National Academy of Sciences | 150 Year Anniversary

Questions? Call 800-624-6242

About | Ordering | New

Menu menu

| Items in cart [0]

The National Academies Press

PAPERBACK
price:$30.00
add to cart

Rights & Permissions

topleft topright

America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume 1 (2001)
Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (CBASSE)

Citation Manager

. "Index." America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume 1. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2001.

Please select a format:

BibTeX EndNote RefMan
Page
485
bottomleft bottomright
  E-mail
Share on facebook Facebook
Share on delicious Delicious
Share on stumbleupon Stumble
Share on twitter Twitter
More Sharing ServicesMore

The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy.

America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I

Index

A

Accidents and injuries

I:33–34

II:290, 328, 359, 361–362, 363, 366

Acculturation, see Assimilation

Adolescents

alcohol and drug abuse,

II:311, 327, 328–334, 329, 341

Blacks,

I:350–384 (passim), 423

II:3, 14–15, 29, 39, 42–43, 46–47, 323– 339, 340–341, 361–364 (passim)

see also “teenage pregnancy” infra

crime and criminal justice system,

Blacks, II:3, 14–15, 29, 39, 42–43, 46–47, 311, 323–334

homicide, II:311, 322, 323–328, 340–341

dropouts,

I:26, 76, 117, 179–180, 423

II:73, 109, 331

educational issues, other,

I:350–364, 369–384

II:73

see also “test…” infra

employment, II:101

firearms, II:328, 335, 338–339, 361, 362, 363, 364

health issues, general,

I:18

II:322–339, 340–342, 359–364, 365–366, 367

Hispanics,

I:375

II:323, 328–331, 332, 361, 362, 363

homicide, II:311, 322, 323–328, 340–341

immigrants, general, I:230, 231

mortality, II:323–327, 359, 361–362, 363– 364

peer pressure,

I:375–378

II:331

population age structure, I:45–48

psychosocial problems, II:311, 322–339, 340–342

smoking,

I:33

II:328–331 (passim), 333

suicide, II:311, 322, 335–339, 341

teenage pregnancy,

I:62, 65, 66–67, 68, 76–77, 93, 423

II:147, 340, 359, 361, 362, 365–366, 399

I and II indicate the respective volumes to which the page numbers refer.

 Page
485

Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.

OCR for page 485
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I Index A Accidents and injuries I:33–34 II:290, 328, 359, 361–362, 363, 366 Acculturation, see Assimilation Adolescents alcohol and drug abuse, II:311, 327, 328–334, 329, 341 Blacks, I:350–384 (passim), 423 II:3, 14–15, 29, 39, 42–43, 46–47, 323– 339, 340–341, 361–364 (passim) see also “teenage pregnancy” infra crime and criminal justice system, Blacks, II:3, 14–15, 29, 39, 42–43, 46–47, 311, 323–334 homicide, II:311, 322, 323–328, 340–341 dropouts, I:26, 76, 117, 179–180, 423 II:73, 109, 331 educational issues, other, I:350–364, 369–384 II:73 see also “test…” infra employment, II:101 firearms, II:328, 335, 338–339, 361, 362, 363, 364 health issues, general, I:18 II:322–339, 340–342, 359–364, 365–366, 367 Hispanics, I:375 II:323, 328–331, 332, 361, 362, 363 homicide, II:311, 322, 323–328, 340–341 immigrants, general, I:230, 231 mortality, II:323–327, 359, 361–362, 363– 364 peer pressure, I:375–378 II:331 population age structure, I:45–48 psychosocial problems, II:311, 322–339, 340–342 smoking, I:33 II:328–331 (passim), 333 suicide, II:311, 322, 335–339, 341 teenage pregnancy, I:62, 65, 66–67, 68, 76–77, 93, 423 II:147, 340, 359, 361, 362, 365–366, 399 I and II indicate the respective volumes to which the page numbers refer.

OCR for page 486
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I test scores, affirmative action, I:323, 334, 335, 337–342 test scores, cross-group comparisons, I:12–13, 350–364 II:73–74, 313 violence, II:311, 322, 323–328 wages, II:109 Whites, II:323–331, 335–337, 363 Adults, I:14 disabled, II:267 drug use, II:331, 332, 341 health status, I:17 II:371–410 household structure, I:24–25 immigrants, general, I:230, 231 population age structure, I:45–48 see also Elderly persons; Military service; Veterans Affirmative action, I:12, 318–347 Asians and Pacific Islanders, I:171, 274 attitudes toward, I:271, 272–273, 274, 282, 292, 293, 294, 329–344 II:36 Blacks, I:272–273, 274, 318, 321, 331–332, 334– 344 II:5, 9, 10, 36, 75–79, 139, 190, 191, 193, 202, 204–214 classification of race and, I:326 conference agenda, I:475 II:437 criminal justice system and, II:5, 9, 10, 36 defined, I:318–319 education, I:319, 327–329, 332, 333, 334–335, 336, 337–342, 348 II:198 electoral issues, I:319, 329–331 employment, I:271, 274, 319–320, 322, 323–325, 332– 337, 342 II:69, 75–79, 104–105, 113–114, 204 funding and, I:319, 320–321, 322, 324, 325–326, 343– 344, 426–427 II:76–77 government contracting, I:319, 321, 326 II:204, 205 Hispanics, I:14, 123, 124, 274, 328, 335 housing, I:320, 427 Jews, I:328, 335 litigation, I:326–329, 333–334 II:207, 215–217 local-level, I:319, 325–326, 331 II:205–207, 208–213, 214–217 military personnel, I:15 II:186 minority-owned businesses, I:325–327, 329–330 II:190, 191, 193, 202, 204–217, 219 poverty and, I:328–329, 338–339, 340 reverse discrimination, I:324, 326, 327–329 II:207, 214 set-asides, I:325–327, 329–330 II:205, 214–217 state-level, I:319, 325–326, 329–330, 331, 333 II:206 test scores, I:323, 327–329, 334, 335, 337– 342 Whites, attitudes toward, I:271, 272–273, 274, 282, 292, 293, 294, 329–330, 331– 337 other, I:324, 326, 327–329 II:75 women, I:319, 321, 324, 325, 331, 334, 336, 337 II:113–114 African Americans, see Blacks Age Discrimination Act, II:77–78 Age factors, I:44–49 affirmative action, attitudes toward, I:333 American Indians, I:47, 48, 65–66, 67, 68, 75, 86–87 II:165, 266, 282 Asians and Pacific Islanders, I:48, 49, 66, 68, 81, 86–87 II:282

OCR for page 487
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I Blacks, I:45, 46, 48, 66–67, 68, 71, 93, 350–356 II:9, 13, 42–43, 165, 340, 378, 387 disabled persons, II:267 educational attainment I:114, 116 see also “test scores” infra employment, II:101, 144, 146–147 fertility, I:62–63, 65–67, 68, 69 Hispanics, I:47–48, 62, 65, 67, 68, 69, 81, 85, 86– 87, 114, 116, 119, 350, 352–356 II:58, 165, 261, 292, 378 household structure, I:25 immigrants, general, I:47, 49, 206, 208– 209, 229–232 life expectancy, I:80–84, 86–87, 93 II:256, 257, 265, 382–383, 384–385 marital, I:62, 71, 75, 93 political factors, I:62 test scores, I:350–356 wealth, II:234–237 welfare, II:165, 167 Whites, I:45, 46, 48, 62, 66–67, 68 II:9, 42, 46–47, 165, 378 see also Adolescents; Adults; Children; Development; Elderly persons; Infants; Life expectancy Aggregation and disaggregation techniques I:4–6, 22 II:59, 228, 332, 341, 343 Agricultural sector American Indians, I:152 Hispanics, I:59–60, 213–214 immigrants, I:59–60, 200–201, 213–214 internal migration, I:58 see also Rural areas AIDS I:34, 92 II:259, 377–378 Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), II:153–158, 160, 161–162, 163, 168, 169 see also Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Alabama, II:28 Alaska, I:15, 140 Alaskan Natives, see American Indians and Alaskan Natives Alcohol and drug abuse, II:343, 399 adolescents, II:311, 327, 328–334, 329, 341 American Indians, II:320–321, 340 Asians and Pacific Islanders, II:320–321 Blacks, I:6 II:3, 4, 12, 14–18, 26, 29–30, 36–40, 46– 47, 328–334, 341, 381, 382, 397 cocaine, II:4, 12, 15–18, 26, 29, 39, 46, 47, 326, 328, 331, 333 criminal justice system, I:6 II:3, 4, 12, 14–18, 26, 29–30, 36–40, 46– 47, 326, 328, 329, 331, 333 fetal alcohol exposure, II:275, 311, 320– 322, 340 health effects of alcohol, other, II:275– 276, 375–376, 380 Hispanics, II:328–331, 332, 382 marijuana, II:16, 39, 328, 329, 333 suicide and, II:335 treatment, II:327, 333 Whites, II:39–40, 46–47, 328–332, 381, 382 Alzheimer’s disease, II:288–289 American Academy of Pediatrics, II:315 An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy I:103–104 II:254 American Indians and Alaska Natives, I:16, 38, 135–169 adolescent violence, II:323 age factors, I:47, 48, 65–66, 67, 68, 75, 86–87 II:165, 266, 282 attitudes, I:155 Bureau of Indian Affairs, I:139 businesses owned by, II:202 census data, I:42, 137–138, 140, 142, 388 II:371 children, II:353, 359, 360 Civil Rights Movement and, I:153, 159 classification of, I:5, 41, 137–138 II:257, 371, 383–384, 387, 398 crime and criminal justice system, I:34, 35 II:44, 323, 340, 378, 379

