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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
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Index

A

Abbott v. Burke, 73, 110-111

Academic performance, 2, 16, 17, 19, 20

adequacy of education, 110, 115-116, 118-119, 122

disadvantaged students, 10, 211

education production, 136-137, 142, 152-153

incentives and, general, 3, 8, 9, 62

school-level factors, 6, 7, 10, 12, 24, 136-137, 145, 317-318

see also Educational achievement; Educational attainment; Performance standards; Test results

Accountability, 267, 272-273, 274-275

bureaucratization, 159-160

charter schools, 187

high-stakes testing, 180-181, 183

school-based, 9, 180-181, 182, 190, 320-321

special education, 224, 225, 226

state legislation, 110, 111

teachers/staff, 165, 224, 272-273

tests, use of, 180-182, 183

Adequacy, educational, 2, 7, 10, 16, 61, 101-133, 197-198, 264-265 , 266-267

academic performance and, 110, 115-116, 118-119, 122

class size, 106, 108, 118, 121

concept, general, 2, 6, 101-106, 112-114, 132, 133, 166, 264

cost-efficiency, 107-108, 116, 165

costs, 107-108, 109, 112, 114-131, 165, 265

costs, statistical analyses, 114, 115-118

court decisions, 6, 80, 101-102, 103, 106, 107-112, 122, 132-133, 166, 167

democratic threshold principle (Gutmann), 104, 105

distributive justice (Rawls), 103-104

district-level factors, 116-117, 118-120, 124, 128-131

educational achievement, 104, 105-106, 107-108, 114, 124, 131-132, 166, 265

education reform and, 135, 136, 140-147, 161

education standards, 2, 6, 101-103 (passim), 107-108, 112-113

performance standards, 110, 113, 115, 118-120, 122, 132, 166

equal opportunity, 104, 105-106, 110-111

equity vs, 101, 102, 103, 112, 131, 132-133, 264

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

formulas for distributing funds, 103, 104, 124-133 (passim)

foundation aid, 12, 59, 88, 106, 119-120, 131, 257, 261

inputs into education, general, 102-103, 104, 119, 121, 124-125, 126, 128, 166, 264

outcomes of education, 2, 102, 117-120, 122, 166, 264

political factors, 2, 103, 105, 110, 111, 112-113, 132, 133, 166

poverty, 103, 119-120, 125, 127, 128, 133, 198, 265

professional judgment model, 114, 120-123

quantitative vs qualitative, 103-104, 112

research on, 102, 114-130

school-based factors, individual schools, 102, 113, 118, 120(n.9), 130-131, 133

socioeconomic factors, general, 102, 103, 107, 109, 112, 115, 118, 120, 125

special-needs students, 110-111, 127, 265

state-level issues, 6, 80, 101-102, 103, 105, 107-111, 112, 114-131 (passim), 133, 166

court decisions, 6, 80, 101-102, 103, 106, 107-112, 122, 132-133, 166, 167

legislation, 110-111, 112, 122, 130-131, 133, 166

test results, 113-117 (passim), 120

urban areas, 103, 111, 128

whole-school designs, 114-115, 122, 123-124, 151, 153, 196, 213, 225

Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations, 58, 235

African Americans, see Black persons

Alabama, 54, 97, 103, 107, 108, 111, 210-211

Alaska, 85, 121, 169

American Association for the Advancement of Science, 157

American Community Survey, 198, 323-324

Arizona, 85, 107, 111, 230, 245

Arkansas, 85, 90, 251

Attitudes, see Public opinion

B

Bagley v. Raymond School Department, 230

Bilingual education, 82, 86-87

Black persons, 43, 145

educational attainment, 45

poor, 21, 51

rural areas, 68

spending reforms, 91

test scores, 45-46

urban areas, 18, 47-51, 70

Brown v. Board of Education, 6, 18, 68, 70, 82, 99, 100

Bureaucracy, 18, 155, 156, 158-160, 174, 208

Burrus v. Wilkerson, 74

C

California, 129

class size, 212

equity, 87

revenue raising, 58, 71, 72-74, 76, 235, 236, 245, 249-253, 254, 255-256, 258, 262

special education, 224

spending, 31, 87, 90, 98, 224, 249-253, 258

Serrano v. Priest, 71, 72-74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 87, 96, 250-253, 256 , 258, 318

teachers, 169

Campaign for Fiscal Equity v. State of New York, 108

Campbell v. State, 109

Categorical programs, 6, 10-11, 60, 73, 81-82, 214, 259-260

gifted and talented programs, 82, 214

incentives, 10-11, 60

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

special education, 41-43, 82, 126-127, 196, 217-227

state, 6, 10-11, 81-82

see also Title I programs

Chapter 1 programs, see Title I programs

Charter schools, 8, 9, 29, 133, 185, 186-188, 189, 190, 191-192, 229, 231

Chittenden Town School District v. Vermont Department of Education , 230

Church schools, see Religious schools

Cities, see Urban areas

City of Pawtucket v. Sundlun, 110

Claremont v. Governor of New Hampshire, 109

Class size, 10, 167, 196, 197, 205, 254, 267, 273

adequacy of education, 106, 108, 118, 121

education production, 138, 141, 143-146 (passim), 160, 161

poverty, 210, 211-212

research on, 210-211, 212-213, 273

Coalition for Adequacy v. Chiles, 109-110

Coleman Report, see Equality of Educational Opportunity

Committee for Educational Rights v. Edgar, 109

Compensatory education, 11-12, 27, 29, 46, 82, 83, 87, 202-206

see also Title I programs

Comprehensive School Reform Demonstration program, 150, 213, 216

Connecticut, 88, 90, 175, 251

Constitution of the U.S., see U.S. Constitution

Contract schools, 9, 124, 153, 188-189, 267

Cost indices, 40-41, 93-94, 126, 128-129, 198

consumer price index, 40, 41, 126

urban areas, 52, 94

Cost of education, 93, 94

adequacy concept, 107-108, 109, 112, 114-131, 165, 197-199, 265

statistical analyses, 114, 115-118

adjustments for changes in, 40-41, 112, 126, 131

charter schools, 188

class size reductions, 212

cost-efficiency, 4, 8-9, 17, 22-23, 33, 34, 38, 40, 87, 136, 163, 168-176, 188, 247, 254-255

