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Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards: A Guide for Teaching and Learning
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Inquiry and the National Science Education Standards: A Guide for Teaching and Learning
Index
A
Administrators, xviii, 143, 144, 145-146, 147-149, 150, 152
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 14, 79
Assessment of learning, 75-85
assessment of students, general, 22, 122, 150
assessors of students, 22, 96-97, 105
environments centered on, 122
formative, 76, 79, 80, 85
instructional materials assessment, outcomes, 176, 177, 178
knowledge, 77-78
non-English/second-language English students, 83-84, 150
portfolios, 82, 84
promoting inquiry, 150
purposes of, 76
questions used in, 76, 79, 81, 82;
see also Tests and testing
self-assessment by students, 48, 59, 80-81, 119
summative, 76-77, 83, 85
teacher education on, 96-97
of teachers, 22, 105, 144, 151-152
teaching standards, 22
understanding, 77-78
vignettes, 40, 41-42, 46, 57, 58, 64-65, 78, 79, 83
see also Outcomes of learning;
Research, educational
Attitudes and beliefs, 144, 145-146
instructional materials assessment, 177
research on, 117-118, 121, 139, 140
scientific, general, 14
students, xii, 34, 95, 117-118
teachers, xii, 23, 88-90, 94, 95-98, 139, 140, 148, 151
see also Motivation
B
Beliefs, see Attitudes and beliefs
Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, 17, 124
C
Case studies
teacher professional development, use in, 104-105
see also Vignettes
Cognitive abilities, 18, 66, 72, 144, 164
research on, 116, 121-122
see also Logical thinking;
Problem-solving;
Skepticism;
Transfer of learning
Communication skills, xii, 8, 14, 43, 161, 165, 167, 171
community-centered environments, 122-123
content standards, 19, 20
K-4, 45-46, 103, 104, 161
non-English/second-language English students, 121-122, 125, 126, 133-134
assessment of, 83-84, 150
parents, 144
promoting inquiry, 144, 145
self-assessment and, 80, 81
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teacher professional development, 103, 104, 150
teaching standards, 25, 27, 29, 30
vignettes, 45-46, 59, 66, 69, 71-72, 103
vocabulary development, 68, 83, 125, 133-134, 138
Computer-aided education, 164
see also Internet
Constructed-response items, 82
Content and content standards, 14, 18-21
equipment and supplies, 19, 20
grades 5 to 8, 19, 20, 48
grades 9 to 12, 19, 20
instructional materials assessment, 176-177
investigations, 19, 20
K-4, 19, 20, 41
logical thinking, 19, 20
mathematics, 19, 20
myths about inquiry-based learning, 36-37
pedagogical, 102-104
skepticism, 20
student-generated models, 19, 20
teacher professional development, 88
teaching standards, 22
technology, use of, 19, 20
vignettes, 41, 59, 60, 70
Council of Chief State School Officers, 83-84
Critical thinking, see Skepticism
Curriculum, 6, 35, 135-136
administrators’ role, 147
assessment, 76
historical perspectives, 16-18, 33-34, 124-125
research on, 124-125, 127
student-initiated investigations, 132
teacher education, 93, 105-109, 113, 151-152
see also Models, instructional;
Outcomes of learning
D
Dewey, John, 14, 16, 34
Diagrams and drawings, 81
instructional materials assessment, 176
vignettes, 53, 54, 56, 57, 61-63, 72, 74
Discipline, 136
teaching standards, 22
E
Earth and space science standard (Grades 5-8), 48, 58
Educational research, see Research, educational
Elementary education, see Kindergarten to Grade 4
Elementary Science Study, 17
English as a second language/non-English speakers, 121-122, 125, 126, 133-134
assessment of, 83-84, 150
Equipment and supplies, 43, 49-50, 162
content standards, 19, 20
instructional materials assessment, 179
teacher professional development, 90
teaching standards, 22, 26
see also Instructional materials;
Technology, use of
Ethnic factors, see Minority cultures
Evaluation, see Assessment of students;
Research, educational
Evidence-based explanations, 4, 8, 161, 164, 167, 168, 169, 171
assessment of, 79
content standards, 19, 20, 21
historical perspectives, 16
teaching standards, 25-27, 29, 33
vignettes, 44, 47, 48, 49, 53-57, 58-59, 63, 64, 65, 66, 71, 72
see also Experimentation;
Investigations;
Models, student-generated;
Observation skills
Experimentation, 14, 164