OCR for page 488
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I cultural factors, I:16, 138, 139–140, 142–143, 147–148, 151, 153–165 II:398 see also “language factors” infra demographics, general, I:16, 22–23, 50, 51, 58, 60, 137–138, 140, 141, 165 diseases and disorders, II:60, 157, 267 economic conditions, general, I:15, 31, 38, 60–61, 145–147 education, I:137, 147–155, 166 educational attainment, I:148, 149, 180 II:165, 167, 292, 319 elderly, II:266, 282 employment, I:60–61 II:134, 135, 146, 164, 165 fertility, I:64–71 (passim), 93, 137 gambling on reservations, I:146–147 gender factors, I:180 II:340 health care, II:285, 422 see also “Indian Health Service” infra health-care professionals, II:286, 295 health risk factors, II:272–276 (passim) health status, general, I:135–137, 147, 292 II:254, 256, 258, 259, 262–263, 276, 383– 384, 398 see “immunizations,” “infant…,” “life expectancy,” and “mortality” infra homicide and assaultive violence, I:34, 35 II:323, 340, 378, 379 housing conditions, I:36–37 immunizations, II:359, 360 income, I:31, 38 II:164 Indian Health Service, I:91 II:262, 282, 383–384 infant mortality, I:32–33, 34, 88–89, 90, 146 II:264, 357, 362, 364 infants, birth weight, II:319 infants, fetal alcohol exposure, II:320– 321, 340 intermarriage, I:16, 75, 76, 142, 149 II:293 language factors, I:142, 149, 154 legal issues, education, I:149–150, 151 litigation, I:143–144, 145 remains of dead, I:154(n.10), 158–161, 166 tribal membership requirements, I:139–140, 144 tribal sovereignty, I:143–144, 145, 146–147, 165–166 legislation, general, I:16, 143–144, 145, 149–150, 159–162 specific, I:60, 140, 143–144, 152, 154(n.10), 160–161 life expectancy, I:81, 93 II:262 marriage, I:16, 73, 75–76, 77, 79, 93, 142, 149 II:164, 166, 293 see also “intermarriage” supra Medicare, II:282 military service, I:60 mortality, I:32–35, 80, 81, 82–83, 86–89, 91, 92, 93, 137, 146 II:256, 258, 264, 266, 372–380, 383–384, 387 political factors, I:16, 138, 143–145, 147, 153, 155–166 population size and growth, I:16, 22–23, 61, 135–138, 140 II:254 poverty, I:146 II:292 prenatal care, II:279 racism and discrimination, I:147–149, 420 II:391 regional demographics, I:22–23, 50, 51, 58, 60, 136(n.2), 141 religion, I:147–148, 154, 155–165 relocation of, I:56, 58, 60, 61, 141, 150, 151–152 II:44

OCR for page 489
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I reservation inhabitants, I:56, 58, 60, 61, 77, 138–139, 140, 142, 143–144, 150–151 II:44, 263 see also Indian Health Service state-level factors, I:139, 140, 145, 150, 159–160, 251 II:384 suicide, II:337–338, 379–380 teenage pregnancy, I:67, 68, 93 II:359, 361 tribal affiliation/enrollment, I:138–140, 142–143 tribal membership requirements, I:139– 140, 144 tribal sovereignty, I:143–144, 145, 146– 147, 165–166 undercounting, I:42, 388 urban areas, I:53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 71, 141–142, 150, 151–152 II:262–263 veterans, II:422 wealth, II:227, 237–238 welfare, I:15, 147 II:156–157, 164–165, 166, 171 Anti-Drug Abuse Act, II:15, 26 Antiquities Act, I:160 Apartheid, I:13, 288, 303–304, 306–308, 309– 310 see also Jim Crow laws Arizona, I:109, 140 Armed Forces, see Military service Armed Forces Qualification Test, II:141 Asian Indians classification of, I:41, 177, 255 criminal justice system, II:44 educational attainment, I:180, 181, 209 fertility, I:66 health status, general, II:266 immigrants, I:51, 60, 175, 176, 177, 205, 206, 209, 210 mortality, I:81, 83 II:263 regional demographics, I:51, 60 single parents, I:77 Asian Pacific Planning and Policy Council, I:173 Asians and Pacific Islanders, I:16, 17, 94, 170–199, 277 adolescent violence, II:323 affirmative action, I:171, 274 age factors, I:48, 49, 66, 68, 81, 86–87 II:282 attitudes of, I:189, 209, 223 businesses owned by, II:202 cancer, II:373–374, 380, 386 cardiovascular disease, II:372–373 census data, I:177–178 children, II:319, 352, 353 children of immigrants, I:228–229 Civil Rights Movement, I:173, 174 classification of, I:5, 22, 40, 41, 170(n.1), 177–178, 255, 267 II:257, 371, 384–385, 387, 398 conference agenda, I:474–475 II:436–437 criminal justice system, II:44, 45 cultural factors, I:69, 178, 222, 223, 245–246, 260 II:263, 287, 384–385, 398, 399 demographics, general, I:23–24, 50, 51, 57–58, 60, 93, 174–182 disabilities, II:267 education, I:188–189, 192 educational attainment, I:174, 179–182, 187–189, 209, 251, 348, 379 II:102–103, 142, 145, 292, 319 elderly, II:266 electoral issues, I:170–174, 178, 179, 180, 182–193 employment, I:225, 227 II:102–104, 126, 128, 129, 130–132, 133, 134, 135, 145 fertility, I:63, 66, 68, 70, 71, 93 funding, electoral participation, I:171, 172, 173, 192 gender factors, I:180 II:102, 126, 128, 129, 130–132, 133, 134, 135, 141–143, 145

