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Advanced Engineering Environments
Achieving the Vision
Phase 1
Committee on Advanced Engineering Environments
Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board
Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
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NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This study was supported by Contract No. NASW-4938 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number: 0-309-06541-0
Available in limited supply from: Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board, HA 292, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418. (202) 334-2855
Additional copies available for sale from:
National Academy Press ,
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Box 285, Washington, D.C. 20055. 1-800-624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan area). http://www.nap.edu
Copyright 1999 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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COMMITTEE ON ADVANCED ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENTS
ROBERT E. DEEMER, chair,
Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, Colorado
TORA K. BIKSON,
RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California
ROBERT A. DAVIS,
The Boeing Company (retired), Seattle, Washington
RICHARD T. KOUZES,
West Virginia University, Morgantown
R. BOWEN LOFTIN,
University of Houston, Houston, Texas
JAMES MANISCALCO,
TRW Engineering Systems, Cleveland, Ohio
ROBERT J. SANTORO,
Pennsylvania State University, University Park
DANIEL P. SCHRAGE,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
ALLAN SHERMAN,
Lockheed Martin, Bethesda, Maryland
JOHN SULLIVAN,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
GORDON WILLIS,
Ford Motor Company, Livonia, Michigan
MICHAEL J. ZYDA,
Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California
ASEB Liaison
DIANNE S. WILEY,
Northrop Grumman, Pico Rivera, California
Staff
ALAN ANGLEMAN, Study Director,
Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board
CAROL ARENBERG, Editor,
Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
ALAN INOUYE, Program Officer,
Computer Science and Telecommunications Board
GEORGE LEVIN, Director,
Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board
JERRY SHEEHAN, Senior Program Officer,
Computer Science and Telecommunications Board
MARVIN WEEKS, Administrative Assistant,
Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board
TOM WEIMER, Director,
NAE Program Office
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AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ENGINEERING BOARD
WILLIAM W. HOOVER, chair,
U.S. Air Force (retired), Williamsburg, Virginia
A. DWIGHT ABBOTT,
Aerospace Corporation, Los Angeles, California
RUZENA BAJSCY,
NAE, IOM, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
AARON COHEN,
NAE, Texas A&M University, College Station
RAYMOND S. COLLADAY,
Lockheed Martin Astronautics, Denver, Colorado
DONALD C. FRASER,
NAE, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
JOSEPH FULLER, JR.,
Futron Corporation, Bethesda, Maryland
ROBERT C. GOETZ,
Lockheed Martin Skunk Works, Palmdale, California
RICHARD GOLASZEWSKI,
GRA Inc., Jenkintown, Pennsylvania
JAMES M. GUYETTE,
Rolls-Royce North American, Reston, Virginia
FREDERICK HAUCK,
AXA Space, Bethesda, Maryland
BENJAMIN HUBERMAN,
Huberman Consulting Group, Washington, D.C.
JOHN K. LAUBER,
Airbus Service Company, Miami Springs, Florida
DAVA J. NEWMAN,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
JAMES G. O'CONNOR,
NAE, Pratt & Whitney (retired), Coventry, Connecticut
GEORGE SPRINGER,
NAE, Stanford University, Stanford, California
KATHRYN C. THORNTON,
University of Virginia, Charlottesville
DIANNE S. WILEY,
Northrop Grumman, Pico Rivera, California
RAY A. WILLIAMSON,
George Washington University, Washington, D.C.
Staff
GEORGE LEVIN, Director
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Preface
Economic pressures in the global economy are forcing aerospace and other high-technology industries to improve engineering performance in order to remain competitive. These improvements include faster insertion of new technologies, lower design and development costs, and shorter development times for new products. One way to help realize improvements in project design and management on a global scale is through the development and application of advanced engineering environments (AEEs). AEEs would incorporate advanced computational, communications, and networking facilities and tools to create integrated virtual and distributed computer-based environments linking researchers, technologists, designers, manufacturers, suppliers, and customers.