historical perspectives, 16-17, 18
teacher professional development, 90, 112
teachers’ role, 16-17, 33
Explanations, 7, 14, 35, 89, 164, 165, 167
alternative, 14, 16, 19, 21, 25, 27, 55, 56-57, 66, 71, 118, 127, 165, 167, 171, 176
assessment of, 78-79
content standards, 19, 20, 21
instructional materials assessment, 176
teaching standards, 25, 27, 29
testing, 10
vignettes, 45-46, 48, 55-57, 58, 65, 66, 71
see also Evidence-based explanations;
Models, student-generated;
Transfer of learning
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F
Fact-based learning/memorization, xii, 14, 80, 116, 118, 127, 150
vocabulary development, 68, 83, 125, 133-134, 138
Feedback and revision
student, 82, 84
teacher professional development, 89
Field experiences, 66-73, 150
museums, 92, 99-101, 102, 121, 149
teacher professional development, 92, 99-101, 102, 111-112
Formative assessments, 76, 79, 80, 85
see also Questions
Funding
National Science Foundation, 124, 138-139
study at hand, xix
G
Grades 5 to 8
content standards, 19, 20, 48
fundamental abilities, 163-165
fundamental understandings, 169-170
vignettes, 92, 99-101, 102, 111-112
Grades 9 to 12
community-centered environments, 123
content standards, 19, 20
fundamental abilities, 165-167
fundamental understandings, 170-171
vignettes, 60-73
H
Hands-on instruction, general, 138
myths about, 36
teacher education, 93, 106-109
see also Experimentation;
Investigations
Hebart, J., 33-34
High school, see Grades 9 to 12
Historical perspectives, 14-18, 144
content standards, 20
curricula, 16-18, 33-34, 124-125
instructional models, 16-17, 33-34, 124-125, 126
myths about inquiry-based learning, 36-37
research on inquiry, 17, 34, 124-125
as teaching tool, 56-57, 58, 59, 170
How People Learn, 116, 121
Hypotheses, see Explanations
I
Inference, see Logical thinking
Instructional materials, 15-16, 28, 138-139, 144, 148-149, 191
kit-based instruction, 36, 148-149
myths about, 36
safety concerns, 179
selection, 137, 173-179
teachers’ guides, 175, 177, 178-179, 190
technology, use of, 179
textbooks, 15, 16, 96, 140, 148
video tapes, 90, 105, 106-107, 191
vignettes, 39, 40, 44-45
see also Equipment and supplies
Instruments, see Equipment and supplies
Intermediate Science Curriculum Study, 17
Internet, 138, 176, 189-191
Investigations, 10, 13, 14, 161, 163, 165, 168, 169, 170, 171
content standards, 19, 20
frequently asked questions about inquiry, 131-132
instructional materials assessment, 176
student-initiated, 6-10, 131-132, 173, 176
teacher professional development, 89, 99-100
teaching standards, 22, 23
vignettes, 7, 40, 44, 47, 51-54, 66, 69
see also Evidence-based explanations;
Experimentation;
Vignettes
J
Journals, student, 82
vignettes, 67, 81
K
Kindergarten to Grade 4, 43, 190
assessment of, 81
content standards, 19, 20, 41
fundamental abilities, 161-162
fundamental understandings, 168
instructional models, 34
teacher professional development, 95-105
vignettes, 40-48, 95-105
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Kit-based instruction, 148-149
myths about, 36
L
Laboratory experiments, see Experimentation
Language skills, see Communication skills
Learning outcomes, see Outcomes of learning
Life-long learning, 87, 109-112
Logical thinking, 14, 164, 165, 171
content standards, 19, 20
research on, 117, 125
teaching standards, 26, 29
M
Mathematics, 139-140, 164, 165, 166, 169, 171
content standards, 19, 20
national standards research, 127
teacher education, 94, 107
vignettes, 46, 66
Memory and memorization, 14, 80, 116, 118, 127, 150
vocabulary development, 68, 83, 125, 133-134, 138
Middle School, see Grades 5 to 8
Minority cultures, 121-122, 123, 126, 133-134
see also English as a second language/non-English speakers
Models, instructional, 6, 10, 13, 14, 21, 33-35
community-centered environments, 122-123
historical perspectives, 16-17, 33-34, 124-125, 126
teacher education, 93-94
teaching standards, 20, 21, 22
traditional, 88, 91, 92, 109, 115, 135-136, 138, 143;
see also Memory and memorization
transfer of learning, 35
vignettes, 39, 40, 47-48, 59, 65
Models, student-generated, 119, 164, 167
content standards, 19, 20
diagrams and drawings, 53, 54, 56, 57, 61-63, 72, 74, 81, 176
teacher education, 94-95, 100
vignettes, 53-57, 58-59, 61-62, 71
see also Hypotheses
Motivation, xii, xiii