adequacy concept, 107-108, 116, 165

data needs, 198

early childhood education, 203

econometric studies, 127-128

empirical models, 114, 118-120

facilities, schools, 199-200

inflation, 40, 41, 93, 94, 112, 131

need-based adjustments, 197-199

poverty areas, 2, 198-199, 205, 259

professional judgment models, 114, 120-124

socioeconomic factors, general, 115, 118, 120

special education, 41-42, 217, 219, 222, 227

statistical models, adequacy concept, 115-118

teachers, 168-176

technology, educational, 201

urban areas, 52, 198, 199-200

whole-school designs, 114-115, 122, 123-124, 213

Court cases, 6, 31-32, 70-81, 90-91, 94, 95-103, 106-111, 257

Abbott v. Burke, 73, 110-111

Bagley v. Raymond School Department, 230

Brown v. Board of Education, 6, 19, 68, 70, 82, 99, 100

Burrus v. Wilkerson, 74

Campaign for Fiscal Equity v. State of New York, 108

Campbell v. State, 109

Chittenden Town School District v. Vermont Department of Education , 230

City of Pawtucket v. Sundlun, 110

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

Claremont v. Governor of New Hampshire, 109

Coalition for Adequacy v. Chiles, 109-110

Committee for Educational Rights v. Edgar, 109

Danson v. Casey, 79

DeRolph v. Ohio, 108-109

East Jackson Public Schools v. State, 88

Edgewood v. Kirby, 80, 101, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112

Harper v. Hunt, 103

Jackson v. Benson, 229

Lau v. Nichols, 86-87

Leandro v. State of North Carolina, 109

McInnis v. Shapiro, 74

Milliken v. Bradley, 82-83, 88

Olsen v. State, 79

Pauley v. Kelly, 77, 78

Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Pennsylvania, 86

Robinson v. Cahill, 73, 77

Rodriguez v. Los Angeles Unified School District, 31, 82

Roosevelt Elementary School District v. Bishop, 108

Rose v. Council for Better Education, 81, 107

San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez, 72

Seattle v. State of Washington, 77, 78

Serrano v. Priest, 71, 72-74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 87, 96, 250-253, 256 , 258, 318

Simmons-Harris v. Goff, 229

Tennessee Small School Systems v. McWherter, 108

Thompson v Engelking, 78-79

Washakie v. Herschler, 109

Curriculum issues, 9, 15, 113, 123-124, 153, 155, 158, 177, 183, 188, 255

special education, 223, 224, 225, 226

D

Damson v. Casey, 79

Data needs, 198, 315-325

Decentralization, 5, 8, 20, 32-33, 157-160, 271, 320

bureaucracy, 18, 155, 156, 158-160, 174, 208

charter schools, 8, 9, 29, 133, 185, 186-188, 189, 190, 191-192, 229, 231

contract schools, 9, 124, 153, 188-189, 267

parental school spending decisions, 9, 11, 29, 62, 105, 164, 165, 183-184, 190-195

school or site-based management (SBM), 9, 151-152, 157, 178, 185-186

vouchers, 9, 10, 11, 133, 192, 194, 229-231, 269, 273-274

see also School-based factors, individual schools

Delaware, 59

Demographic factors, 18-19, 39

see also Minority groups; Poverty; Race, spending on education by; Socioeconomic factors; Urban areas

DeRolph v. Ohio, 108-109

Desegregation, see Racial discrimination/segregation

Disabled students, see Students with disabilities

Disadvantaged students, see Poverty; Special-needs students

District-level factors, 3, 11, 22-23, 27, 28-32, 62

adequacy of education, 116-117, 118-120, 124, 128-131

charter schools, 186-187, 229

concentration and decentralization, 28, 32-33

education production, 144, 152-153

facilities, schools, 199

federal aid, 83, 84, 85

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

interdistrict disparities, 11, 24, 29, 31, 46, 50, 74, 77, 80, 83, 84, 85, 90, 92-99 (passim), 110, 125, 128-129, 191, 196, 228, 231, 236-237, 247, 250-252, 260, 265

district power equalizing, 59, 75, 77, 84, 88, 96, 247, 253, 256-258 , 265

intradistrict disparities, 6, 8, 11, 24, 29, 31, 99, 228-229, 231, 265, 320

NCES core data, 316

poverty areas, 6, 10, 20, 46-49, 51, 74, 76, 103, 198, 227, 259

property taxes, 233, 236-237, 238, 242, 247, 319-320

revenue raising, other, 5, 28-29, 53-55, 58, 79, 84, 233

guaranteed tax base, 59-60, 75, 80, 95-96

statistics by state, 30-31, 54-55

scale economies, 129-131

special education, 42-43, 225, 226

spending, 6, 30-32, 42, 46-47, 50, 88, 99, 105, 144, 225, 226

interdistrict disparities, 74, 77, 80, 83, 84, 85, 90, 92-99 (passim), 110, 196, 250-252, 257, 260, 265

state aid, 29, 53, 59-60, 92

state rewards/sanctions, 110, 156(n.6), 267

taxes, general, 248-249

see also "property taxes" supra

see also Local factors; Rural areas; Suburban areas; Urban areas

District power equalizing, 59, 75, 77, 84, 88, 96, 247, 253, 256-258 , 265

see also Guaranteed tax base

E

Early childhood interventions, 10, 82, 196, 202-206, 321

class size, 212

see also Compensatory education

East Jackson Public Schools v. State, 88

Econometric studies, 127-128

Economies of scale, see Scale economies

Edgewood v. Kirby, 80, 101, 107, 108, 109, 110, 112

Educational achievement, 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-9, 17, 34-47

adequacy concept, 104, 105-106, 107-108, 114, 124, 131-132, 166, 265

attainment and, 36-38

cost-efficiency, 33, 34-44, 165-195

education production, 137, 142

facilities, schools, 200

historical perspectives, 7, 20-21, 24, 44, 46, 71-72

international comparisons, 18, 21, 34, 37-38, 44, 194, 230

parental choice and, 190-194

school incentives, impact on, 182-183

school-or site-based management, 185-186, 190

school spending, 7, 46-47

student background and, 2, 5, 10-11, 17, 19-20, 33, 43-53, 61, 67, 125, 134, 140, 196-231, 265