OCR for page 490
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I Hawaii, residing in, I:51, 60, 171, 173, 176, 183, 185, 186, 191 II:399 see also Hawaiian Natives health care, II:285 health-care professionals, II:286 health insurance, II:281–282, 283 health risk factors, II:272–276 (passim) health status, II:256, 263, 272–276, 281– 282, 283, 285, 286, 292, 373–374, 380, 384–385, 386, 398 housing conditions, I:36–37 immigrants, I:23, 38–39, 48, 55–56, 57, 91, 93, 173, 175–176, 177, 184–189, 192, 205, 209, 210, 213–220, 223, 227–228, 407–409, 425 II:44, 237, 282 see also “naturalization” infra immunizations, II:362 income, I:30–31, 32, 114, 411 II:102, 128, 129, 229 infant mortality, I:32, 88–89, 90 II:265 infants, birth weight, II:319 infants, fetal alcohol exposure, II:320– 321 intermarriage, I:75, 76, 177, 178, 259 II:293 life expectancy, I:81 II:263, 266 litigation, I:173, 255 marriage, I:16, 73, 75, 76, 77, 79, 177, 178, 259 II:164, 166, 266, 293 mental illness, I:178 mortality, I:81, 82–83, 86–89, 90, 91 II:258, 263, 265, 266, 371–380, 384–385, 387 naturalization, I:173, 186, 187–189, 255 neighborhood segregation/diversity, I:14, 37–38, 39, 44, 401, 407–409, 411, 414–415, 425 II:44 political issues, I:38, 170–199 population size and growth, I:16, 22–23, 43, 44, 61, 174–175, 182, 250 II:352 prenatal care, II:279 projections, I:16, 43, 44, 61 racism and discrimination, I:172, 173–174, 192, 228, 260, 277, 280, 281, 285, 286 II:142, 390 regional demographics, I:23–24, 50, 51, 57–58, 60, 93, 178, 215– 220 research methodology, I:177–179 II:367 socioeconomic status, I:91, 174, 177, 233 II:385 see also “income” supra state-level factors, I:171–172, 173, 183 suburban areas, I:190, 191, 456 teenage pregnancy, I:68 II:361 test scores, I:348 urban areas, I:53, 54, 55–56, 57–58, 93, 183–184, 187, 214, 216–217, 219, 220, 228–229, 233, 250, 441, 456 II:44–45 wages, I:14 II:102–104, 126, 129, 141–143 see also “neighborhood segregation/ diversity” supra wealth, II:228, 237, 249 welfare, II:156–157, 164–165, 166, 390 see also specific groups Assimilation cultural, I:23, 60, 125–126, 220–221, 222, 223– 224, 236–237, 246, 258–259 II:88–89, 287–288, 292, 398, 399 economic, II:85–88, 224–228 health effects, II:287–288, 292, 398, 399 Hispanics, I:125–126 II:85–88, 102–103, 287, 292

OCR for page 491
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I spatial, I:391–392, 403; see also Segregation Asylees, see Refugees and asylees Attitudes, I:8, 12–13, 264–301 about affirmative action, I:271, 272–273, 274, 282, 292, 293, 294, 329–344 II:36 of American Indians, I:155 of Asians and Pacific Islanders, I:189, 209, 223 of Blacks, affirmative action, I:272–273, 274, 324–344 criminal justice system, II:1, 5–6, 14– 15, 33, 35 health care system, II:417–420 immigrants, I:221–222, 253 low-wage work, II:109 marriage, I:71, 74, 75, 272 residential desegregation, I:411–412 students, I:368–378, 380–384 teachers, I:13, 378–380 teenage pregnancy, I:66–67 consumerism, I:208–209 of health care providers, II:278 of Hispanics, immigrants, I:223 students, I:380–384 teachers, I:13, 379, 380 of immigrants, I:236–237 about marriage, Black vs White attitudes, I:74, 75, 272 research methodology, I:265–269 II:388–389 of students, I:368–378, 380–384 teachers, attitudes of, I:13, 378–380 attitudes of students toward, I:381, 382–384 I:13, 378–380 of Whites, affirmative action, I:271, 272–273, 274, 282, 292, 293, 294, 329–330, 331–337 students, I:380–384 teachers, I:13, 378–380 see also Public opinion; Racism and discrimination B Birthrate, see Fertility Birth weight, II:264, 279, 311, 318–320, 339– 340, 399, 400 Black-owned businesses I:15, 329–330 II:175–176, 190–220, 239 Blacks, I:93, 103, 335 adolescents, I:350–384 (passim), 423 II:3, 14–15, 29, 39, 42–43, 46–47, 323– 339, 340–341, 361–364 (passim) affirmative action, I:272–273, 274, 318, 321, 331–332, 334– 344 II:5, 9, 10, 36, 75–79, 139, 190, 191, 193, 202, 204–214 age factors, I:45, 46, 48, 66–67, 68, 71, 93, 350–356 II:9, 13, 42–43, 165, 340, 378, 387 see also “adolescents” supra and “elderly persons” infra alcohol use/drug trafficking and abuse, I:6 II:3, 4, 12, 14–18, 26, 29–30, 36–40, 46– 47, 328–334, 341, 381, 382, 397 Alzheimer’s disease, II:288–289 attitudes, affirmative action, I:272–273, 274, 324–344 criminal justice system, II:1, 5–6, 14– 15, 33, 35 health care system, II:417–420 immigrants, I:221–222, 253 low-wage work, II:109 marriage, I:71, 74, 75, 272 residential desegregation, I:411–412 students, I:368–378, 380–384 teachers, I:13, 378–380 teenage pregnancy, I:66–67 Brazil, racial discrimination, I:304–307, 310–316 businesses owned by, I:15, 329–330 II:175–176, 190–220, 239 capital punishment, II:12–14, 25–26, 33 census undercounting, gender factors, I:42 II:387–388

OCR for page 492
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I children, II:225–226, 289–290, 311–339, 353, 354, 355 (passim), 367, 369, 400 classification of, I:5, 40–41, 267 II:255, 371 crime and criminal justice system, I:18–19, 34–36, 319, 424, 427 II:1–51, 110, 115, 322, 323–332, 361, 362, 363, 378–379 juveniles, II:3, 14–15, 29, 39, 42–43, 46–47 public opinion of discrimination by, II:1, 5–6, 14–15, 21–22, 25, 26, 28, 32, 33, 34–35, 48 see also Police; “drug…,” “homicide,” “jury selection,” and “sentencing…” infra cultural factors, I:246, 253, 256, 257, 264, 312, 368–375 II:174, 385–387 see also “music” infra demographics, general, I:43, 44, 250, 437, 438, 445 II:41–44, 46, 352 diabetes, II:288, 340 digital divide, I:25 educational admissions, I:334–335, 337–342 II:286, 391 educational attainment, I:25–26, 27, 38, 116, 180, 222, 311, 348– 387, 423, 425, 427 II:56–58, 59, 63–66, 69–72, 78–79, 95, 99, 102, 104–112 (passim), 115, 127, 136–140 (passim), 145–147, 165, 167, 190, 292, 319 see also “test scores” infra education, general, I:195, 362 II:247 education, teacher certification, I:364 elderly persons, health status, II:265–266 electoral issues, I:121, 186 employment, I:9–10, 28, 35–36, 56, 58, 110, 112, 121, 183, 222, 422, 423–424, 425, 436, 441–442 II:98–101, 134, 165, 194, 196, 218, 278, 343, 391–392, 397–398 see also Military service employment, discrimination, II:28, 35– 36, 107–108, 222 employment, gender factors, I:27–30, 423, 424 II:52–55, 61–73, 75–76, 78–79, 81, 98– 147, 174, 179, 183, 278, 326, 397– 398 employment, health risk factors, II:278, 289–291 employment, impacts of segregation, II:108–109, 110, 112, 113, 116–117, 139, 144 see also Spatial mismatch hypothesis fertility, I:63–70 (passim), 77, 93 gender factors, I:42, 71, 74, 180, 373 II:1, 22, 33, 42, 52–58, 158–160, 174, 179, 183, 323–328, 331, 336, 337, 341, 361–364 (passim), 378, 382– 383, 384–385, 387–388 see also “employment, gender factors” supra genetics, II:255, 288–289 health care, II:284, 286, 392–395, 412, 414–421 see also “hospitalization” infra health-care professionals, II:286, 295 health insurance, II:281, 283, 413 health risk factors, I:33 II:272–278 (passim), 287–291, 395–396, 397 health status, general, II:254, 258, 259– 260, 265–266, 270, 287–291, 314, 381–383, 385–386, 397, 417 HIV, I:34 II:377–378 homicide, I:34, 35 II:2, 25–26, 27, 33, 259, 322, 323–328, 340, 361–364 (passim), 378, 379 hospitalization, II:284–285, 393–394, 413, 415–421 housing conditions, I:36–37, 220 II:226, 238–239, 240–242 hypertension, II:278, 288, 294, 396, 400 immigrants, I:186, 219 II:260, 340, 386–387

