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The Future Role of Pesticides in US Agriculture
1995
1997
Herbicide
Insecticide
Fungicide
Herbicide
Insecticide
Fungicide
74
67
90
75
60
87
97
94
69
91
88
65
63
98
93
60
96
90
92
89
86
58
62
71
66
97
97
54
82
84
46
73
84
48
71
24
9
1
44
33
12
65
96
90
57
90
85
61
92
93
61
84
80
83
73
64
78
73
66
67
94
98
78
98
99
48
75
71
74
85
69
54
14
30
53
16
30
82
97
96
73
82
79
73
86
87
67
83
88
Animal-Production Systems
Alternatives to chemical pesticides are few for pest management in animal- production systems. Among the constraints on development of alternatives are mobility of both host animals and pest arthropods, general unavailability of economic-injury threshold data, and lack of competitiveness (in both cost and efficiency) of pesticide alternatives (Campbell 1994). Concerns about nontarget effects through food residues are of little concern, because of the existence of strict Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and FDA regulations. The strict regulatory environment, however, has created reluctance among pesticide producers to invest in new products or to reregister old products (Campbell 1994). Their reluctance translates into a heavy reliance on a relatively small number of control chemicals and concomitantly high potential for resistance acquisition in target species (Campbell 1994). Estimates of the magnitude of environmental impact of many of the control chemicals of choice (including avermectins and their metabolites) are under debate (Wratten and Forbes 1996, Spratt 1997).
In the context of companion-animal pest management, the ready availability of many products and the absence of strict requirements for applicator training contribute to increased health risks to both private consumers and professionals. The Department of Pesticide Regulation of