Coleman Report, 7, 24, 46, 71-72, 74, 82, 140-141, 142, 161

teacher capacity and pay, 167-176, 178

urban schools, 33

see also Test results

Educational attainment, 45-46

achievement and, 36-38

adequacy concept, 116

employment and, 20, 34-35, 44

parents', 43-44

student background and, 5, 45-46

Educational technology, see Technology, educational

Education production, 2, 4, 9, 16, 65, 134-162

academic performance, 136-137, 142, 152-153

adequacy concept, 117-118, 166, 264

class size, 138, 141, 143-146 (passim), 160, 161

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

concept and measurement of, general, 135-139, 146

cost-efficiency, 4, 8-9, 17, 22-23, 33, 34, 38, 40, 87, 136, 163, 188, 247, 254-255

adequacy concept, 107-108, 116, 165

district-level, 144, 152-153

educational achievement and, 137, 142

education reform and, 135, 149-151, 154-161

effective educational practice, 147-153

equity, concept of, 70

facilities, schools, 200

federal government, 150, 156

funding adequacy, 2, 10

historical perspectives, 134-135, 140, 149-151, 155, 161

inputs into education, 136, 137, 140-147, 161

institutional environment, 153-161

outcomes, educational, 135, 136, 140-147, 161

performance standards, 148, 156-157

private sector, 135, 137, 142, 160-161

research on, 138-161

school-based factors, individual schools, 132, 136-137, 141-143, 145, 147, 150-154, 155

teachers, 138, 140, 141-142, 144, 145-146, 149, 152, 155, 156, 159 , 173-174

test results, 145, 149

Education reform, 3, 7, 8, 9, 12, 17-18, 24, 61, 62(n.9), 163, 164

adequacy concept, 110-111, 167

curriculum, 9, 15, 113, 123-124, 153, 155, 158

education production, 135, 149-151, 154-161

fairness, 6, 67

special education, 225, 227

spending, general, 67, 68-100, 268

Title I, 215-216

urban areas, 3, 10, 11, 228

whole-school designs, 114-115, 122, 123-124, 151, 153, 196, 213, 225

see also Adequacy, educational; Charter schools; Education standards; Equity concepts; Vouchers

Education standards, 1, 3, 9, 15, 18, 21, 156-157, 255

adequacy standards, 2, 6, 101-103 (passim), 107-108, 112-113

capacity investment and, 167

special education, 223, 226

teacher certification, 106, 144, 168, 169, 170-171, 178, 210, 211, 255, 272

teachers, other, 271, 272-273

Title I programs, 216

see also Performance standards

Efficiency, 4, 8-9, 17, 22-23, 33, 34, 38, 40, 87, 107-108, 116, 136, 163, 165, 187, 191, 200, 232

adequacy concept, 107-108, 116, 165

educational achievement, 33, 34-44, 165-195

property taxes, 234-235, 236, 240-241

revenue raising, 33, 34, 51, 57, 232

teachers, cost-efficiency, 168-176

Employment

educational attainment and, 20, 34-35, 44

mothers working, 43, 44

teachers

career ladders, 177

salaries, 8, 9, 39-40, 41, 94(n.12), 142, 165, 167-168, 169, 171-174 176-179, 197, 211, 272

training and professional development, 9, 142, 149, 150, 152, 156, 165, 167-168, 169, 174-176, 177, 183, 198, 210, 211, 216, 224, 225 , 270-272

English-language learners/second-language speakers, 33, 39, 49, 73 , 89, 125-128 (passim), 155, 187, 214, 221, 260

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

bilingual education, 82, 86-87

Enrollment factors, 27, 32-33, 36, 38, 41, 48, 135, 187, 191-192, 250-251

Equality of Educational Opportunity (Coleman Report), 7, 24, 46, 71-72, 74, 82, 140-141, 142, 161

Equal opportunity

adequacy concept, 104, 105-106, 110-111

bilingual education, 86-87

Civil Rights Act, 82, 87

court cases, 6, 18, 68, 70, 82

equity concept, 68, 70, 82, 86-87

special-needs students, 41, 42, 86-87, 214, 218, 219(n.9), 220-221

Equal protection, 72-74, 76-81

Equity concepts, 16

adequacy vs, 101, 102, 103, 112, 131, 132-133, 264

concept of, 6, 67, 69-77, 165-166

court cases, 70-81, 90-91, 94, 95-101, 167

see also Serrano v. Priest

education production, 70

equal opportunity provisions, 68, 70, 82, 86-87

federal efforts, 82-87, 259-260

finance equity, general, 2, 7, 8, 61, 70-81, 83-100

interdistrict disparities, 11, 24, 29, 31, 46, 50, 74, 77, 80, 83, 84, 85, 90, 92-99 (passim), 110, 125, 128-129, 191, 196, 228, 231, 236-237, 247, 250-252, 257, 260, 265

district power equalizing, 59, 75, 77, 84, 88, 96, 247, 253, 256-258 , 265

intradistrict disparities, 6, 8, 11, 24, 29, 31, 99, 228-229, 231, 320

political factors, 70, 78, 96-97, 166, 197, 248-249, 253

poverty, 70, 74, 77, 86

research on, 74, 90-98, 319-320

spending, 67-100

state efforts, 53, 87-89

see also Court cases

states

court cases, 70-81, 90-91, 94, 95-101, 167

see also Serrano v. Priest

disparities across, 6, 30-31, 47, 54-55, 69, 93, 94, 96, 97

legislation, 85, 87-88

taxpayers, 70, 71, 232, 236-237, 238, 240-241, 242, 247, 254

wealth-neutrality principle, 71-76, 77, 80, 81, 84-85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 95-99 (passim), 102, 103, 107, 109, 112, 125

see also Adequacy, educational

Ex ante concepts, 70, 71, 75, 96, 103

Ex post concepts, 70, 71, 89, 103

F

Facilities, schools, 82, 107, 108, 121, 140, 142, 167, 188, 197, 198, 199-201, 255

safety of school environment, 198, 208

special education, 225

see also Technology, educational

Family factors, 2, 10-11, 19, 43-44, 52-53

Coleman Report, 7, 71-72, 82, 140-141, 142

see also Parental factors

Federal government, 3, 82, 127

block grants, 83

categorical programs, 6, 10-11, 60, 81-82, 196, 214, 259-260

see also Title I programs

compensatory programs, 11-12, 27, 29, 46, 83, 204, 206

see also Title I programs

education production, 150, 156

equity provisions, 82-87, 259-260

foundation aid, 12, 261

impact aid, 82, 85

income taxes, 60, 233, 249

revenue raising, general, 11, 27, 29, 53, 60-61, 258-262

statistics by state, 30-31

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

special education, 27, 41, 42, 43, 214, 218, 219(n.9), 220-221, 223 -225, 226, 260, 261

spending, general, 1, 5, 11-12, 16, 17, 60-61, 82, 83-85, 93, 97-98 , 197, 208, 260

annual, 1, 15, 27, 38, 39, 260

state cooperation with, general, 15, 16, 83-86, 261, 262, 316-317, 323-324

technical assistance, 62, 85

value-added taxes, 233

see also Legislation, federal; U.S. Constitution; main heads beginning "Department. . ."