student-initiated investigations, 6-10, 131-132, 173, 176
vignettes, 65
see also Attitudes and beliefs
Multiple-choice items, 82, 83
Museums, 92, 99-101, 102, 121, 149
N
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, xix
National Science Education Standards, xii-xviii, 8, 10
classroom assessment, 75-85 (passim)
concepts vs principles, 132
content standards, 14, 18-21, 36-37, 48, 58, 60, 70
fundamental abilities of inquiry, 161-167
fundamental understandings of inquiry, 168-171, 177-178
instructional material selection, 173-187
laboratory experiments, 18
myths about, 35-37
nature of inquiry, 13-14
process skills, 134
promoting inquiry, 115, 144
research related to, 117, 120, 126, 127
teacher professional development, 87, 91, 109, 113
teaching standards, outlined and explicated, 21-33, 134-135
traditional instructional materials, 138
vignettes connected to, 48, 58, 64-65, 66, 70, 72
National Science Foundation, xix, 16, 95, 124, 138-139
National Teachers Association, xvii
New Standards Project, 79, 84
Novel situations, see Transfer of learning
O
Observation skills, 7, 18, 25
journals, student, 67
vignettes, 47-48, 52, 59, 63, 49, 67
see also Evidence-based explanations
Organizational factors, 144-146
administrators, xviii, 143, 144, 145-146, 147-149, 150, 152
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Parent-Teacher Associations, 8
policy-makers, 115, 127-128, 139-140
Outcomes of learning
instructional materials assessment, 176, 177
K-4, 40, 41-42, 46
promoting inquiry, 150
student-initiated investigations, 132
teacher education, 112
vignettes, 40, 41-42, 46, 57, 58, 64-65, 78, 79, 83
see also Assessment of learning;
Content and content standards
P
Parents, xviii
promoting inquiry among, 115, 143, 144, 147, 149-150
teaching standards, 22
Parent-Teacher Associations, 8
Pedagogy, 17, 21-33, 103
instructional materials assessment, 177-178
research and, 127
see also Models, instructional;
Teachers
Physical Sciences Study Committee, 17, 124
Physics by Inquiry, 93, 190
Piaget, Jean, 34
Policy-makers
barriers raised by, 139-140
promoting inquiry, 115
research and, 127-128
Portfolios, 82, 84
Predictions, 14, 164, 165
content standards, 19
Principles, see Administrators
Problem-solving, xii, 43, 120
community-centered, 123
motivation and, xiv
promotion of, 151
research on, 116, 117
teacher education on, 106-108
see also Explanations;
Transfer of learning
Process skills, 125-126, 134
cognitive abilities vs, 18
see also Experimentation;
Observation skills
Professional development, teachers, xviii, 23, 88-113, 137, 139, 140, 140-141, 143, 146-148, 179
on assessment of students, 96-97
case studies used in, 104-105
communication skills, 103, 104, 150
content and content standards, 88
on curriculum, 93, 105-109, 113, 151-152
experimentation laboratory, 90, 112
field experiences, 92, 99-101, 102, 111-112
hands-on instruction, general, 93, 106-109
investigations, 89, 99-100
mathematics, use of, 94, 107
problem-solving, 106-108
skills, development of in students, 89, 90
student-generated models, 94-95, 100
teachers’ guides, 175, 177, 178-179, 190
video tapes, 90, 105, 106-107, 191
vignettes, 88-113 (passim)
Public-at-large, education of
assessment, role in, 82
promoting inquiry among, 149-150
teaching standards, 22
Q
Questions, 127, 161, 163, 165, 168, 169, 170
in classroom assessment, 76, 79, 81, 82
frequently asked questions about inquiry, 131-141
on questions per se, 131, 136
instructional materials assessment, 176
instructional models, 35
myths about inquiry-based learning, 36
nature of inquiry, 13-14
teacher professional development, 89
teaching standards, 24-25, 26-27, 28, 29
vignettes, 6, 42-44, 47, 50-51, 54, 55-56, 58, 60, 61, 63-64, 65, 66, 67, 71
R
Race/ethnicity, see Minority cultures
Research, educational, 115-118
administrators, 143
attitudes and beliefs, 117-118, 121, 139, 140
barriers to inquiry-oriented approach, 139-140
cognitive abilities, 116, 121-122
curriculum, 124-125, 127
historical perspectives, 17, 34, 124-125
learning environments, 121-124
logical thinking, 117, 125
organizational factors, 143, 144-146
policy and, 127-128
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problem-solving, 116, 117
social factors, 118-123 (passim), 144-145
transfer of learning, 116-117, 119-120, 122
