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OCR for page R11
CONTENTS
MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
PROLOGUE
RECOMMENDATIONS
Population Problems, 10
The Environment, 1 l
Health, 13
Agriculture, 15
The Academic Endeavor in the Life Sciences, 16
Institutional Support Programs, 16; Graduate Education in the Life
Sciences, 18; Stipends, 20; Curricula, 21; Medical Students, 23;
Technical Assistants, 24; Postdoctoral Education, 24; Research
Support, 25; Federal Research-Supporting Agencies, 26: Specialized
Facilities, 27; Instruments, 28; Computers, 28; Laboratories, 29
Museums, 30
Marine Biology Stations, 30
Biological Information, 3 1
10
X1
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Xii . CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
FRONTIERS OF BIOLOGY
THE LANGUAGE OF LIFE
The Genetic Material, 41
Protein Synthesis, 46
Self-Assembly, 51
THE LIFE AND TIMES OF A CELL
The Energy for Cell Work, 54
Photosynthesis, 55
Metabolism, 59
Metabolic Pathways, 59; Metabolic Controls, 60; Active Transport,
64; Enzymes, 64; Subcellular Organelles, 67
Cell Division, 69
DEVELOPMENT OF AN ORGANISM
Development of the Nervous System, 74
Plant Embryogenesis, 75
Animal Viruses, 77
FORM AND FUNCTION
Muscular Contraction, 81
The Constancy of the Milieu Interieur, 84
Endocrines, 89
Plant and Insect Hormones, 91
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
The Neuron, 95
Signaling in Neurons The Transfer of Information. 95; Initiation
of Impulse Activity at Sense Organs, 98
The Central Nervous System, 99
Small Brains, 100; Larger Brains, 102; Intercalated Systems:
Homeostatic Regulation, 105
BEHAVIOR
Evolution, Inheritance, and the Development of Behavior, 109
Physiological Analysis of Behavior, 110
Orientation and Homing, 111; Learning and Memory, 113
32
36
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80
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CONTENTS xiii
ECOLOGY
Some Areas of Ecological Research, 116
Environmental Challenges to Individual Organisms, 116; The
Abundance of Living Things, 117; Species Interactions, 119;
Energy Flow in Ecosystems, 120; Stability and Diversity, 120
THE ORIGIN OF LIFE
HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION
Population Genetics An Extension of Mendelism, 126
Cytogenetics, 128
Human Cytogenetics, 129
Polymorphism, 131
Some Recent Accomplishments, 131
THE DIVERSITY OF LIFE
What is a Species?, 134
Origins of Species, 135
Origin of Higher Groups, 136
Extinction, 138
Diversity and the Conceptual Framework of Biology, 139
CHAPTER TWO
BIOLOGY IN THE SERVICE OF MAN
BIOEOGICAL RESEARCH AND MEDICAL PRACTICE
The National Health, 144
Diagnosis, Disease, and Drugs, 144
Sulfonamides and Antimetabolites, 144; Antibiotics, 146; Viral
Diseases, 150; Cancer Therapy, 151; Gout, 155; Genetic Diseases,
157; The Immune System, 160; Tissue Transplantation, 163;
Cardiac Disorders, 164
Diuretics, 168
Population Control, 171
The Early and Latter Years of Life, 174
ON FEEDING MAN
Crop Yields, 178
Genetics and Agricultural Practice, 178
Agricultural Practice, 181
Animal Science, 184
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122
126
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142
177
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XiV CONTENTS
MAN AND HIS ENVIRONMENT
Water Supplies, 189
Air, 191
Food and Drugs, 192
RENEWABLE RESOURCES
Role of Science in the Management of Renewable Resources, 197
Principles of Management, 198
Environmental Management, 198
Agriculture, 198; Forestry, 199; Fisheries, 201; Wildlife, 203;
Recreation, 206; Urban and Rural Development, 208
INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY
Pharmaceuticals, 210
Food, 213
Pesticides, 213
Fermentation Industry, 217
Instrumentation, 218
CHAPTER THREE
THE WORLD OF BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
WHERE LIFE SCIENTISTS WORK
MOBILITY OF LIFE SCIENTISTS
PREVIOUS EDUCATION OF WORKING LIFE SCIENTISTS
POSTDOCTORAL TRAINING
EDUCATIONAL LIMITATIONS
WITH WHAT MATERIALS DO LIFE SCIENTISTS WORK?
WITH WHAT SPECIES DO LIFE SCIENTISTS WORK?
WHAT FACILITIES AND TOOLS DO LIFE SCIENTISTS USE?
Specialized Biological Research Facilities, 253
Major Instruments, 256
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252
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CONTENTS
THE RESEARCH GROUP
WHAT DO LIFE SCIENTISTS DO?