Fiscal neutrality principle, see Wealth-neutrality principle

Florida, 57, 109, 129, 166, 224, 230, 321

Foreign countries, see International perspectives

Formulas for distributing funds, 10, 16, 31, 60, 85-86, 196, 197

adequacy concept, 103, 104, 124-133 (passim)

democratic threshold principle (Gutmann), 104, 105

distributive justice (Rawls), 103-104

district power equalizing, 59, 75, 77, 84, 88, 96, 247, 253, 256-258 , 265

expenditure-disparity test, 84-85

foundation aid, 12, 59, 88, 106, 119-120, 131, 257, 261

guaranteed tax base, 59-60, 75, 80, 95-96

special education, 221-222

wealth-neutrality principle, 59, 71-76, 77, 80, 81, 84-85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 95-99 (passim), 102, 103, 107, 109, 112, 125, 319-320

weights/weighting, students, 48, 86, 119, 125, 126-127, 128, 158, 224, 240, 249

Foundation aid, 12, 59, 88, 106, 119-120, 131, 257, 261

Foundations (private), grants from, 192, 207-209

G

Geographic factors

geographic uniformity principle, 74

interdistrict disparities, 11, 24, 29, 31, 46, 50, 77, 80, 83, 84, 85, 90, 92-99 (passim), 110, 125, 128-129, 191, 196, 228, 231, 236 -237, 247, 250-252, 260, 265

district power equalizing, 59, 75, 77, 84, 88, 96, 247, 253, 256-258 , 265

guaranteed, 59-60, 75, 80, 95-96

intradistrict disparities, 6, 8, 11, 24, 29, 31, 99, 228-229, 231, 320

teachers, regional distribution of, 169-170

see also Rural areas; Suburban areas; Urban areas; specific states

Gifted and talented programs, 82, 214

Guaranteed tax base, 59-60, 75, 80, 95-96

see also District power equalizing

H

Harper v. Hunt, 103

Hawaii, 29

Head Start, 204, 206

Hispanics

educational attainment, 45

urban areas, 48, 51

Horizontal equity, 90

I

Idaho, 78

Illinois, 74, 109, 119-120, 121, 122, 166, 241

Impact aid, 82, 85

Incentives, 3, 8, 9, 12, 16, 62, 85, 159, 164, 176-183, 195, 267

academic performance, general, 3, 8, 9, 62

categorical programs, 10-11, 60

outcomes, general, 9, 180

private schools, 182-183

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

research on, 182-183, 272-273

rewards/sanctions, 110, 156(n.6), 179, 182, 187, 267

special education, 222

teachers, see "incentives under Teachers/staff"

urban areas, 12, 183

weighted-child formula, 86

Income taxes, 20, 57, 232, 239-241

federal provisions, 60, 233, 249

local, 239-241

parental income, impacts, 236

school-based factors, individual schools, 9, 156(n.6), 179-180, 182 -183

state, 54-57, 91, 233, 243-244, 247, 253-254

relief to poor, 91

statistics by state, 56-57

Individualized education programs, 41, 223, 224, 225

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 214, 218, 219(n.9), 220-221, 224, 225, 226, 260

Inflation, 93, 94, 112, 131

consumer price index, 40, 41, 126

Inputs into education, 2, 6, 8, 167, 261, 319

adequacy concept, 102-103, 104, 119, 121, 124-125, 126, 128, 166, 264

adjustments for changes over time, 40

education production and, 136, 137, 140-147, 161

incentives, general, 180

inflation, 40, 41, 93, 94, 112, 126, 131

see also Cost of education; Facilities, schools; Spending on education; Technology, educational

Instruction, 9, 12, 196, 322

curriculum, 9, 15, 113, 123-124, 153, 155, 158, 177, 183, 188, 223 , 224, 225, 226, 255

decision making, 113, 123

education production, 146

see also Cost of education; Teachers/staff

International perspectives, 18, 21, 34, 37-38, 44, 194, 230

J

Jackson v. Benson, 229

K

Kansas, 85

Kentucky, 54, 76, 80-81, 97, 101, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 114 , 124, 175, 179, 181, 182

Kentucky Education Reform Act, 110, 207

L

Language issues, see English-language learners/second-language speakers

Lau v. Nichols, 86-87

Leandro v. State of North Carolina, 109

Legislation, federal

Americans with Disabilities Act, 218(n.8)

Civil Rights Act, 82, 87

compulsory attendance, disabled children, 68

Educational for All Handicapped Children Act, 41, 42, 86

Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 207, 259, 260

see also Title I programs

Emergency School Assistance Act, 82

Goals 2000: Educate America Act, 15, 85

Government Performance and Results Act, 321

Improving America's Schools Act, 16, 207

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 214, 218, 219(n.9), 220-221, 224, 225, 226, 260

Vocational Rehabilitation Act, 218(n.)

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

Legislation, state

accountability, 110, 111

adequacy concept, 110-111, 112, 122, 130-131, 133, 166

constitutional requirements, 5, 6, 72-81 (passim), 88, 101, 107, 109, 133

equity concept, 85, 87-88

property taxes, 250-251

vouchers, 229-230

see also Court cases

Litigation, see Court cases

Local factors, 3, 9

committee mandate, 4

control of education, 20, 26, 28-32, 96-97, 158-159

funding responsibilities, 5

income taxes, 239-241

revenue raising, general, 11, 20, 27, 53, 58, 79

statistics by state, 30-31

see also Property taxes; Sales taxes

school-community linkages, 10, 152, 184-185, 196, 206-210

spending, 22-23, 27, 92, 93, 109, 256

see also Serrano v. Priest

taxes, general, 248-249

urban tax bases, 20, 76, 200, 259

see also District-level factors; School-based factors, individual schools

Longitudinal studies, 98, 143, 145, 146, 148, 216-217, 231, 256, 317, 321, 322

Lotteries, 245-246

Louisiana, 54, 107

M

Maine, 85, 229-230

Maryland, 243

Massachusetts, 57, 107, 108, 179, 224, 242, 245

McInnis v. Shapiro, 74

Michigan

desegregation, 82-83

district equalization, 88

impact aid, 85

revenue raising, 28-29, 57, 254

Milliken v. Bradley, 82-83, 88

Minnesota, 107, 110, 230, 242-243

Minority groups, 145

bilingual education, 82, 86-87

black persons, 18, 21, 43, 47-51, 68, 70, 91, 145

demographic shifts, 19, 39

educational attainment, 45

equity, concept of, 70

Hispanics, 45, 48, 51

spending disparities, 31, 47, 48-49, 273

teachers of minority students, 211

urban areas, 18, 47-51, 70

see also English-language learners/second-language speakers; Racial discrimination/segregation