OCR for page 493
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I immunizations, II:358, 360 income, I:15, 30–31, 32, 38, 58, 111, 113, 114, 411, 421–422, 425 II:2, 54, 55, 128, 165, 220, 225, 229–234 infant mortality, I:32, 88, 90 II:264, 265, 357, 362 infants, birth weight, II:318, 319, 339– 340, 400 infants, fetal alcohol exposure, II:320– 321, 340 infants, iron deficiency, II:314, 315, 339 intermarriage, I:74, 75, 272, 401 II:293 jury selection, I:319 II:2, 7–11, 33, 41 language factors, II:386 lead poisoning, II:316, 317, 339–340 life expectancy, I:81, 86–87, 93 II:259, 266, 292, 382–383, 384–385 marriage, I:71, 72, 74, 75, 78, 93, 272, 422 II:133, 164, 293, 397–398 mathematics achievement, I:25, 349– 350, 351, 353, 355, 356, 358, 359, 360, 365, 366, 367 Medicaid, II:281 Medicare, II:281, 284, 392, 413 mental illness, II:188–289, 381–382 migration within U.S., I:51, 391–392, 393–394 II:45, 104 see also “regional factors” infra military personnel, I:15 II:174–189, 393–394, 412, 414–421 mortality, I:32–35, 81, 82–83, 86–89, 90, 91–92, 93, 424, 425 II:179, 254, 256, 258, 259, 260, 264, 265, 266, 277, 290, 291, 361, 363, 372– 380, 382–383, 384–385, 387–388, 397, 417–418 music, I:341, 369, 372–375 political issues, I:38, 121, 129, 186, 279–280, 302–316 II:17, 34, 40–41, 78 see also Civil Rights Movement population size and growth, I:16, 22–23, 43, 44, 61, 250, 437, 438, 445 II:41–44, 46, 352 poverty, I:311, 421–424, 425–426 II:55, 67, 116, 218, 225, 274, 292, 324– 327, 343, 357, 400 prenatal care, II:279 projections, I:16, 43, 44, 61 psychological factors, II:5–6, 33, 35–36, 278, 335, 381–382 race, concept of, I:246, 253, 256, 257 racial profiling by police, II:3–7, 23, 24– 25, 29, 33, 35–36 racism and discrimination, I:104, 221, 222, 264–267, 269–295, 302– 316, 333, 348 II:106–108, 109, 113–114, 117, 125, 137– 141, 142, 144, 147, 184–186, 188, 195, 239, 246–247, 367, 369, 389, 390, 391–396, 400–401, 420–421 reading achievement, I:349–350, 352, 354, 356, 360–362, 366, 368, 369, 370, 372 regional factors, demographics, I:23–24, 50, 51, 52, 56–57, 58–59, 61, 218 II:104, 106 health status, II:260 urban areas, I:52, 58, 59, 399, 400, 402–403 II:104 see also “migration within U.S.” supra segregation, I:6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17, 244–245, 269–272, 273, 278, 279 II:108–109 educational, I:269–271 II:198, 204 employment impacts, II:108–109, 110, 112, 113, 116–117, 139, 144 health care, II:281 Jim Crow laws, I:6, 9, 13, 244–245, 292, 293, 294, 304, 305, 306, 308–310, 314, 395, 402 II:281 residential, I:6, 37–38, 266, 270, 271–272, 273, 278, 283–284, 294–295, 392–403, 405–406, 409–428, 436

OCR for page 494
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I II:108–109, 110, 112, 113, 116–117, 227, 240, 241, 243, 326, 331–332, 343, 391–392, 400–401 sentencing and incarceration, I:18, 35 II:2, 11–18, 22, 23–24, 26–28, 29–30, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40–48, 110, 115 smoking, I:33 II:272, 397 socioeconomic status, general, I:409–410, 421–422, 424–425 II:34–35, 52–56, 254, 270, 291, 386, 388 see also “educational attainment,” “employment…,” and “income” supra and “wealth” infra South Africa, apartheid, I:13, 288, 303– 304, 306–308, 309–310 suburban areas, I:52, 289, 416, 438, 456 II:107, 192–193, 391–392 suicide, II:34, 335–339, 341, 379–380, 381 teacher certification, I:364 teachers attitudes toward, I:13, 378–380 teenage pregnancy, I:66–67, 68, 77, 93 II:147, 359, 361 television, I:369, 370 test scores, I:13, 323, 334, 335, 337–342, 348–367, 369, 370, 372, 383–384, 385–387 II:73, 74, 105–106, 141, 313 urban areas, I:52–59 (passim), 129, 218, 219, 220, 221–222, 233, 253, 376–378, 399, 400, 402–403, 456 II:1, 4, 22, 36, 39, 40, 104, 108–109, 112, 113, 116, 165, 191–193, 198–199, 208–213, 284, 326–327, 343, 391– 392 see also “segregation” supra veterans, health care, I:18 II:393–394, 412, 414–421 wages, I:14, 29, 30, 38, 222, 306 II:52–53, 60–69, 70, 76, 78–79, 81, 94, 95, 98–100, 104–110, 115, 138–141, 143, 164, 326 wealth, I:15, 34–35 II:92–94, 225–230, 232–234, 236–247 welfare, I:15, 278 II:156–171 (passim), 390 White racism and discrimination, see “racism and discrimination” under Whites Black Wealth/White Wealth, II:225, 241 Blank, Rebecca M. I:21–39, 477 II:439 Blumstein, Alfred I:6, 477 II:21–31, 46, 439 Bobo, Lawrence D. I:12, 14, 264–301, 477 II:439 Bonilla, Frank I:16, 103–134, 478 II:440 Boston, Thomas D. I:15, 478 II:190–221, 449 Brazil, I:13, 304–307, 310–316 Breast cancer, II:383 Brookings Institution, I:453 Bureau of Census, I:40, 104 fertility, I:65 internal migration, I:56, 58 minority-owned businesses, II:193, 200 racial and ethnic classification, I:4–5, 7, 40–42, 57, 119–120, 121–122 undercounting, I:42, 106, 388 II:387–388 see also Current Population Survey Bureau of Indian Affairs, I:139 Bureau of Justice Statistics, II:27 Bush, George, I:326 Butler, John Sibley I:15, 478 II:174–189, 440 C California affirmative action, I:171, 330 American Indians, I:139, 140, 251 Asian/Pacific Islander vote, I:171, 173, 175–176, 183, 184, 251 Blacks, I:175 II:43

OCR for page 495
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I Hispanics, I:51, 107, 109, 175, 203, 251 illegal immigrants, I:203 immigrants, other, I:175–176, 206 minority population growth, II:402 urban renewal, I:446 Camarillo, Albert M. I:16, 103–134, 478 II:440 Canada immigrants from, I:216–217 Indians, I:135–141 (passim) Cancer I:91, 92 II:272, 373–374, 380, 382–383, 384–385, 386, 393, 399, 418 Capital punishment, II:12–14, 25–26, 33 Cardiovascular disease I:91, 92 II:259, 274, 285, 328, 372–373, 380, 393– 395, 414–415, 421, 423, 424 see also Hypertension Carter, Jimmy, II:78 Caucasians, see Whites Census data I:40 II:371 American Indians, I:42, 137–138, 140, 142, 388 II:371 Asians and Pacific Islanders, I:177–178 Blacks, I:42 II:387–388 fertility, I:65 funding and census counts, I:43 Hispanics, I:41–42, 57, 106, 107, 119–120, 121–122, 338 II:85 illegal immigrants, II:85 internal migration issues, I:56, 58 minority-owned businesses, II:200–204 segregation indices, I:110, 419–420 undercounting, I:42, 106, 388 II:387–388 see also Bureau of Census; Classification issues; Current Population Survey Center for Advanced Study in Behavioral Sciences (Stanford University), I:1 Center for Employment Training, II:113, 117 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, II:321, 357, 367 Cerebrovascular disorders, II:415–416, 422 Characteristics of Business Owners, II:200, 203 Child abuse, II:343 Children adolescent violence, early childhood prevention, II:327 American Indians, II:353, 359, 360 Asians and Pacific Islanders, I:228–229 II:319, 352, 353 behavioral and developmental problems, I:18 II:311–344 Blacks, II:225–226, 289–290, 311–339, 353, 354, 355 (passim), 367, 369, 400 demographics, general, II:352–356 diet, II:274 federal programs and health status, I:5, 18 II:163–166, 342–344, 351, 364–370 health issues, I:18 II:311–322, 339–340, 342–344, 351–359, 366 see also Birth weight; Infant mortality; Infants; Pregnancy Hispanics, I:25, 110, 119 II:102, 228–229, 289–290, 340, 353, 355, 400 household structure, I:25 immigrants and of immigrants, I:49, 218, 223, 228–237 II:102–103 immunizations, I:92 II:357–359 iron deficiencies, II:311, 312, 314–315, 339 lead poisoning, II:289–290, 311, 315–318 neighborhood segregation, impacts on, I:423 population age structure, I:45–48 poverty, impacts on, II:354, 356, 357–359, 400 psychological factors, II:311–318

