmosphere or vacuum is
suggested for steatite and oxidizing at~nosphere for porcelains.
A. L. Long27 describes techniques of making glass to
metals seals. Such scale are made with tungsten, molybdenum,
Kovar, Fern'co, platinum, nlat;in~n alloys., and copper clad nickel_
iron alloys.
viscel~ aneous
The importance of X-rays for ceramic testing and research
has been discussed at length by G. L. Clark28. In addition to
the marry tasks already Serf orbed in the laboratory by X-rays,
such as X-ray spectrographic analysis, quantitative analysis,
cryatal~o~a~hy' and molecular analysis, the rapid progress in
radiography offers ~reluable aid to ceramic research.
H. Froehlich29 developed a quantitative theory for the
dielectric Properties of crystalline solids, consisting of di-
~olar long-chain molecules.
`rernn~ent Reports
At the end of the war in Europe, several agencies of the
American and British Government sent technical experts into
occupied countries to obtain technical information on plant
o~ere..tion methods, new methods and research carried out during
the star. The U.S. Government also sponsored ~ variety of research
pro jects in the United States during the war and conies of all
reports are noes available in microfilm and ~hotoatatic form. A
?'Biblio~-a.r~hy of Scientific and Indu.~rial Reports" is pubs ished
by the United States Deportment of Commerce, containing abstracts
of these record. Or special interest to Ceramic Insulation re-
s epoch are the f ongoing reports .
C. L. Snyder30 reports inspection trills through ceramic
ant;s in Germany. Sub`lec=~s covered are: gIe..ss to metal seals,
ra.cuum tight crank medium, high dielectric constant and ma,~r~etic
ceramic materials, shark plug core Production methods, resistors
and. titanium dioxide manufacture, and production of The-rmistn.rs.
Methods of Maxine alumina spark plug cores are described by Leroy
_ 75 -
OCR for page 76
D. Kile,;31.
A brief survey of avail. able in~o-~n~tion on the synthesis
o~ mica resee~'rch in Germany is Liven by P. M. Tyler32. Nervier
with Dr A. Dietzel, credited with the basic invention, and Dr.
A. Eltei, are given. Synthet.lc block mica 400 sq. cm. in area
and ~erfec~Gly fed at has been produced.
C. B. Pittin~er33 investigated the chernice ~ composition
o~ ceramic meJGer'al from the terminal well of a Ger~nan stark ~lug.
R. H. 1'cCarthy34 rem orts on ceramic development in
(errand on materials faith high dielect~ ic constant ~d ferro_
m.~gnetic ceramics, developed by Dr. F. Rother.
Palston Russell ,, Jr.35 describes the e~ect-~ice.] and
technical ceramic ind.us~ry in Germany. The manufacture of sin-
tered alumina is covered in detail. He a] go deal ~ Erich Steatit
ceroTnics, materials of high dielectric constant, and moldable
me ca products .
Hans ]'hurnauer36 covers the activities of some German.
producers of technical ceramics for high frequency insulation,
including information of high and lo'' tension insulating materials
e.nd on ceramics used for eJectroheating Burrower.
R. L. Stone37 investigated shrinkage control in steatite
porcelains for radio arid racer equipment. Be also investigated
the effect of various organic binders on pressing properties of
such material s.
~ G. Phtilin-~3~3 reported on the ceramic industry in
he rmany . Int errs e-,~s ski th a number of Berman c erami c s c i enti ~ t s
are given retiring to ceramic raw materials and their benefi-
c n.ti on.
_ 76 -
OCR for page 77
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Etueeell, Ralston, Jr. and Mohr, W. C., Characteristics of
Zircon Porcelain. Jour. Am. Ceram. Soc. 30 (~) 32~55 (1947)
Fields, C. V. anct Cadwell, a. a., Investigation of Porcelain
Insulators at High Altitudes. Trans. Amer. Tnst. Elec. Engre.
65 ( 10 ) 656_60 ( 1946 )
Rigterink, M. D. and Grisdale, R. 0., Alkaline Earth Porce-
lains Possessing Low Dielectric Loss. Jour. Am. Ceram. Soc.
30 ~ ~ ~ 78-~l ~ 1947 ~
Hausner, H. R. , Design Criteria for Hi gh Voltage Ceramic
Insulators. Ceram. Age, 47 (4) 135-139 ¢1946)
Anon. New Dielectric and Insulating Materials in Radio I:ngine
ertr~g, Engineer 181 (4717 ) 519_20 ( 1946 )
6. Glngold, J., Survey of Ceramic Insulating Materi ale. Ceram
Ind. 46 ( 3 1 72_ 74 ( 1946 )
7. Richter, Ee F. ~ Dielectric Loss Factor and Lose Index of
Ceramic Materials at Alternating Voltage of Technical Frequeney-
and Temperature between 100° and 500°C. Physik. Z., 41, 229-33
(1940), Chem. zentr. 1941 I, 415. Chem. Abe. 37, 507 (1943)
8. vonack, A. J., Glass Bonded Mica-- Development and Use.
