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THE WORLD OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH 275
RESEARCH INSTITUTES
The preceding survey of the major parameters of the world of biological
research fails to convey the myriad arrangements for both research and
education in biology. It ignores the dozens of small research institutes in
which excellent investigators quietly pursue their research, occasionally
with profound impact on the conceptual development of biology. The Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory for Quantitative Biology has had a brilliant
record of achievement, and its summer courses have trained virtually all
those who have led the modern development of virus and bacterial genetics,
a major segment of molecular biology. Developmental biology and some
aspects of neurophysiology have received great stimulus from the research
and education programs of marine-biology stations such as that at Woods
Hole, Massachusetts. Much of the current understanding of neurochemistry
and the physiology of the brain has been obtained at small research insti-
tutes under private or state auspices, while ecology has grown at a multitude
of field stations remote from their parent institutions.
NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUMS
Natural history museums, with their combinations of scientists, research
collections, and field stations are unique non-degree-granting academic insti-
tutions for research and graduate training. Quite apart from its role in
public education through exhibits, a natural history museum contributes
to the acquisition of scientific knowledge in two principal ways.
1. Its staff of scientists may engage in original research in systematic
biology, evolutionary biology, ecology, geophysics, astrophysics, ocean-
ography, and many other fields of science, depending upon their academic
training and scientific interests. While many museum scientists depend on
specialized collections in conducting their investigations, an increasing
number engage in field and laboratory experimental studies of living organ-
isms, or of ecological problems in natural settings. Their collections pro-
vide the basis for taxonomic-classification services necessary to many
other scientists and also provide a base line for ecological studies.
2. The combination of resident scientists, research collections, and field
research facilities provides intellectually attractive settings for visiting
scientists. The number of graduate students who receive part or all of
their graduate training in natural history museums is impressive and in-
creasing.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
history museums