Mississippi, 57, 120(n.9), 122

Missouri, 85, 169

Montana, 80, 224

N

National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), 36-37, 45-46, 114, 157, 175

National Board for Professional Teaching Standards, 272

National Center for Education Statistics, 198, 315-325

academic performance data, 317-318

National Commission on Teaching and America's Future, 169

National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education, 170

National Education Goals Panel, 157

A Nation at Risk, 34, 88, 134, 149

Nevada, 57

New American Schools, 123-124, 153

New Futures, 208, 209

New Hampshire

adequacy of education, 107, 108, 109

revenue raising, 29, 54

New Jersey

adequacy concept, 107

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

right to education, 77, 80

spending, 29, 73, 77, 80, 97

technical assistance from federal government, 85

New Mexico

impact aid, 85

revenue raising, 29

New York City, 42, 128, 129, 152, 320

New York State

adequacy of education, 107, 108, 116, 128-129

enrollment, 33

revenue raising, 57, 235, 239

special education spending, 42, 218

Non-English-speaking students, see English-language learners/second-language speakers

North Carolina, 59, 107, 109, 175, 179, 181, 183

North Dakota, 224

O

Obey-Porter, see Comprehensive School Reform Demonstration program

Ohio, 85, 107, 108-109, 111, 118-119, 120, 122, 229

Olsen v. State, 79

Oregon, 57, 79, 88

Outcomes, educational, 3, 16, 69, 70, 268

adequacy concept and, 2, 102, 117-120, 122, 166, 264

education production, 135, 136, 140-147, 161

incentives and, 9, 180

property tax limitations, 241

research recommendations, 12

school-based accountability, 9, 190

state-role in financing, 241, 254-257

teacher salaries and, 172-173

Outputs of education, 69, 102-103, 119, 137, 159-160, 166, 264

see also Academic performance; Education production; Outcomes, educational

P

Parental factors, 3, 8, 160

educational attainment of, 43-44

school/choice school spending decisions, 9, 11, 29, 62, 105, 164, 165, 183-184, 190-195, 196, 227-231

charter schools, 8, 9, 29, 133, 185, 186-188, 189, 190, 191-192, 229, 231

contract schools, 9, 124, 153, 188-189, 267

educational achievement of children and, 190-194

voucher programs, 9, 10, 11, 12, 133, 192, 194, 229-231, 269, 273274

school governance, 11, 29

spending on own children's education, 22

tax and parental income, 236

working mothers, 43, 44

Pauley v. Kelly, 77, 78

Peer effects, 136, 141

Pennsylvania, 54, 79, 86, 107, 113, 224

Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children v. Pennsylvania, 86

Performance standards, 16-17

adequacy concept, 110, 113, 115, 118-120, 122, 132, 166

education production, 148, 156-157

see also Test results

Per pupil spending, see Cost of education; Spending on education

Political factors, 3, 22-24, 157, 271

adequacy of education, 2, 103, 105, 110, 111, 112-113, 132, 133, 166

attacks on public schools, 20-21, 34, 38

equity, 70, 78, 96-97, 166, 197, 248-249, 253

federal role in education, 12

funding models, 16

interest groups, 71, 84, 103, 111, 137, 155

property taxes, 236, 241

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

public opinion, 18, 20-21, 34, 38, 44, 136, 263-264

school-level assessment, 320-321

spending on education, general, 2, 16, 70, 75, 78, 96-97

testing (NAEP), 37

urban areas, 18, 228, 271

wealth-neutrality principle, 75

see also Public opinion

Poverty, 3, 10, 18, 19, 43, 46, 97-98, 197, 210-214

adequacy concept, 103, 119-120, 125, 127, 128, 133, 198, 265

capacity investments, 167

class size, 210, 211-212

compensatory education, 11-12, 27, 29, 46, 82, 83, 87, 202-206

see also Title I programs

cost of education of poor, 2, 198-199, 205, 259

early childhood interventions, 10, 82, 196, 202-206, 212

equity, 70, 74, 77, 86

facilities, schools, 198, 199

foundations (private), grants from, 192, 207-209

funding adequacy, 9, 198

see also ''equity" supra

income taxes, state relief, 91

lotteries, 246

property taxes, 237(n.2), 242

sales taxes, 244

school-based factors, high poverty, 46, 83

teaching capacity, 210-212

urban areas, 20, 47, 48-49, 51, 74, 76, 103, 198, 227, 259

voucher programs, 273-274

war on poverty, 18, 83

Preschool interventions, see Early childhood interventions

Private schools, 29, 82, 160, 178, 182, 184, 190

attitudes toward public schools, parents of children in private schools , 38

contract schools, 9, 124, 153, 185, 188-189, 267

enrollment, 27, 38, 41

foundations (private), grants from, 192, 207-209

incentives used in, 182-183

religious schools, 192, 193, 194, 229-230, 231

vouchers, 9, 10, 11, 12, 133, 192, 194, 229, 273-274

Private sector, 21, 182, 184, 188-189

education production, 135, 137, 142, 160-161

facilities, schools, 200

people with disabilities, 218

Project STAR, 145

Property taxes, 5, 20, 29, 53, 58, 59, 88, 91(n.8), 232-243, 247, 319-320

benefit-tax argument, 234-235

business property, 241-242

court cases, 71

district-level factors, 233, 236-237, 238, 242, 247, 319-320

efficiency considerations, 234-235, 236, 240-241

equity, 71, 232, 236-237, 319

federal income taxes and, 60

guaranteed tax base, 59-60, 75, 80, 95-96

outcomes, educational, 241

political factors, 236, 241

poverty and, 237(n.2), 242

state-level issues, 58, 88, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 241, 243, 245 , 246-247, 250-251, 253, 254, 255-256, 319-320