OCR for page 520
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I desegregation, I:269–271, 273, 284, 411– 415, 419 immigration patterns, I:201 racial profiling, II:6 refugees, I:212 welfare, II:152–153 see also Attitudes; Racism and discrimination Public Use Micro Samples, II:137, 138(n.9), 140 Public Works Employment Act. II:205, 207, 214 Puerto Ricans I:5, 42, 54, 57, 67, 74, 77 II:227 educational attainment, I:114–115, 116, 119, 143 employment, I:111, 112 II:53, 101, 104, 105, 108, 130, 131, 132, 133, 135, 143 health care, II:286 health insurance, II:280–281 health status, II:256, 259, 261, 262, 267, 357 income, I:113 II:55, 128, 129 mortality I:83, 90, 92 II:265 political participation, I:119, 127–128 regional demographics. I:51, 57 segregation, I:110, 406, 420, 425 Q Quotas, see Affirmative action R Racial Justice Act, II:13–14 Racial profiling police, II:3–7, 23, 24–25, 29, 33, 35–40 real estate sales, I:391–392, 398, 401, 409–410, 411, 413, 415–421, 427, 428 Racism and discrimination I:2–3, 6–7, 13, 17, 19, 104, 264–295 (passim), 302–316 II:77 age discrimination, II:77–78 American Indians, I:147–149, 420 II:391 Asians and Pacific Islanders, I:172, 173–174, 192, 228, 260, 277, 280, 281, 285, 286 II:142, 390 Black-owned businesses, II:195, 239 Blacks, I:104, 221, 222, 264–267, 269–295, 302– 316, 333, 348 II:106–108, 109, 113–114, 117, 125, 137– 141, 142, 144, 147, 184–186, 188, 195, 239, 246–247, 367, 369, 389, 390, 391–396, 400–401, 420–421 Brazil, I:304–307 causes of, country comparisons, I:304– 307 conference agenda, I:475 II:437 criminal justice system, I:280–283 II:1–51, 392 see also Capital punishment; Homicide; Jury selection; Police; Sentencing and incarceration defined, I:302 disabled persons, I:2 II:77, 78, 266–267 educational, I:8–9, 17, 269–271, 273, 284, 295, 320– 321, 364, 445 II:198, 204, 391 educational, discussion by mixed racial students, I:256–257 employment, I:6–7, 8, 9, 14–15, 28, 35–36, 107–108, 222, 271, 282, 320, 321, 322, 323– 325, 333–334 II:76–78, 106–108, 109, 113–114, 117, 125, 137–141, 142, 144, 147, 204, 223, 391–392 suburban areas, II:107, 114, 391–392 gender discrimination, II:77, 107, 113, 125, 396 genetic explanations for, II:255, 288 government classification systems and, I:255

OCR for page 521
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I health insurance coverage, I:10–11 II:392–394 health status and care, I:2, 6 II:77, 78, 367–369, 382, 391–396, 398, 400–401, 420–421 health status and psychological stress due to racism, II:5–6, 33, 35–36, 277–278, 395–396, 398, 400 Hispanics, I:121, 123–124, 125, 221, 228, 264, 274, 278, 280, 281, 285, 286, 420 II:107, 142, 367, 369, 390, 392, 396, 401, 420 housing discrimination/neighborhood segregation, I:6–7, 8, 17, 37–38, 39, 125, 221, 226, 270, 271–272, 273, 278, 279, 283– 284, 294–295, 320, 391–434, 445 II:113, 240–243, 391–392 international perspectives, I:13, 302–317 methodological issues, II:388–389 military service, II:184–186, 188, 393–394, 420–421 police, I:280–281 psychological effects of, II:5–6, 33, 35–36, 277–278 race, concept of, I:244 reduction of, I:1, 7, 123, 294–296, 343 see also Affirmative action; Civil Rights Movement religion, I:39, 49, 61 scapegoating, I:302–317 South Africa, apartheid, I:13, 288, 303– 304, 306–308, 309–310 stereotyping, I:273–280, 292–293, 305, 333 II:3–7, 389, 390 see also Racial profiling urban areas, immigrants, I:218 Veterans Health Administration, II:393– 394, 420–421 voting, I:9 Whites, Brazil/South Africa compared to U.S., I:13, 302–316 reverse discrimination, I:324, 326, 327–329 U.S., I:6, 9, 13, 244–245, 264–267, 269–295, 322, 324, 326, 327–329, 337, 413, 418–421, 425 II:106–107, 186, 246–247, 389, 390, 391, 400, 420–421 see also “affirmative action” and “crime…” under Whites see also Affirmative action; Racial profiling; Segregation Reading ability American Indians, I:149 cross-group test score comparisons, I:349–350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 359, 360– 362, 366, 368, 369, 372 II:74, 313 Reagan, Ronald I:323, 326, 427 II:76–77, 327 Refugee Act, I:175 Refugees and asylees, I:17, 51, 52, 175, 188, 203–204, 207, 211–213 Regional factors American Indians, I:22–23, 50, 51, 58, 60, 136(n.2), 141 Asians and Pacific Islanders, I:23–24, 50, 51, 57–58, 60, 93, 178, 215–220 Blacks, health status, II:260 Blacks in urban areas, I:52, 58, 59, 399, 400, 402–403 II:104 demographics, general, I:23–24, 46, 49– 51, 56–62, 93 economic factors in internal migration, I: 46, 58, 59, 60 Hispanics, I:23–24, 50, 51, 57, 59, 61, 93, 105, 107, 214–217, 218–220 immigrants, general, I:49, 51, 57, 61, 175–176, 203, 205–206, 230–233 political issues, I:454 projections, I:51, 57 residential segregation, I:391–392, 393– 394, 399, 400, 402–403 urban areas, Blacks, I:52, 58, 59, 399, 400, 402–403 II:104 urban planning, I:435–436, 453–455, 458– 461 urban/suburban, spatial mismatch hypothesis, I:17, 435–443 (passim), 454–456, 458, 459–460 II:108–109, 112, 113, 116, 144–145, 147