FINANCIAL SUPPORT OF RESEARCH IN THE LIFE SCIENCES
Utilization of Research Grants, 272
Research Support as a Function of the Investigator's Age, 273
RESEARCH INSTITUTES
NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUMS
BlOEOGICAL DISCIPLINES
CHAPTER FOUR
257
261
264
275
275
276
THE ACADEMIC ENDEAVOR IN THE LIFE SCIENCES 278
ACADEMIC DEPARTMENTS
The Life Sciences Faculty, 283
Unfilled Faculty Positions, 284
Graduate Education in the Life Sciences, 286
Capacity of the Current Graduate Education System, 289; Student
Stipends, 291
Postdoctoral Fellows, 293
Financing Postdoctoral Education, 293; Foreign Postdoctorals,
296; Foreign Interns and Residents, 299
Laboratory Space, 301
The Tools of Biological Research, 303
Specialized Research Facilities, 303; Utilization of Research Instru-
ments, 306
MEDICAL SCHOOLS AS RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONAL
ENTERPRISES
Medical Students in Research, 313
AGRICULTURAL SCHOOLS AS RESEARCH AND EDUCATIONAL
ENTERPRISES
279
306
314
FINANCING ACADEMIC RESEARCH IN THE LIFE SCIENCES 316
Faculty Salaries, 319
xv
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XVI
CONTENTS
CHAPTER FIVE
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FUTURE OF TEIE ACADEMIC
ENDEAVOR IN THE LIFE SCIENCES
INDIVIDUAL SCIENTISTS
Academic Scientists, 333
Nonacademic Scientists, 335
Personal Constraints on Research, 336
Specialized Facilities, 339
Instrumentation, 339
DEPARTMENT CHAIRMEN
Specialized Facilities, 340
Instrumentation, 341
Improvement and Expansion of the Academic Research Endeavor, 345
Expansion of the Graduate Education Endeavor, 349
NATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
Museums, 354
In Conclusion, 356
CHAPTER SIX
EDUCATION IN BIOLOGY
ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY EDUCATION
The Setting, 364
Undergraduate Curricula, 365
The Teaching of Biology, 368
Teaching as an Activity, 368; Rewards for Teaching, 369; New
Methods of Teaching, 370; The Training and Retraining of
Teachers, 371; Biology and Liberal Education, 372
Research Training: Graduate Education in the Life Sciences, 373
The Institutional System: Functions and Diversity, 373; The Stu
dent Population: Size, Attrition, Location, 374; Financial Support
of the Graduate Student and His Education, 375
Stipend Levels, 376; Diversity of Sources of Support, 376;
Federal Support, 377; Cost of Education, 378
The Graduate Program, 379
Tl2e M.A., 379; Doctoral Training, 379
The Future of Graduate Programs, 380
Increasing PAD. Production, 380; Duration of the Doctoral
Program, 381; Tile Relation betel een Student and Faclllt~
Sponsor, 3 82; Formal Training and "Cz~rricz~l~m" Exami
nation, 382
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333
340
351
357
360
364
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CONTENTS xvii
CHAPTER SEVEN
DIGITAL COMPUTERS IN THE LIFE SCIENCES
GENERAL FACTS ABOUT COMPUTER USAGE
THE STATE OF COMPUTER APPLICATION IN THE LIFE SCIENCES
Extent of Use, 3 88
Types of Use, 391
Computer Use in Research Areas of the Life Sciences, 395
The Growth of Computer Usage, 395
Institutional Arrangements for Computer Use, 400
Funding of Computer Use, 401
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
CHAPTER EIGHT
COMMUNICATION IN THE LIFE SCIENCES
SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN HANDLING BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
USERS OF BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION
INFORMAL INFORMATION TRANSFER
Meetings, 409
Informal Publications and Correspondence, 411
PRIMARY PUBLICATION
The Journal, 412
New Forms of Primary Publication, 415
Future Forms of Primary Publication, 415
The International Literature, 416
REVIEW ARTICLES AND DATA COMPILATION
SECONDARY IN FORMATION SERVICES
Functions and Desirable Characteristics of a Secondary Service, 423
SPECIALIZED INFORMATION CENTERS
LIB RARIES
LOOKING FORWARD
385
385
388
402
405
407
408
408
411
419
423
424
425
426
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XViii CONTENTS
CHAPTER NINE
BIOLOGY AND THE FUTURE OF MAN
THE NATURE OF MAN
THE GREAT HAZARDS
War, 428
Man and His Environment, 430
The Size of Human Populations, 436
Food Production: The Short-Term Problem, 439; Population
Control: The Long-Term Problem, 441
Guarding the Genetic Quality of Man, 450
THE OPPORTUNITIES
Biology and Medicine, 452
Molecular Diseases, 452; Infectious Diseases, 453; Transplantation
and Artificial Organs, 455; The Ethics of Terminal Medical Care,
456; Genetic Diseases, 458; Regeneration, 459; The Delivery of
Medical Care, 460
Early Environmental Ir~huences, 460
Controlled Sex Determination, 462
Differential Fertility, 463
Selection and the Variability of Man, 464
APPENDIX A
METHODOLOGY: SURVEY OF INDIVIDUAL
LIFE SCIENTISTS
POPULATION SELECTION
DATA ANALYSIS
Definitions, 478
Constraints, 478
427
427
428
452
471
471
: DEFINITIONS AND TABULATION CONSTRAINTS 478
SUBCATEGORY LISTINGS REQUIRED TO ANSWER
QUESTIONS 18 AND 19
VALIDITY OF THE RESPONDENT POPULATION
479
479
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CONTENTS xix
APPENDIX B
METHODOLOGY SURVEY OF ACADEMIC LIFE
SCIENCE DEPARTMENTS
SOURCE OF DEPARTMENTAL MAILING LIST
POPULATION SELECTION
Definition of a Department, 501
Exclusion Criteria, 501
DATA ANALYSIS
Definitions and Coding Restrictions, 505
Special Definitions, 505
PANELS AND CONTRIBUTORS
see
see
501
501
520
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