statistics by state, 54-55

tax capitalization, 236-237

Public opinion, 34, 44, 136, 263-264

attacks on public schools, 20-21, 34, 38

see also Political factors

R

Race/ethnicity, other, see Minority groups

Race, spending on education by, 31, 47, 48-49, 273

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

Racial discrimination/segregation, 18, 19, 47-49, 82, 87, 99, 110, 227

Brown v. Board of Education, 6, 18, 68, 70, 82, 99, 100

Milliken v. Bradley, 82-83

Religious schools, 229-230, 231

Catholic, 192, 193, 194

Research, educational

adequacy concept, 102, 114-130

class size, 210-211, 212-213, 273

Coleman Report, 7, 24, 46, 71-72, 74, 82, 140-141, 142, 161

contract schools, 189

data needs, 198, 315-325

early childhood education, 203-206

education production, 138-161

equity concept, 74, 90-98, 319-320

facilities, schools, 200

foundations (private), grants from, 208-209

incentives, 182-183, 272-273

longitudinal, 98, 143, 145, 146, 148, 216-217, 231, 256, 317, 321, 322

NCES data, 198, 315-325

parental choice, 192-194

qualitative studies, 139, 147-148

recommendations, 12, 198, 200, 204-205, 267-274, 315-325

school incentives, 182-183, 272-273

school-or site-based management, 186, 319

special education, 219-220, 221

state-role in financing, 241, 255-257

teachers, 171-177, 210-212, 222-223, 270-272

testing, 180-181

see also National Assessment of Educational Progress

Title I programs, 215, 216-217

vouchers, 230-231, 269, 273-274

whole-school designs, 213

see also Statistical analyses

Revenue for school finance, 2, 5, 15-16, 20, 48-49, 53-61, 232-262

California, 58, 71, 72-74, 76, 235, 236, 245, 249-253, 254, 255-256 , 258, 262

committee mandate, 4

district-level, 5, 28-29, 53-55, 58, 79, 84, 233

guaranteed tax base, 59-60, 75, 80, 95-96

statistics by state, 30-31, 54-55

see also Property taxes

efficiency issues, 33, 34, 51, 57, 232

equity, general, 165, 167

fairness, 5, 11-12, 17, 33-34, 53-61, 232, 235-238, 247-248, 265-267

federal, general, 11, 27, 29, 53, 60-61, 258-262

statistics by state, 30-31

local, general, 11, 20, 27, 53, 58, 79

statistics by state, 30-31

see also Property taxes; Sales taxes; "district-level" supra

by socioeconomic status, 47, 48-49

state-level, general, 28-29, 54-57, 58, 71, 72-74, 76, 88, 197, 235 , 236, 239, 245-258, 262

statistics by state, 30-31, 54-55

see also Income taxes; Property taxes; Sales taxes; Taxes, general

Rhode Island, 54, 109-110, 166

Robinson v. Cahill, 73, 77

Rodriguez v. Los Angeles Unified School District, 31, 82

Roosevelt Elementary School District v. Bishop, 108

Rose v. Council for Better Education, 81, 107

Rural areas, 33, 45-46, 48, 67-68, 70, 228

S

Safety of school environment, 198, 208

Sales taxes, 88, 232, 239-241, 243, 244-245, 246, 253-254

statistics by state, 56-57

SAT scores, 36, 44, 255-256

Scale economies, 129-131

School-based factors, individual schools, 15, 21, 70, 319, 320-322

academic performance, 6, 7, 10, 12, 24, 136-137, 317-318

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

accountability, 9, 180-181, 182, 190, 320-321

adequacy, 102, 113, 118, 120(n.9), 130-131, 133

community-school linkages, 10, 152, 184-185, 196, 206-210

education production, 132, 136-137, 141-143, 145, 147, 150-154, 155

high-poverty, 46, 83

high-stakes testing, 180-181

incentives, 9, 156(n.6), 179-180, 182-183

intradistrict disparities, 6, 8, 11, 24, 29, 31, 99, 228-229, 231, 265, 320

performance, 6, 7, 10, 12, 24, 132, 136-137, 145, 317-318

political factors, 320-321

rewards/sanctions, 156(n.6), 179, 182, 187, 267

spending, decision making, 3, 8, 11, 62, 105, 164, 183-190, 196, 227-231

charter schools, 8, 9, 29, 133, 185, 186-188, 189, 190, 191-192, 229, 231

contract schools, 9, 124, 153, 188-189, 267

vouchers, 9, 10, 11, 12, 133, 192, 194, 229-231, 269, 273-274

whole-school designs, 114-115, 122, 123-124, 151, 153, 196, 213, 225

School districts, see District-level factors

School-or site-based management (SBM), 9, 151-152, 157, 178, 185-186 , 319

educational achievement and, 185-186, 190

Seattle v. State of Washington, 77, 78

Serrano v. Priest, 71, 72-74, 76, 77, 79, 80, 87, 96, 250-253, 256 , 258, 318

Simmons-Harris v. Goff, 229

Social factors, general, 18-19, 24, 67, 208

attacks on public schools, 20-21, 34, 38

early childhood education, 204

out-of-class learning, 168, 208

peer effects, 136, 141

school-community linkages, 10, 152, 184-185, 196, 206-210

see also Demographic factors; Family factors; Parental factors; Political factors; Public opinion; Race, spending on education by; Racial discrimination/segregation

Socioeconomic factors, 1-2, 4, 6, 67-68

adequacy of education, 102, 103, 107, 109, 112, 115, 118, 120, 125

costs of education, 115, 118, 120

out-of-class learning, 168

revenue raising by socioeconomic status, general, 47, 48-49

student background and achievement, 2, 5, 10-11, 17, 19-20, 33, 43 -53, 61, 67, 125, 134, 140, 196-231, 265

