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The Future Role of Pesticides in US Agriculture
1994
1996
Herbicide
Insecticide
Fungicide
Herbicide
Insecticide
Fungicide
94
66
9
90
74
11
76
71
86
78
71
90
93
50
89
35
2
60
100
77
52
98
76
91
58
41
90
72
49
41
45
64
43
41
65
79
81
36
79
89
42
88
76
89
88
83
89
67
96
36
64
96
37
52
94
91
54
93
90
72
34
71
89
40
78
41
82
41
na
na
na
77
48
30
76
36
34
91
70
23
88
56
33
60
79
63
49
75
73
the California Environmental Protection Agency, for example, identified pet grooming facilities as a potential source of problems after several cases of pesticide poisoning were reported in 1995 (California EPA 1997). Investigations revealed that pet groomers in many establishments received virtually no training and regularly immersed their hands in pesticide solutions. Label changes might reduce such exposures.
Urban Pest-Management Systems
Residential pest control is performed or coordinated by consumers to manage nonstructural pests and enhance the value of properties for aesthetic or recreational purposes. Real expenditures for pesticides applied by homeowners were roughly constant from 1979 to 1995 (Templeton et al. 1998). About 12% of households in the United States hired lawn-care companies in 1995; fertilizer or pesticide application was the main service provided by the companies (Templeton et al. 1998). Lawn-care experts indicate that homeowners tend to worry less about costs than about having weed-free lawns. At the same time, some owners of lawn-care companies worry about applicator exposure in residential environments. Although applicator exposures have not generally been well characterized, at least in part because of the unstructured nature of the industry, there are indications that exposures and accompanying health effects are fre