Elec. Mfg. ~ 3~ (5) 106_109, 208-220 (-1946)
° . Al bere_Schoenberg ~ E . , Germ. Pat .
10. Wainer, E. , U.~. Pat. 2,399,082 (1946)
1 1 .- gainer , E ., U. ~ . Pat . 2, 402 , 515 ~ 1946 -)
12.
13.
1~
.. .
15 .
. .
719,229 (1942 )
Wainer, En ,, U. S e Pat e
Wainer, Ee ~ UeE3e Piate
retrainer, E. ~ U.S e Pat.
Lo-e~'e Redio A. O., French Pat. 887 , 632 ( 1943 )
16. de Brettevll~e, Jr. A., Oscillogralsh Study of Dielectric
Properties of Barium Titanate. Jour. Amer. Cera~ne Soc. 29
(11) 30~_307 (1946)
17. von H-iT)~el A., Breckenrldge, P. G., Cheeley, F. G., Tl~za
High Dielectric Constant Ceramics. Ind. Eng. Chem. 38 (115
109 7_1109 ~ 1946 )
2,402,516
2,402,517
2,402,518
1946 )
( 1946 )
( 1946 )
L . ,
OCR for page 78
18. Navias, L. and Green, R. L. , Dielectric Properties of Glasses
at IT1tra High Frequencies end their Relation to Composition.
Jour. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 29 tlO) 267-76 (1946)
Ig. Gallur,, J., Electrolysis Phenomena in Soft Glass Stems of
Rectifier Tubes. Jour. Amer. Cereal. Soc. 29 (10) 277-81 (1946)
20. Rood, ~ A., Ups. Pat. 2,410,286 (1946)
21. cart lliams, F. 3. and Oreino, J. A., Lead_Nickel Glass Con-
trolled Chemical Durability for Storage Battery Use. Jour.
Amer. Ceram Soc. 29 (11) 313-16 (1946)
22. Lenny, K., Measurement of the Electric Resistlvity of Glasses.
Comet . Rend. 223 ( 5 ) 236-37 ( 1946 )
?5. Renter 3'aswerk Schotta. Gen. Swiss Pat. 227,689 (1943)
24. Dorst3 S. Get UeSe Pelt. 2~290,947 (1942)
Brunetti, O. and Khouri, A. S., Printed Electronic Circuits.
Electronics (19 (4) lG4-108 tl946)
26. Scientia Patent; Verger. O.M.B.H., Dutch Pat. 54,195 (1943!
27. Long, A. G. ~ Technique of Glass to Meta1 Sealing with Special
Reference to vacuum Tight Seals. Jour. Soc. Glass Tech. 50
( 1X7 ) 67-89 ~ ~ 1946 )
28 Clark, O. L. ~ Roentgen Ceramics - Past, Present and Future.
J our her. CeramO Sac. 29 (7) 177_186 (i946)
2g. Froehlich, H., Quantitative Theory of Crystalline Solids.
Proc. Roy. Soc. London) 186 A, 390-414 (1946)
30. Snyder, Chris-.vPher L., Specialized Ceramic Products. Their
us e in Ger man ~ on~.^unic ati on e quince n t . Rep ort PB 1291 ( 1945 )
31. Kinney, Leroy D., mechnlca1 Inspection of Robert Bosch Plant
re Ceramics. Report PB 2012 (1945), also PB 18,147 (1945)
32. Tyler, P. M., Synthetic filch. Retort PB 3,864 (1945)
33. Pittinger, C. B. Jr. a Ceramic material from German Spark
P11~. Report PB 4 ~ 750 ( lg41 )
r'~_~+ `~- "room] lo. ae~relo~ment by Dr. F. ~
34. McCarthy, R. H. ~ no )~ -a vie _..__
Rother. Report PB 6~496
35. Russell, Ralston Jr., The electrical and technical ceramic
industry of GeT~nany. Report PB 18,776 (1945)
36. Thurnauer, lIans, High
of Germany. Report PB
frequency technical ceramic materials
6, 494 ; 1945 )
_ 78 ~
OCR for page 79
37. Stone, R. L., Shrinkage control in steatite porcelains for
radio and radar equipment. PB 32 171 (1944), PB 32 i72 (1944)
PB 32, ~ 73 (1944), PB 3P,175 (1944,, PB 32,174 (19445
38. Phil ripe, J. ¢. , Re nor t on the ceramic industry in Germany.
Retort PB 2R,892 and PB 28, 892S (1945~_~1946)
- 79
Representative terms from entire chapter:
alkaline earth