OCR for page 522
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I Whites, I:39, 49, 61 see also Migration within U.S.; State-level factors; specific U.S. regions and states Religion, I:267 American Indians, I:147–148, 154, 155– 165 Brazil, South Africa, and U.S., racism, I: 305–306, 312 Report of the Secretary’s Task Force on Black and Minority Health, II:397 Research methodology, I:2–12 acculturation, II:287 adolescent mental health, II:322, 341–342 American Indian remains, use in research, I:154, 155–161 Asians and Pacific Islanders, I:177–179 II:367 cultural/linguistic factors, I:178 employment, neoclassical economic theory, I:136–138 health insurance coverage, II:283 health status and health care, I:17–18 II:255–258, 267–270, 283, 293–294, 322, 341–342, 366–369, 382, 383–389, 397–399, 412 Hispanics, II:367 minority-owned businesses, II:200–203 mortality, I:80, 81, 85 II:382, 383–389 occupational dissimilarity index, II: 127(n.4) race and ethnicity defined, I:2–4, 243– 260 see also Classification issues racial attitudes, I:265–269 II:388–389 urban/suburban dynamics, I:453– 461 veterans health care, II:412 wage data from CPS, II:84, 85 wealth, II:227–228 welfare, effects of, II:171–172, 342–344 see also Aggregation and disaggregation techniques; Classification issues; Statistical techniques Reservations, American Indians, I:56, 58, 60, 61, 77, 138–139, 140, 142, 143–144, 150–151 II:44, 263 Riots I:272–273, 282, 322–323, 368, 445 II:1 Risk factors, health-related, II:271–278, 289– 291, 294, 385, 422 American Indians/Asians and Pacific Islanders, II:272–276 (passim) assimilation and, II:287–288, 292, 398, 399 Blacks, I:33 II:272–278 (passim), 287–291, 395–396, 397 employment, health risk factors, II:278, 289–291 gender, II:272 Hispanics, II:272–276 (passim), 287, 289– 290, 314, 315, 316, 317, 339 interventions, II:295 smoking, I:33 II:272, 289, 328–331 (passim), 333, 397, 399 socioeconomic status, II:268–271, 269– 271, 277, 291, 292 stress due to racism, II:5–6, 33, 35–36, 277–278 Whites, II:272–277, 287–290, 314 see also Alcohol and drug abuse; Environmental toxins Risk factors, welfare-related, II:152, 153, 162–172 Rockefeller Foundation, I:422 Rural areas, I:2, 52 American Indian, including reservation inhabitants, I:56, 58, 60, 61, 71, 77, 138–139, 140, 142, 143–144, 150–151 II:44, 263 see also Indian Health Service developing countries, I:208 Hispanics, I:59–60, 213–214 welfare, II:162–163, 165 Whites, II:45, 165 see also Agricultural sector Russell Sage Foundation, I:422 Rutgers University, I:436

OCR for page 523
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I S Salaries, see also Wages and salaries Sandefur, Gary D. I:15–16, 40–102, 482–483 II:444–445 Scapegoating, I:302–316 Schizophrenia, II:381, 382 Scholastic Aptitude Test I:385–387 II:73, 74 Segregation, I:9, 11, 12, 17, 37–38, 39, 245, 251 American Indians, educational, I:149– 152 American Indians, relocation, I:56, 58, 60, 61, 141, 150, 151–152 see also Reservations, American Indians Asian Americans, residential, I:14, 37–38, 39, 44, 401, 407–409, 411, 414–415, 425 II:44 attitudes toward, I:411–412 Blacks, I:6, 9, 13, 244–245, 269–272, 273, 278, 279 II:108–109 educational, I:269–271 II:198, 204 employment impacts, II:108–109, 110, 112, 113, 116–117, 139, 144 health care, II:281 Jim Crow laws, I:6, 9, 13, 244–245, 292, 293, 294, 304, 305, 306, 308–310, 314, 395, 402 II:281 residential, I:6, 37–38, 266, 270, 271–272, 273, 278, 283–284, 294–295, 392–403, 405–406, 409–428, 436 II:108–109, 110, 112, 113, 116–117, 227, 240, 241, 243, 331–332, 391– 392, 400–401 Brazil, I:13, 304–307, 310–316 census data, segregation indices, I:110, 419–420 children, impacts on, I:423 see also “educational” infra conference agenda, I:474 II:436 economic factors, general, I:391–392, 409–410, 411, 415–424, 427, 428 educational, I:149–152, 269–271, 273, 284, 295, 320– 321, 364, 445 II:198, 204, 391 employment impacts for Blacks, II:108– 109, 110, 112, 113, 116–117, 139, 144 see also Spatial mismatch hypothesis Hispanics, residential, I:37–38, 104, 107, 110, 125, 401, 403–407, 411, 414– 415, 420, 425 housing discrimination/neighborhood segregation, I:6–7, 8, 12, 17, 37–38, 39, 125, 221, 226, 235, 266, 270, 271–272, 273, 278, 279, 283–284, 294–295, 391– 434, 445 II:44, 110, 113, 116–117, 240–243, 391– 392 immigrants, residential, I:220–221, 391– 392, 403, 407–409, 414, 425 income and, I:411, 421–424 litigation, I:320–321, 395 II:104 minority-owned businesses, I:190 mortality, II:392 poverty and, I:421–424, 425–426 socioeconomic status and, general, I:391–392, 409–410, 411, 421–424, 425 II:400 South Africa, apartheid, I:13, 288, 303– 304, 306–308, 309–310 spatial mismatch hypothesis, I:17, 435–443 (passim), 454–456, 458, 459–460 II:108–109, 112, 113, 116, 144–145, 147 Whites, I:37–38, 39, 220–221, 266, 270, 271–272, 273, 283–284, 392–406, 409–419, 425 II:392 Sentencing and incarceration I:6, 18, 35, 427 II:2, 11–18, 22, 23–24, 26–28, 29–30, 33, 34, 38, 39, 40–48, 327 see Capital punishment

OCR for page 524
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I Shapiro, Thomas M. I:15, 483 II:222–251, 445 Single parents I:17, 24, 25, 62, 76–80, 93 II:352, 354, 355, 397–398 income, I:31 welfare, II:162, 163, 164, 166, 170 Slavery I:305, 308 II:175, 238, 255, 287 Small Business Administration, II:204 Small businesses I:15 II:190, 191, 196–197, 198–199, 201, 205, 239 health insurance coverage, II:280 Smelser, Neil J. I:1–20, 472, 483 II:434, 445 Smith, James P. I:14, 483 II:52–97, 445 Smithsonian Institution, I:156–157, 159, 160, 161, 162 Smoking I:33 II:272, 289, 328–331 (passim), 333, 397, 399 see also Marijuana Socioeconomic status I:9, 11, 21, 30–32, 38 II:54–59 Asians and Pacific Islanders, I:91, 174, 177, 233 II:385 birth weight, II:318 health status and care, general, II:268– 271, 277, 291, 292, 294–295, 311, 383, 388, 389, 391, 397, 398, 399, 400, 411–412, 413, 416–417 Hispanics, I:16, 23, 38, 43, 44, 61, 103, 106–107, 109 homicide rates, II:324 immigrants, general, I:206, 208–209, 224–228, 232–238 infant mortality, I:85 iron deficiencies, II:314 mortality, I:85 II:254 race, concept of, I:256 racism, general, I:302 residential segregation and, I:391–392, 409–410, 411, 421–424, 425 II:400 single-person households, I:25, 31 veterans, I:411–412 see also Educational attainment/ achievement; Employment; Housing; Income; Poverty; Wealth South Africa, apartheid, I:13, 288, 303–304, 306–308, 309–310 South Carolina, II:28 Southern U.S. criminal justice system, II:28 demographics, various groups, I:23–24, 50, 51, 56–57, 59, 60, 61, 206, 396 II:45, 52, 104, 400 health indices, II:260 residential segregation, I:399, 400, 402– 403 Spatial mismatch hypothesis I:17, 435–443 (passim), 454–456, 458, 459–460 II:108–109, 112, 113, 116, 144–145, 147 Special Agricultural Workers, I:200–201 State Child Health Insurance Program, II:365 State-level factors I:51–52, 62 II:352 affirmative action, I:319, 325–326, 329–330, 331, 333 II:206 American Indians, I:139, 140, 145, 150, 159–160, 251 II:384 Asian/Pacific Islander, elections, I:171– 172, 173, 183 Black/White residential segregation, I: 393–398 (passim) criminal justice system, II:7–9, 15, 28 employment discrimination laws, II:139 gun control, II:328, 338–339 Hispanics, I:51, 107, 109, 129, 175, 203, 251 jury selection, II:7–9 mortality data, II:254 race, defined, I:254