Coleman Report, 7, 24, 46, 71-72, 74, 82, 140-141, 142, 161

tax and parental income, 236

tax deductions, 60-61

test scores, 46

urban areas, general, 68

wealth-neutrality principle, 59, 71-76, 77, 80, 81, 84-85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 95-99 (passim), 102, 103, 107, 109, 112, 125, 319-320

see also Poverty

South Carolina, 107, 179

South Dakota, 85

Special education, 41-43, 82, 126-127, 196, 217-227

accountability, 224, 225, 226

costs of, 41-42, 217, 219, 222, 227

curriculum issues, 223, 224, 225, 226

district-level factors, 42-43, 225, 226

education reform, 225, 227

education standards, 223, 226

facilities, 225

federal government, 27, 41, 42, 43, 214, 218, 219(n.9), 220-221, 223-225, 226, 260, 261

formulas for distributing funds, 221-222

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

incentives, 222

individualized education programs, 41, 223, 224, 225

research on, 219-220, 221

spending, 6, 41-42, 217-218, 219, 221-222, 223-226

state-level factors, 42, 43, 218, 219, 223-224, 225, 226, 227

teachers, 224, 225

Title I, 223, 225

urban areas, 219

Special-needs students, 20, 39, 68, 73, 259, 269

adequacy concept, 110-111, 127, 265

class size, 212

community-school linkages, 206-210

equal opportunity provisions, 41, 42, 86-87, 214, 218, 219(n.9), 220-221

gifted and talented programs, 82, 214

litigation, 86-87

testing, 211

vouchers, 274

see also Categorical programs; English-language learners/second-language speakers; Poverty; Special education; Students with disabilities

Spending on education, 1, 3, 4, 16, 18, 20, 27, 38-44, 67-100, 265 -267

district-level, 6, 30-32, 42, 46-47, 50, 88, 99, 105, 144, 225, 226

district power equalizing, 59, 75, 77, 84, 88, 96, 247, 253, 256, 257-258, 265

early childhood education, 201, 204-205

education reform, general, 67, 68-100, 268

facilities, 82, 107, 108, 121, 140, 142, 167, 188, 197, 198, 199-201 , 208, 225, 255

federal, general, 1, 5, 11-12, 16, 17, 60-61, 82, 83-85, 93, 97-98 , 197, 208, 260

annual, 1, 15, 27, 38, 39, 260

foundations (private), grants from, 192, 207-209

interdistrict disparities, 11, 24, 29, 31, 46, 50, 74, 77, 80, 83, 84, 85, 90, 92-99 (passim), 110, 125, 128-129, 191, 196, 228, 231, 236-237, 247, 250-252, 257, 260, 265

district power equalizing, 59, 75, 77, 84, 88, 96, 247, 253, 256-258 , 265

local, 22-23, 27, 92, 93, 109, 256

see also Serrano v. Priest; "district-level" supra

political factors, 2, 16, 70, 75, 78, 96-97

racially based spending disparities, 31, 47, 48-49, 273

school-and parent-based decision making spending, 3, 8, 11, 62, 105 , 164, 183-190, 196, 227-231

charter schools, 8, 9, 29, 133, 185, 186-188, 189, 190, 191-192, 229, 231

contract schools, 9, 124, 153, 188-189, 267

vouchers, 9, 10, 11, 12, 133, 192, 194, 229-231, 269, 273-274

special education, 6, 41-42, 217-218, 219, 221-222, 223-226

technology, 8, 142, 147, 167, 197, 199, 201-202

Title I, 216-217

urban areas, 47, 48-52, 67-68, 76, 219, 227-228

see also Adequacy, educational; Cost indices; Cost of education; Equity concepts; Formulas for distributing funds

Standards, see Education standards

State government, 4

accountability legislation, 110, 111

adequacy of education, 6, 80, 101-102, 103, 105, 107-111, 112, 114 -131 (passim), 133, 166

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

court decisions, 6, 80, 101-102, 103, 106, 107-112, 122, 132-133, 166, 167

legislation, 110-111, 112, 122, 130-131, 133, 166

categorical programs, 6, 10-11, 81-82

compensatory education, 27, 87

constitutional requirements, 5, 6, 72-81 (passim), 88, 101, 107, 109, 133

disparities across states, 6, 30-31, 47, 54-55, 69, 93, 94, 96, 97

district power equalizing, 59, 75, 77, 84, 88, 96, 247, 253, 256258, 265

districts, aid to, 29, 53, 59-60, 92

guaranteed tax base, 59-60, 75, 80, 95-96

districts, rewards/sanctions, 110, 156(n.6), 267

education production, 156, 157-158

equal opportunity, court cases, 6, 18, 68, 70, 82

equal protection, 72-74, 76-81

equity concept

court cases, 70-81, 90-91, 94, 95-101, 167

see also Serrano v. Priest

disparities across, 6, 30-31, 47, 54-55, 69, 93, 94, 96, 97

legislation, 85, 87-88

facilities, schools, 199, 200

federal cooperation with, general, 15, 16, 83-86, 261, 262, 316-317 , 323-324

foundation aid, 59, 88, 106, 119-120, 131, 257

funding responsibilities, 5, 17, 72-82 (passim)

income taxes, 54-57, 91, 233, 243-244, 247, 253-254

relief to poor, 91

statistics by state, 56-57

lotteries, 245-246

NCES core data, 316-317, 323-324

outcomes of education, role in financing, 241, 254-257

poverty, 198, 199

property taxes, 58, 88, 233, 235, 236, 237, 238, 241, 243, 245, 246 -247, 250-251, 253, 254, 255-256, 319-320

statistics by state, 54-55

research financing, state role, 241, 255-257

revenue raising, general, 11, 27, 28-29, 53-60, 71, 72-74, 76, 79, 88, 91, 111, 197, 235, 236, 239, 245-258, 262

statistics by state, 30-31, 54-55

sales taxes, 54-57, 233, 243, 244-245, 246, 253-254

statistics by state, 56-57

special education, 42, 43, 218, 219, 223-224, 225, 226, 227

spending, 27, 29-32, 42, 46, 47, 52, 69-82, 90-91, 93, 94, 96, 97, 199, 200, 219, 223-224, 225, 226, 227, 249-252, 257

taxes, 54-57, 58, 88, 197, 247-258

nontax revenue sources, 245-246

see also specific tax types supra

teachers, 175, 179, 181, 183

certification, 106, 144, 168, 169, 170-171, 178, 210, 255, 272

urban areas, 52, 76

vouchers, 229-230

see also Court cases; Legislation, state; specific states

Statistical analyses

adequacy of education, costs, 114, 115-118

Coleman Report, 7, 24, 46, 71-72, 74, 82, 140-141, 142, 161

education production, 140-147

NAEP, 37

NCES data, 198, 315-325

Students with disabilities, 39, 41-43, 68

Americans with Disabilities Act, 218(n.8)

compulsory attendance, 68

equity, concept of, 70, 73, 89, 127, 128

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 214, 218, 219(n.9), 220-221, 224, 225, 226, 260

