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OCR for page R5
Contents
1 ENERGY SINKS
Heat Flow, 2
Volcanic Heat, 4
Metamorphic Heat, 5
Strain Energy; Earthquakes, 7
Potential Energy; Uplift of Mountains, 8
Plate Tectonics, 8
Kinetic Energy of Rotation, 11
Summary, 13
2 ENERGY SOURCES
Original Heat, 15
Gravitational Energy, 18
Core Formation, 19
Tidal Friction, 21
Radiogenic Heat, 23
Crustal Heat Versus Mantle Heat, 26
Summary, 28
3 TEMPERATURES WITHIN THE EARTH
The Upper Mantle, 31
The Low-Velocity Zone, 31;
Geotherms from Nodules in Kimberlite, 33
1
15
29
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vi Contents
The Mantle's Transition Zones, 35
The Lower Mantle, 36
Layer D', 36; Layer D", 44
The Outer Core, 49
Composition of the Core, 49; Temperature from an Equation of State
The Adiabatic Gradient, 54
, 52;
The Temperature at the Inner Core-Outer Core Boundary, 56
The Melting Point of Iron, 56; Melting in the Fe-S System, 60
Summary, 65
4 DYNAMICS OF THE CORE
Stability of the Core, 68
Causes for Convection, 70
Energy Requirements of the Geomagnetic Dynamo, 70
Efficiency of a Steady-State Thermal Dynamo, 75
An Improved Estimate of Efficiency, 78
The Entropy Balance Equation, 83
The Gravitational Dynamo, 88
Gravitational Energy, 89; Volumetric Relations, 91; Heat Output of Core, 95
5 CORE-MANTLE INTERACTIONS
Efficiency of the Mantle, 100
Convection Patterns in the Mantle, 104
67
100
Convective Pattern for Distributed Sources of Heat, 104; Heat from the Core,
110
Additional Factors in Controlling the Flow, 112
Temperature Dependence of Physical Properties, 112; The Von Zeipel Insta-
bility, 112; Ejects of Surface Plates, 114; Effects of Phase Transitions in the
Mantle, 114
Influence of the Core on Convection in the Mantle, 118
Influence of the Mantle on Convection in the Core, 120
Some Final Remarks, 121
REFERENCES
AUTHOR INDEX
SUBJECT INDEX
125
133
137
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Energeticsf
the Early
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