OCR for page 525
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I tax policies, I:446 teacher certification, I:348, 364 urban renewal, I:446 wealth accumulation, II:238 welfare, II:162, 342 see also Regional factors; specific states The State of the Nation’s Cities, I:436 Statistical techniques, I:94 employment participation, neoclassical economic theory, I:136–138 fertility, I:62–63 Hispanics, I:121–122 infant mortality, I:85 mortality, I:80, 81, 85 race and ethnicity defined, I:4 welfare participation and risk factors, II:171–172 see also Aggregation and disaggregation techniques; Classification issues Stroke, see Cerebrovascular disorders Suburban areas, I:17 Asians and Pacific Islanders, I:190, 191, 456 Blacks, I:52, 289, 416, 438, 456 II:107, 192–193, 391–392 employment discrimination, II:107, 114, 391–392 environmental concerns, I:451–452 Hispanics, I:438, 456 immigrants, I:234–235, 238 income, I:437–440 minority-owned businesses, II:192–193 population growth, I:437, 438, 445 poverty, I:437, 439, 459–460 spatial mismatch hypothesis, I:17, 435–443 (passim), 454–456, 458, 459–460 II:108–109, 112, 113, 116, 144–145, 147 Suicide I:17–18, 34 II:34, 379–380, 381 adolescents, II:311, 322, 335–339, 341 Supplemental Security Income, II:154–158 (passim) Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act, II:214 Surface Transportation Assistance Act, II:214 Survey of Income and Education, II:142 Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP), II:138, 226, 229, 230–231 Survey of Minority-Owned Business Enterprises, II:200–203, 207 Survey of Urban Inequality, I:442, 455 Swain, Carol M. I:12, 318–347, 483 II:445 T Taxation I:11, 445, 446, 450 II:115, 154, 200–201, 227, 238–239, 371 Teachers accountability of, I:364 attitudes of, I:13, 378–380 attitudes of students toward, I:381, 382– 384 certification testing, I:348, 364 pupil-to-teacher ratios/class size, I:351 Technological factors see also Computers and computer science Teenage pregnancy I:62, 65, 66–67, 68, 76–77, 93, 423 II:147, 340, 359, 361, 362, 365–366, 399 Teenagers, see Adolescents Television, I:369, 370 Temporary Assistance to Needy Families, II:153, 154, 161, 342 see also Aid to Families with Dependent Children Tennessee, II:28 Tennessee Star Experiment, I:351 Tests and testing I:12–13, 348–390 II:313 affirmative action and, I:327–329, 333, 334, 335, 337–342 American Indians, I:348 Asians and Pacific Islanders, I:348 Blacks, I:13, 323, 334, 335, 337–342, 348–367, 369, 370, 372, 383–384, 385–387 II:73, 74, 105–106, 141, 313 cultural factors, I:12 health status and, II:311

OCR for page 526
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I Hispanics, I:13, 348–356, 358, 360, 365, 366, 367, 370, 383–387 II:73–74, 141, 313 lead poisoning and test scores, II:316 mathematics, I:25, 349–350, 351, 353, 355, 356, 358, 359, 360, 365 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), I:25–26, 348– 372, 380, 383–384 reading, I:349–350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 359, 360–362, 368, 369 Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT), I:385– 387 teacher certification, I:348, 364 Whites, I:25–26, 348–367, 383–387 II:73, 74, 141, 313 see also National Assessment of Educational Progress; Scholastic Aptitude Test Texas American Indians, I:140 Asians and Pacific Islanders, I:183 Hispanics, I:51, 107, 109 immigrants, I:206 minority population growth, II:402 Thomas, W.I., I:3 Thornton, Russell I:16, 135–169, 483–484 II:445–446 Tobacco use, see Smoking Toxic materials, see Environmental toxins Trade unions, I:9 Transportation to health care services, II:278 urban, I:456, 459–461 to work, I:2, 456, 458, 459–460 II:109, 113, 116 Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century, I:459 U Undocumented immigration, see Illegal immigration Unions, labor, see Trade unions Unmarked Human Burial Sites and Skeletal Remains Protection Act (Nebraska), I:160 Urban areas, I:51–56, 58–62, 93, 435–436 American Indians, I:53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61, 71, 141–142, 150, 151–152 II:262–263 Asians and Pacific Islanders, I:53, 54, 55–56, 57–58, 93, 183–184, 187, 214, 216–217, 219, 220, 228–229, 233, 250, 441, 456 II:44–45 Blacks, I:52–59 (passim), 129, 218, 219, 220, 221–222, 233, 253, 376–378, 399, 400, 402–403, 456 II:1, 4, 22, 36, 39, 40, 104, 108–109, 112, 113, 116, 165, 191–193, 198–199, 208–213, 284, 326–327, 343, 391– 392 Blacks, regional demographics, I:52, 58, 59, 399, 400, 402–403 II:104 businesses owned by minorities, II:191– 193, 202, 205–207, 208–213, 214–217 crime and criminal justice system, I:18 II:1, 4, 22, 36, 39, 40, 44–45, 331–332, 333 developing countries, I:208 drug abuse, II:4, 331–332, 333 employment, segregation and, I:17, 422, 423–424, 425 II:391 see “spatial mismatch hypothesis” infra government policies, I:11 health factors, II:262–263, 276, 277, 284, 293 see also “toxins” infra Hispanics, I:52–54, 55, 57, 59–60, 62, 93, 104, 107, 110, 125, 129, 214–217, 218–220, 228–229, 233, 250, 253, 372, 441– 442, 456 II:45, 81–83, 113, 165, 343 immigrants, general, I:17, 52, 57–58, 59, 61–62, 205–206, 214–222, 228–235, 246, 391–392, 403, 407–409, 414, 425 income, suburban vs urban, I:437–440 lead poisoning, II:316 political factors, I:17, 435, 449–450, 451– 452

OCR for page 527
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I regional factors, I:52, 58, 59, 399, 400, 402–403 II:104 planning, I:435–436, 453–455, 458–461 see “spatial mismatch hypothesis” infra research methodology, urban/suburban dynamics, I:453–461 residential segregation, I:6–7, 8, 12, 17, 37–38, 39, 125, 221, 226, 235, 266, 270, 271–272, 273, 278, 279, 283–284, 294–295, 391– 434, 445 II:44, 110, 113, 116–117, 240–243, 391–392 see also “spatial mismatch hypothesis” infra riots, I:272–273, 282, 322–323, 368, 445 II:1 spatial mismatch hypothesis, I:17, 435–443 (passim), 454–456, 458, 459–460 II:108–109, 112, 113, 116, 144–145, 147 toxins, I:435, 436, 443–444, 446–448, 450– 452, 458, 461 transportation, I:456, 459–461 welfare, II:162–163, 165, 167 Whites, I:53, 61–62, 218, 219, 220, 250, 251, 456 II:165 see also “neighborhood segregation” under Whites see also Suburban areas Utah, II:28 V Vaccinations, see Immunizations Veterans American Indians, II:422 G.I.Bill, I:10 health status and care, I:18 II:393–394, 411–424 housing, II:241 Veterans Administration, see Department of Veterans Affairs Veterans Health Administration I:18 II:393–394, 411–429 Vietnamese, I:94 classification of, I:41, 177–178 fertility, I:66 health status, II:267 immigrants, I:56, 175, 176, 205, 209, 212, 216–217 political participation, I:183 regional demographics, I:56, 57 single parents, I:77 wages, I:101, 102 Violence, II:343, 366, 367, 390 adolescents, II:311, 322, 323–328 child abuse, II:343 Civil Rights Movement and, I:320 employment discrimination due to fear of, II:107–108 firearms, II:246, 328, 335, 338–339, 361, 362, 363, 364, 378 race riots, I:272–273, 282, 322–323, 368, 445 II:1 racism and intra-White warfare, I:307– 308, 309, 313 White hate crimes against Blacks, I:412, 427 White racial stereotypes, I:276, 277, 278–280, 305 II:246, 390 see also Accidents and injuries; Crime and criminal justice; Homicide Voluntary Affirmative Marketing Agreement, I:427 Voting, see Electoral issues Voting Rights Act, I:118 W Wages and salaries I:6, 10, 14, 25, 28–30, 236, 348, 442, 444 II:52–54, 59–69, 78–89, 94–95, 98–100, 136– 137, 143, 223 Asians/Pacific Islanders, I:14 II:102–104, 126, 129, 141–143 Blacks, I:14, 29, 30, 38, 222, 306 II:52–53, 60–69, 70, 76, 78–79, 81, 94, 95, 98–100, 104–110, 115, 138–141, 143, 164, 326 Hispanics, I:14, 29, 30 II:53, 54, 60–69, 70, 73, 78, 81–89, 94–95, 101–104, 126, 129, 141–143, 164