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

litigation, 86-87

private sector, 218

see also Special education

Student/teacher ratios, 42, 88, 106, 118, 141-142, 144, 203

see also Class size

Suburban areas, 48-49, 51, 228

property tax, 234

urban/suburban disparities, 11, 20, 33, 46, 47, 48-49, 51-52, 76, 94(n.12), 227, 228-229

voucher programs, 273

T

Taxes, general, 53, 90-91, 96, 232

district-and local-level, 248-249

equity considerations, 70, 71, 232, 236-237, 238, 240-241, 242, 247 , 254

state, 54-57, 58, 88, 197, 247-258

nontax revenue sources, 245-246

urban tax bases, 20, 76, 200, 259

value-added taxes, 233

see also Guaranteed tax base; Income taxes; Property taxes; Sales taxes

Teachers/staff

accountability, 165, 224, 272-273

capacity building, general, 12, 150, 165, 167-176, 210-213, 267, 270-272, 321

career ladders, 177

certification of teachers, 106, 144, 168, 169, 170-171, 178, 210, 211, 255, 272

competency pay, 178

cost-efficiency, 168-176

of disadvantaged students, 10, 210-212

early childhood education, 203-204

education achievement, teacher capacity and pay factors, 167-176, 178

education production, 138, 140, 141-142, 144, 145-146, 149, 152, 155, 156, 159, 173-174

education standards, other, 271, 272-273

see also "certification" supra

gender differences, salaries, 171-172

incentives, 12, 165, 176-179, 195

see also "salaries" infra

merit pay, 177

of minority students, 211

regional distribution of, 169-170

research on, 171-177, 210-212, 222-223, 270-272

salaries, 8, 9, 39-40, 41, 94(n.12), 142, 165, 167-168, 169, 171-174 , 176-179, 197, 211, 272

school-based reform, 152

special education, 224, 225

standards, 271, 272-273

see also "certification" supra

state government role, 175, 179, 181, 183

see also "certification" supra

student/teacher ratios, 42, 88, 106, 118, 141-142, 144, 203

see also Class size

testing of, 211

see also "certification" supra

Title I programs, 216

training and professional development, 9, 142, 149, 150, 152, 156, 165, 167-168, 169, 174-176, 177, 183, 198, 210, 211, 216, 224, 225 , 270-272

urban areas, 12, 169, 270

Technical assistance, federal

desegregation, 62

state financial laws, 85

Technology, educational, 8, 142, 147, 167, 197, 199, 201-202

Tennessee, 57, 107, 108, 273

Tennessee Small School Systems v. McWherter, 108

Test results, 34, 36-37, 43-44

accountability, high-stakes testing, 180-182, 183

adequacy concept, 113-117 (passim), 120

black students, 45-46

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
×

contract schools, 189

disadvantaged students, 211

education production, 145, 149

NAEP, 36-37, 45-46, 114, 157, 175

political factors (NAEP), 37

research, 180-181

see also National Assessment of Educational Progress

SAT, 36, 44, 255-256

school-based factors, individual schools, 180-181

spending disparities and, 47

urban students, 45-46

Texas, 72, 80, 85, 88, 97, 122, 144, 145, 179, 183, 210-211, 212

Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), 37-38

Thompson v Engelking, 78-79

Title I programs, 10-11, 27, 29, 46, 83, 84, 86, 127, 181, 213, 214 -217, 260, 318

special education, 223, 225

U

Urban areas, 3, 5, 10, 11, 32-33, 47-52, 67-68, 99, 227-231

adequacy concept, 103, 111, 128

black students, 18, 47-51, 70

bureaucracy, 18

cost indices, 52, 94

cost of education, other, 52, 198, 199-200

education reform, 3, 10, 11, 228

enrollment, 33, 48

facilities, schools, 199

foundations (private), grants from, 207-209

Hispanics, 48, 51

incentives, 12, 183

minority groups in, 18, 47-51, 70

political factors, 18, 228, 271

poverty, 20, 47, 48-49, 51, 74, 76, 103, 198, 227, 259

research recommendations, 12, 267-270

special education, 219

spending, 47, 48-51, 67-68, 76, 219, 227-228

state role, 52, 76

suburban/urban disparities, 11, 20, 33, 46, 47, 48-49, 51-52, 76, 94(n.12), 227, 228-229

tax bases, 20, 76, 200, 259

teachers, 12, 169, 270

test scores, 45-46

voucher programs, 12

U.S. Constitution, 5, 16, 26, 58, 72, 73-75, 77, 78, 82, 86, 229, 230

Utah, 29, 129

V

Value-added taxes, 233

Vermont

revenue raising, 54

special education, 224

spending, 29-30, 224

Virginia, 77, 98

Vouchers, 9, 10, 11, 12, 133, 192, 194, 229-231, 269, 273-274

W

War on poverty, 18, 83

Washakie v. Herschler, 109

Washington State, 57, 77, 78, 90, 107, 114, 169, 251

Wealth-neutrality principle, 59

adequacy concept and, 102, 103, 107, 109, 112, 125, 319-320

equity concept and, 71-76, 77, 80, 81, 84-85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 95-99 (passim), 102, 103, 107, 109, 112, 125

Weights/weighting, students, 48, 86, 119, 125, 126-127, 128, 158, 224, 240, 249

West Virginia, 73, 78, 107, 114

Whole-school designs, 114-115, 122, 123-124, 151, 153, 196, 213, 225

Wisconsin, 57, 85, 117, 229

Wyoming, 107, 108, 111, 112, 122, 123, 129, 133, 251

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1999. Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9606.
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Making Money Matter: Financing America's Schools Get This Book
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The United States annually spends over $300 billion on public elementary and secondary education. As the nation enters the 21st century, it faces a major challenge: how best to tie this financial investment to the goal of high levels of achievement for all students. In addition, policymakers want assurance that education dollars are being raised and used in the most efficient and effective possible ways. The book covers such topics as:

  • Legal and legislative efforts to reduce spending and achievement gaps.
  • The shift from "equity" to "adequacy" as a new standard for determining fairness in education spending.
  • The debate and the evidence over the productivity of American schools.
  • Strategies for using school finance in support of broader reforms aimed at raising student achievement.

This book contains a comprehensive review of the theory and practice of financing public schools by federal, state, and local governments in the United States. It distills the best available knowledge about the fairness and productivity of expenditures on education and assesses options for changing the finance system.

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