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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
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CHAPTER 3

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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
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CHAPTER 4

Adams, J.E., Jr. 1997. School finance policy and students' opportunities to learn: Kentucky's experience. The Future of Children: Financing Schools 7(3):79–95.

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CHAPTER 5

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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

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×

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×

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×

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Moore, M.T., E.W. Strang, M. Schwartz, and M. Braddock 1988. Patterns in Special Education Service Delivery and Cost. Contract Number 3000–84–0257. Washington, DC: Decision Resources Corporation.

Murnane, R.J. 1981. Interpreting the evidence of school effectiveness. Teachers College Record 83(1):19–35.

Murnane, R.J., and F. Levy 1996. Evidence from fifteen schools in Austin, Texas. Pp. 93–96 in Does Money Matter? The Effect of School Resources on Student Achievement and Adult Success, G. Burtless, ed. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.


National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities 1993. A Reaction to Full Inclusion: A Reaffirmation of the Right of Students with Learning Disabilities to a Continuum of Services . Washington, DC: National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities.

National Research Council 1997. Educating One and All: Students with Disabilities and Standards-Based Reform. Committee on Goals 2000 and the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities. L.M. McDonnell, M.J. McLaughlin, and P. Morison, eds. Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

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×

1998. Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children. Committee on the Prevention of Reading Difficulties in Young Children. C.E. Snow, M.S. Burns, and P. Griffin, eds. Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

1999. How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School. Committee on Developments in the Science of Learning. J.D. Bransford, A.L. Brown, and R.R. Cocking, eds. Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Natriello, G., E.L. McDill, and A.M. Pallas 1990. Schooling Disadvantaged Children: Racing Against Catastrophe: New York: Teachers College Press.

Odden, A., and C. Busch 1998. Financing Schools for High Performance. Strategies for Improving the Use of Educational Resources. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 1996. Education at a Glance: OECD Indicators. Centre for Educational Research and Innovation. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

Orland, M.E., and E. Foley 1996. Beyond Decategorization: Defining Barriers and Potential Solutions to Creating Effective Comprehensive, Community-Based Support Systems for Children and Families. Washington, DC: Finance Project.

Orland, M., and S. Stullich 1997. Financing Title I: Meeting the twin goals of effective resource targeting and beneficial program interventions. Pp. 1–26 in Implementing School Reform, Practice and Policy Imperatives, M.C. Wang and K.K. Wong, eds. Philadelphia: Center for Research in Human Development and Education, Temple University.

Orland, M.E., A.E. Danegger, and E. Foley 1995. Creating More Comprehensive, Community-Based Support Systems, The Critical Role of Finance. Washington, DC: Finance Project.


Parrish, T.B. 1995. What is fair? Special education and finance equity. CSEF Brief 6(Fall). Palo Alto, CA: Center for Special Education Finance, American Institutes for Research.

1997. Special Education in an Era of School Reform. Washington, DC: Regional Resources and Federal Center Network, Federal Resource Center.

Parrish, T.B., and J.G. Chambers 1996. Financing special education. The Future of Children: Special Education for Students with Disabilities 6(1):121–138.

Parrish, T.B., C. Matsumoto, and W.J. Fowler, Jr. 1995. Disparities in Public School District Spending: 1989–90. NCES 95–300R. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.

Pelavin Research Institute and American Institutes of Research 1997. Investing in School Technology: Strategies to Meet the Funding Challenge. Washington, DC: Office of Educational Technology, U.S. Department of Education.

Peterson, P.E. 1983. Background paper. Pp. 23–174 in Making the Grade: Report of the Task Force on the Federal Elementary and Secondary Education Policy. New York: Twentieth Century Fund.

President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, Panel on Educational Technology

1997. Report to the President on the Use of Technology to Strengthen K-12 Education in the United States. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President.

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×

Puma, M.J., N. Karweit, C. Price, A. Ricciuti, W. Thompson, and M. Vaden-Kiernan 1997. Prospects: Final Report on Student Outcomes. Prepared by Abt Associates for the Planning and Evaluation Service, U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

Renick, M.J., and S. Harter 1989. Impact of social comparisons on the developing self-perceptions of learning disabled students. Journal of Educational Psychology 81:631–638.

Reschly, D.J. 1996. Identification and assessment of students with disabilities. The Future of Children: Special Education for Students with Disabilities 6(1):40–53.

Reynolds, A.J., E. Mann, W. Miedel, and P. Smokowski 1997. The state of early childhood intervention: Effectiveness, myths and realities, new directions. Focus 19(1):5–11. Newsletter of the Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Rotberg, I.C., and J.J. Harvey 1993. Federal Policy Options for Improving the Education of Low-Income Students. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.