OCR for page 528
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I military personnel, II:184 Whites, I:29, 30 II:54, 60–73, 80, 81, 82, 95, 99–100, 101– 102, 103, 124–125, 129, 138–143, 164, 223 Washington State American Indians, I:140 Wealth I:1, 11, 15, 34–35 II:89–96, 222–251 age factors, II:234–237 classification of racial groups, I:5 conference agenda, I:473 II:435 defined, II:222 Europe vs U.S., II:224, 399 home ownership, II:226, 238–239, 240– 243 income vs, II:222, 225, 229–235 intergenerational transfer, II:243–245, 246, 249 research methodology, II:227–228 see also Income; Poverty; Socioeconomic status Weber, Max I:3–4 II:224 Weinberger, Morris I:484 II:411–429, 446 Welfare I:10, 15 II:152–173, 342–344, 390 age factors, II:165, 167 American Indians, I:15, 147 II:156–157, 164–165, 166, 171 Asians and Pacific Islanders, II:156–157, 164–165, 166, 390 Blacks, I:15, 278 II:156–171 (passim), 390 children, II:163–166, 342–344 Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), II:153–158, 160, 161–162, 163, 168, 169 Supplemental Security Income, II:156 Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), II:153, 154, 161, 342 Women, Infants, and Children program, II:315 conference agenda, I:473 II:435 disabled persons, II:154, 156 educational attainment of recipients, II:74, 313 eligibility requirements, II:154–155, 342– 343 employment and, II:144, 153, 162–163, 165, 166, 342 family and household factors, I:15 II:152–153, 164, 166, 167, 172 Food stamps. II:154–158 (passim), 160, 161, 163, 342 funding, II:342 gender factors, II:158–160, 163 Hispanics, I:15, 278 II:156–171 (passim), 390 marital status of recipients, II:162, 163, 164, 166 Medicaid, II:154, 155–156, 160, 161 noncash benefits, II:154–158, 160–161, 163, 281, 342 research methodology, II:171–172, 342– 344 risk factors, II:152, 153, 162–172 rural areas, II:162–163, 165 single parents, II:162, 163, 164, 166, 170 Supplemental Security Income, II:154– 158 (passim) urban areas, II:162–163, 165, 167 Whites, II:156–166 (passim), 390 see also Medicaid Welfare Reform Act, II:342 Western U.S. demographics, various groups, I:23–24, 50, 51, 57, 58, 59, 61, 206 Hispanics, I:23–24, 50, 51, 57, 59, 61, 105, 107 see also Midwestern U.S. Whites adolescents, II:323–331, 335–337, 363 affirmative action, attitudes toward, I:271, 272–273, 274, 282, 292, 293, 294, 329–330, 331–337 affirmative action, other, I:324, 326, 327–329 II:75

OCR for page 529
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I age factors, I:45, 46, 48, 62, 66–67, 68 II:9, 42, 46–47, 165, 378 alcohol and drug abuse, II:39–40, 46–47, 328–332, 381, 382 Alzheimer’s disease, II:288–289 attitudes of students, I:380–384 birth weight, II:319 Brazil, racial discrimination, I:304–307, 310–316 classification of, I:4–5, 267 II:387 crime and criminal justice system, Black/White issues, I:18–19, 34–36, 41–42 II:1–15, 16–18, 21–22, 25, 26, 28, 33–34, 35, 38–47 (passim), 323–332 cultural factors, I:18, 220–221, 251–254 II:44, 387 diabetes, II:288, 394 digital divide, I:25 disabilities, II:267 drug use and trafficking, II:39–40, 46–47, 328–332 education, affirmative action, I:327–329, 337–342 educational attainment, I:25–26, 27, 116, 180, 369, 371, 379 II:56–59, 63, 69–73, 127, 136–143 (passim), 145, 165, 319 see also “test scores” infra education, other, II:246 electoral factors, I:186, 187, 220 employment, I:28, 100–102, 112 II:134, 165, 391 employment, gender factors, I:27–30 II:54, 55, 61, 63, 65–67, 68–69, 75–76, 80, 81, 82, 100–101, 103, 124–125, 130– 147 (passim) ethnics, I:18 II:44, 387, 390 fertility, I:63–70 (passim), 77, 93 gender factors, I:37–30, 81, 180, 256 II:42, 54, 55, 159, 191–192, 323–327, 336, 337, 361, 363, 378, 382–382, 384–385 health care, II:392–395, 412, 414–421 health insurance, II:280–283, 392–393, 413 health risk factors, II:272–277, 287–290, 314 health status, general, II:259–260, 270, 271, 288, 381, 388 homicide, I:34, 35 II:323–326, 361, 363, 378, 379 hospitalization, Blacks vs Whites, II:284– 285, 393–394, 413, 415–421 household structure, I:25 II:164 housing conditions, I:36–37 hypertension, II:288 immigrants, I:186, 219 see also Europeans immunizations, II:358, 360 income, I:30–31, 32, 111, 114 II:54–55, 164, 229–234 infant mortality, I:32–33, 85, 88–89, 90 II:264, 356–357 infants, fetal alcohol exposure, II:320– 321 infants, iron deficiency, II:314, 315 infants, lead poisoning, II:316 life expectancy, I:81, 86–87 II:259 marriage, I:72, 74–78 (passim), 93, 259 II:133, 164, 293, 401 mathematics achievement, I:25, 349– 350, 351, 353, 355, 356, 358, 359, 360, 365, 366, 367 Medicare, II:281, 392, 413, 416 mental illness, II:381–382 military personnel, II:183, 184, 186 mortality, I:81, 82–83, 85, 86–89, 90, 91–92, 417– 418 II:254, 256, 258, 259, 264, 266, 277, 290, 291, 361, 363, 371–380, 382–383, 384–385, 387, 394, 397 neighborhood segregation, I:37–38, 39, 220–221, 266, 270, 271–272, 273, 283–284, 392–406, 409–419, 425 II:392

OCR for page 530
America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequences, Volume I political factors, I:186, 187, 220 population growth and size, I:16, 44, 250, 437, 438 II:42–43 poverty, II:45–46, 54, 55–56, 67, 68–69, 359 prenatal care, II:279 racism and discrimination, Brazil/South Africa compared to U.S., I:13, 302–316 reverse discrimination, I:324, 326, 327–329 U.S., I:6, 9, 13, 244–245, 264–267, 269–295, 322, 324, 326, 327–329, 337, 413, 418–421, 425 II:106–107, 186, 246–247, 389, 390, 391, 400, 420–421 see also “affirmative action” and “crime…” supra reading achievement, I:349–350, 352, 354, 356, 358, 359, 360–362, 366, 368, 369, 370 regional demographics, I:39, 49, 61 rural areas, II:45, 165 smoking, I:33 socioeconomic status, general, I:220–221 II:52–59, 254, 270, 271, 388 South Africa, apartheid, I:13, 288, 303– 304, 306–308, 309–310 suburban areas, I:220–221, 251, 438, 445, 456 II:246 see also “neighborhood segregation” supra suicide, II:335–337, 379–380, 381 teachers attitudes toward, I:13 teenage pregnancy, I:66–67, 68, 77, 93 II:361 television, I:369, 370 test scores, I:25–26, 348–367, 383–387 II:73, 74, 141, 313 urban areas, I:53, 61–62, 218, 219, 220, 250, 251, 456 II:165 see also “neighborhood segregation” supra veterans, health care, I:18 II:393–394, 412, 414–421 wages, I:29, 30 II:54, 60–73, 80, 81, 82, 95, 99–100, 101– 102, 103, 124–125, 129, 138–143, 164, 223 wealth, II:89–94, 95–96, 225–234, 236–247 welfare, II:156–166 (passim), 390 Williams, David R. I:17–18, 484 II:371–410, 446 Wilson, William Julius I:1–20, 472 II:434 Women, see Gender factors Women, Infants, and Children program, II: 315 World Wide Web, see Internet Y Youth Behavior Risk Surveillance System, II:362 Z Zhou, Min I:16–17, 200–242, 484 II:446

Representative terms from entire chapter:

affirmative action