Significant progress has been made during the last 15 years in the application of computer-aided design, engineering, and manufacturing systems. Building on that success, government, industry, and academia now have a historic opportunity to develop and deploy AEE technologies and systems. For example, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has initiated both near-term and far-term projects related to AEEs. As part of these efforts, NASA's Chief Engineer and Chief Technologist requested that the National Research Council and the National Academy of Engineering conduct a two-phase study to assess the current and future national context within which NASA's plans must fit (see Appendix A). The Advanced Engineering Environments Committee was appointed to carry out this task (see Appendix B). The results of Phase 1, which focused on the near term (the next 5 years), are documented in this report. The results of Phase 2, which will focus on the far term (5 to 15 years), will be documented in the Phase 2 report.
As described herein, the committee validated that AEEs could contribute to important objectives related to the development of complex new systems, products, and missions. However, advancing the state of the art enough to realize these objectives requires a long-term effort and must overcome a number of significant technical and cultural barriers. Much remains to be done in the near term, as well, both to lay the foundation for long-term success and to achieve near-term improvements in areas where technology has matured enough to improve the effectiveness of current practices.
This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the authors and the National Research Council in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The content of the review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:
George Gleghorn, TRW Space and Technology Group (retired)
Joel Greenberg, Princeton Synergetics, Inc.
George Hazelrigg, National Science Foundation
Larry Howell, General Motors Research and Development Center
Robert Naka, CERA, Inc.
Henry Pohl, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (retired)
Bruce Webster, Simmetrix, Inc.
While the individuals listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, responsibility for the final content of this report rests solely with the authoring committee and the National Research Council.
The committee also wishes to thank everyone else who supported this study, especially those who took the time to participate in committee meetings (see Appendix C).
ROBERT E. DEEMER, CHAIRMAN
ADVANCED ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENTS COMMITTEE
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Contents
Executive Summary
1
1
Introduction
8
Defining an Advanced Engineering Environment
8
Study Overview
10
Organization of the Report
10
Reference
10
2
Current Practices
11
Overview
11
Ford
12
Boeing Commercial Airplane Group
13
Deneb Robotics
13
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
14
U.S. Department of Defense
15
National Science Foundation
16
U.S. Department of Energy
17
Interorganizational Studies
17
Observations on the Current State of the Art
18
References
19
3
Requirements and Alternatives
20
Introduction
20
Top-Level Objectives, Benefits, and Requirements
20
Component-Level Requirements
22
Alternate Approaches
23
4
Barriers
29
Introduction
29
Integration of Tools, Systems, and Data
29
Information Management
31
Culture, Management, and Economics
32
Education and Training
32
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5
A Historic Opportunity Findings and Recommendations
34
Requirements and Benefits
35
Barriers
35
Organizational Roles
38
Appendices
AStatement of Task
41
BBiographical Sketches of Committee Members
43
CParticipants in Committee Meetings
46
Acronyms
48
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Tables, Figures, and Boxes
Tables
ES-1
AEE System Components and Characteristics
1
ES-2
Barriers to Achieving the AEE Vision
5
1-1
AEE System Components and Characteristics
10
2-1
Five-Year Objectives and Associated Metrics for Each Element of NASA's ISE Functional Initiative
15
2-2
Implementations of Collaborative Environments for Various Scientific and Engineering Purposes
17
2-3
Imperatives from the Next-Generation Manufacturing Project
18
3-1
AEE System Components and Characteristics
22
3-2
Survey of AEE Requirements
24
3-3
Common Themes
26
3-4
Estimated Effectiveness of Alternative Approaches
28
4-1
Barriers to Achieving the AEE Vision
30
Figures
ES-1
Road map for achieving the AEE vision
3
3-1
Approaches for improving engineering processes
26
Box
3-1
Opportunities for NASA-Industry-Academia Partnerships
27
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