Revision, see Feedback and revision
Rote learning, see Memory and memorization
S
Safety
instructional materials assessment, 179
student-initiated investigations, 132
teaching standards, 22
Schwab, Joseph, 15
Science Curriculum Improvement Study, 17, 34, 124
Self-assessment, 48, 59, 80-81, 119
Skepticism, 14, 164, 169
alternative explanations, 14, 16, 19, 21, 25, 27, 55, 56-57, 66, 71, 118, 127, 165, 167, 171, 176
content standards, 20
teaching standards, 22
Skills, general, xii-xiii, 13, 39
assessment of, 78
historical perspectives, 17
instructional materials assessment, 177
teacher professional development, 89, 90
see also Cognitive abilities;
Communication skills;
Logical thinking;
Problem-solving;
Process skills
Social factors
barriers to inquiry-oriented approach, 139-140
community-centered environments, 122-123
instructional materials assessment, 177
minority cultures, 121-122, 123, 126, 133-134
research on, 118-123 (passim), 144-145
see also Communication skills;
Organizational factors;
Parents
State Collaborative on Assessment and Student Standards, 83-84
Summative assessments, 76-77, 83, 85
portfolios, 82, 84
see also Tests and testing
Summer Institute for Inservice Teachers, 95
T
Teachers, xviii, 21-33
assessment of, 22, 105, 144, 151-152
assessment of students by, 22, 96-97, 105, 122, 150
education on, 96-97
attitudes and beliefs, xii, 23, 88-90, 94, 95-98, 139, 140, 148, 151
essential features of classroom inquiry, 24-28, 40, 46-47, 58-59
experimentation, role in, 16-17, 33, 90, 112
evaluation of
guides, 175, 177, 178-179, 190
historical perspectives used by, 56-57, 58, 59, 170
instructional models, 35
laboratory experiments, 15-16
life-long learning, 87, 109-112
promoting inquiry among, 115, 143, 144, 145-146
structure and guidance, extent provided by, 28-33, 40, 136-137
discipline, 22, 136
safety, 22, 132, 179
student-initiated investigations, 6-10, 131-132, 173, 176
see also Questions
standards, outlined, 22-23
technology, role in use of, 16, 41-43, 105
see also Assessment of learning;
Models, instructional;
Pedagogy;
Professional development, teachers;
Vignettes;
“vignettes” subheads under other mainheads
Technology, use of, 164, 166, 168, 169, 170
content standards, 19, 20
instructional materials assessment, 179
teachers’ role, 16, 41-43, 105
vignettes, 41-42, 43, 46, 48-50, 66, 102-103, 105
see also Equipment and supplies
Tests and testing, 76, 77, 150
constructed-response items, 82
multiple-choice items, 82, 83
teaching for understanding, 124
see also Summative assessments
Textbooks, 15, 16, 96, 140, 148
Third International Mathematics Science Study (TIMSS), 135, 151
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Transfer of learning, 132-133, 170
instructional models, 35
research on, 116-117, 119-120, 122
vignette, 60-61, 64-65
V
Video tapes, teacher education, 90, 105, 106-107, 191
Vignettes, xix
assessment of learning, 40, 41-42, 46, 57, 58, 64-65, 78, 79, 83
classroom assessment, 40, 41-42, 46, 57, 58, 64-65, 78, 79, 83
communication skills, 45-46, 59, 66, 69, 71-72, 103
content and content standards, 41, 59, 60, 70
diagrams and drawings, use of, 53, 54, 56, 57, 61-63, 72, 74
explanations, evidence-based, 44, 47, 48, 49, 53-57, 58-59, 63, 64, 65, 66, 71, 72
explanations, general, 45-46, 48, 55-57, 58, 65, 66, 71
field experiences, 66-73;
see also “museums” infra
formative assessment, 76
Grades 5 to 8, 6-10, 13, 48-59
Grades 9 to 12, 60-73
instructional materials, 39, 40, 44-45
instructional models, 39, 40, 47-48, 59, 65
investigations, 7, 40, 44, 47, 51-54, 66, 69
journals, student, 67, 81
K-4, 40-48, 95-105
mathematics, 46, 66
museums, 92, 99-101, 102
observational skills, 47-48, 52, 59, 63, 49, 67;
see also “explanations, evidence-based” supra
outcomes of learning, 40, 41-42, 46, 57, 58, 64-65, 78, 79, 83;
see also “assessment of learning” supra
questions, use of, 6, 42-44, 47, 50-51, 54, 55-56, 58, 60, 61, 63-64, 65, 66, 67, 71
scientists, approach of, 1-5, 13, 15
student-generated models, 53-57, 58-59, 61-62, 71
teacher professional development, 88-113 (passim)
technology, use of, 41-42, 43, 46, 48-50, 66, 102-103, 105
transfer of learning, 60-61, 64-65
Vocabulary development, 68, 83, 125, 133-134, 138
W
World Wide Web, see Internet
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