Rothstein, R., and K.H. Miles 1995. Where's the Money Gone? Changes in the Level and Composition of Education Spending. Washington, DC: Economic Policy Institute.


Shapiro, J., P. Loeb, and D. Bowermaster 1993. Separate and unequal. U.S. News and World Report December 13:46–50, 54–56, 60.

Slavin, R.E., N.L. Karweit, and N.A. Madden, eds. 1989. Effective Programs for Students at Risk. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Sommerfeld, M. 1994. Pew abandons its ambitious 10-year children's initiative. Education Week (April 6) [Online]. Available: http://www.edweek.org [April 7, 1997].

Stern, J.D., ed. 1994. The Condition of Education in Rural Schools. Washington, DC: Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U.S. Department of Education.


Turnbull, H.R. 1993. Free Appropriate Public Education: The Law and Children with Disabilities. 4th edition. Denver, CO: Love Publishing.


U.S. Department of Education 1996. Mapping Out the National Assessment of Title I: The Interim Report. Washington, DC: Planning and Evaluation Service, U.S. Department of Education.

1997. To Assure the Free Appropriate Public Education of All Children with Disabilities, Nineteenth Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

1998. To Assure the Free Appropriate Public Education of All Children with Disabilities, Twentieth Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

1999a. Digest of Education Statistics, 1998. NCES 1999–036. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.

1999b. Promising Results, Continuing Challenges: The Final Report of the National Assessment of Title I. Washington, DC: Office of the Under Secretary, Planning and Evaluation Service, U.S. Department of Education.

1999c. The Condition of Education, 1999. NCES 1999–022. Washington DC: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.

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×

U.S. Department of Education and U.S. Department of Justice 1998. Safe and Smart: Making After-School Hours Work for Kids. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.

U.S. General Accounting Office 1994. Remedial Education: Modifying Chapter 1 Formula Would Target More Funds to Those Most in Need. GAO/HRD-92-16. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office.

1995a. School Facilities: Accessibility for the Disabled Still an Issue. GAO/HEHS-96-73. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office.

1995b. School Facilities: America's Schools Not Designed or Equipped for 21st Century. GAO/HEHS-95-95. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office.

1995c. School Facilities: Condition of America's Schools. GAO/HEHS-95-61. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office.

1995d. School Facilities: States' Financial and Technical Support Varies. GAO/HEHS-96-27. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office.

1996. School Facilities: America's Schools Report Differing Conditions . GAO/HEHS-96-103. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office.

1998. School Finance: State and Federal Efforts to Target Poor Students . GAO/HEHS-98-36. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office.

Verstegen, D.A., T.B. Parrish, and J.M. Wolman 1997. A look at changes in the finance provisions for grants to states under the IDEA amendments of 1997. The CSEF Resource: Newsletter of the Center for Special Education Finance. Palo Alto, CA: Center for Special Education Finance, American Institutes for Research.


Wall Street Journal 1993. Special education's special costs. Wall Street Journal October 20:A14.

Wolman, J.M., and T.B. Parrish 1996. Escalating special education costs: Reality or myth? The CSEF Resource: Newsletter of the Center for Special Education Finance. Palo Alto, CA: Center for Special Education Finance, American Institutes for Research.

Woods, T. 1996. Building Comprehensive, Community-Based Support Systems for Children and Families, A Review of Legislative Examples. Washington, DC: Finance Project.


Zigler, E., and S. Muenchow 1992. Head Start: The Inside Story of America's Most Successful Educational Experiment. New York: Basic Books.

CHAPTER 8

Brunner, E., and J. Sonstelie 1997. School Finance Reform and Voluntary Fiscal Federalism. Unpublished working paper, November. Department of Economics, San Diego State University.


Citrin, J. 1979. Do people want something for nothing: Public opinion on taxes and government spending. National Tax Journal 32(2, supplement):113–129.

Clotfelter, C.T., and P.J. Cook 1989. Selling Hope: State Lotteries in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Courant, P.N., and S. Loeb 1997. Centralization of school finance in Michigan. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 16(1):114–136.

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×

Downes, T.A. 1992. Evaluating the impact of school finance reform on the provision of education: The California case. National Tax Journal 45(4):405–419.

Downes, T.A., and D.N. Figlio 1997. School Finance Reforms, Tax Limits, and Student Performance: Do Reforms Level Up or Level Down? Discussion Paper No. 1142-97. Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin-Madison. [Online.] Available: //www.ssc.wisc.edu/irp/ [June 14, 1999].

Downes, T.A., and D. Schoeman 1998. School financing reform and private school enrollment: Evidence from California. Journal of Urban Economics 43:418–443.

Downes, T.A., and M.P. Shah 1995. The Effect of School Finance Reforms on the Level and Growth of Per Pupil Expenditures. Unpublished paper. Department of Economics, Tufts University.

Downes, T.A., R.F. Dye, and T.J. McGuire 1998. Do limits matter? Evidence on the effect of tax limitations on student performance. Journal of Urban Economics 43(3):401–417.

Due, J.F., and J.L. Mikesell 1994. Sales Taxation: State and Local Structure and Administration . Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.

Dye, R.F., and T.J. McGuire 1997. The effect of property tax limitation measures on local government fiscal behavior. Journal of Public Economics 66(3):469–487.


Evans, W.N., S.E. Murray, and R.M. Schwab 1997. Schoolhouses, courthouses, and statehouses after Serrano. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 16(1):10–31.


Figlio, D.N., and K. Rueben 1997. Do Tax Limits Affect Teacher Quality? Working paper, Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco.

Fischel, W.A. 1992. Property taxation and the Tiebout model: Evidence from the benefit view from zoning and voting. Journal of Economic Literature 20(March):171–177.

1996. How Serrano caused Proposition 13. The Journal of Law and Politics 12(4):607–636.

Fuchs, V.R., and D.M. Reklis 1994. Mathematical Achievement in Eighth Grade: Interstate and Racial Differences. Working Paper No. 4784. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research.


Gentry, W.M., and H.F. Ladd 1994. State tax structure and multiple policy objectives. National Tax Journal 47(4):747–772.

Gramlich, E.M., and D.L. Rubinfeld 1982. Micro estimates of public spending demand functions and tests of the Tiebout and median-voter hypotheses. Journal of Political Economy 90(3):536–560.


Hamilton, B. 1975. Zoning and property taxation in a system of local governments. Urban Studies 12(2):105–111.

Heise, M. 1998. Equal educational opportunity, hollow victories and the demise of school finance equity theory: An empirical perspective and alternative explanation. Georgia Law Review 32(2):543–631.

Hoxby, C.M. 1996a. All School Finance Equalizations Are Not Created Equal: Marginal Tax Rates Matter. Working paper, March, Harvard University.

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×

1996b. Are efficiency and equity in school finance substitutes or complements? Journal of Economic Perspectives 10(4):51–72.

Husted, T.A., and L.W. Kenny 1998. Evidence from the States on the Equity and Efficiency Tradeoff in Education. Unpublished working paper, October. Department of Economics, University of Florida.

Independent Review Panel on the Evaluation of Federal Education Legislation 1999. Measured Progress: An Evaluation of the Impact of Federal Education Legislation Enacted in 1994. April 1999. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.


Joondeph, B.W. 1995. The good, the bad, and the ugly: An empirical analysis of litigation-prompted school finance reform. Santa Clara Law Review 35(3):763–824.


Ladd, H.F. 1976. State-wide taxation of commercial and industrial property for education. National Tax Journal 29(2):143–153.

Ladd, H.F., and E.W. Harris 1995. Statewide taxation of nonresidential property for education. Journal of Education Finance 21(1):103–122.

Ladd, H.F., and J.B. Wilson 1982. Why voters support tax limitations: Evidence from Massachusetts' Proposition 2 1/2. National Tax Journal 35(2):121–148.

LaFleur's Lottery World 1998. U.S. lotteries' government profits earmarking. LaFleur's Lottery World 1998—Fast Facts, Supplement to LaFleur's Lottery World Magazine October.

Luce, T. 1998. Regional tax base sharing: The Twin Cities experience. Pp. 234–254 in Local Government Tax and Land Use Policies in the United States, H.F. Ladd, ed. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Lyon, A.B., and R.M. Schwab 1995. Consumption taxes in a life-cycle framework: Are sin taxes regressive? Review of Economics and Statistics 77(3):389–406.


Manwaring, R.L., and S.M. Sheffrin 1997. Litigation, school finance reform, and aggregate educational spending. International Tax and Public Finance 4(2):107–127.

McLure, C.E., Jr. 1977. The 'new view' of the property tax: A caveat. National Tax Journal 30(1):69–75.

Mieszkowski, P., and G.R. Zodrow 1989. Taxation and the Tiebout model: The differential effects of head taxes, taxes on land rents and property taxes . Journal of Economic Literature 27(September):1098–1146.

Monk, D.H., and B.O. Brent 1997. Raising Money for Education: A Guide to the Property Tax. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.

Murray, S.E., W.N. Evans, and R.M. Schwab 1998. Education finance reform and the distribution of education resources. American Economic Review 88(4):789–811.


National Center for Education Statistics 1998. State Comparisons of Education Statistics: 1969–70 to 1996–97 . NCES 98–018. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education.

Netzer, D., and R. Berne 1995. Discrepancies between ideal characteristics of a property tax system and current practice in New York. Journal of Education Finance 21(1):38–56.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

Oates, W.E. 1991. The theory and rationale of local property taxation. Pp. 407–424 in State and Local Finance for the 1990s: A Case Study of Arizona, T.J. McGuire and D.W. Naimark, eds. Tempe: Arizona State University.

Odden, A., and C. Busch 1998. Financing Schools for High Performance: Strategies for Improving the Use of Educational Resources. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.


Peltzman, S. 1993. The political economy of the decline of American public education. Journal of Law and Economics 36(1):331–383.

1996. Political economy of public education: Non-college-bound students. Journal of Law and Economics 39(1):73–120.

Phares, D. 1980. Who Pays State and Local Taxes? Cambridge, MA: Oelgeschlager, Gunn, and Hain.

Poterba, J.M. 1989. Lifetime incidence and the distributional burden of excise taxes. American Economic Review 79(2):325–330.


Rubinfeld, D.L. 1995. California Fiscal Federalism: A School Finance Perspective. Unpublished working paper, June.

Rueben, K. 1997. Tax Limitations and Government Growth: The Effect of State Tax and Expenditure Limits on State and Local Government. Working paper, Public Policy Institute of California, San Francisco.


Silva, F., and J. Sonstelie 1995. Did Serrano cause a decline in school spending? National Tax Journal 48(2):199–215.

Sobel, R.S., and R.G. Holcombe 1996. Measuring growth and variability of tax bases over the business cycle. National Tax Journal 49(4):535–552.

Strauss, R.P. 1995. Reducing New York's reliance on the school property tax. Journal of Education Finance 21(1):123–164.


Tiebout, C.M. 1956. A pure theory of local expenditures. Journal of Political Economy 54(October):416–424.


Wyckoff, P.G. 1995. Capitalization, equalization, and intergovernmental aid. Pubic Finance Quarterly 23(4):484–508.

CHAPTER 9

Consortium on Productivity in the Schools 1995. Using What We Have To Get the Schools We Need: A Productivity Focus for American Education. New York: Institute on Education and the Economy, Teachers College, Columbia University.


Elmore, R.F., and D. Burney 1997. Investing in Teacher Learning: Staff Development and Instructional Improvement, Community School District #2, New York City. CPRE/NCTAF Joint Report. New York: National Commission on Teaching and America's Future, and Consortium for Policy Research in Education.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

1998. School Variation and Systemic Instructional Improvement in Community School District #2, New York City. Unpublished manuscript, University of Pennsylvania, Consortium for Policy Research in Education.

Friedman, M. 1962. Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.


Independent Review Panel on the Evaluation of Federal Education Legislation 1999. Measured Progress: An Evaluation of the Impact of Federal Education Legislation Enacted in 1994. April 1999. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.


Nathan, R.P. 1988. Social Science in Government: Uses and Misuses. New York: Basic Books.

National Research Council 1999. Improving Student Learning: A Strategic Plan for Education Research and Its Utilization. Committee on a Feasibility Study for a Strategic Education Research Program. Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, National Research Council. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.


President's Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology, Panel on Educational Technology 1997. Report to the President on the Use of Technology to Strengthen K-12 Education in the United States. Washington, DC: Executive Office of the President.

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The United States annually spends over $300 billion on public elementary and secondary education. As the nation enters the 21st century, it faces a major challenge: how best to tie this financial investment to the goal of high levels of achievement for all students. In addition, policymakers want assurance that education dollars are being raised and used in the most efficient and effective possible ways. The book covers such topics as:

  • Legal and legislative efforts to reduce spending and achievement gaps.
  • The shift from "equity" to "adequacy" as a new standard for determining fairness in education spending.
  • The debate and the evidence over the productivity of American schools.
  • Strategies for using school finance in support of broader reforms aimed at raising student achievement.

This book contains a comprehensive review of the theory and practice of financing public schools by federal, state, and local governments in the United States. It distills the best available knowledge about the fairness and productivity of expenditures on education and assesses options for changing the finance system.

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