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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. F Fairness, 11 content standards, 27 performance standards, 35, 47, 49 Federal government, 7-8, 10, 42, 85 accountability, 13, 17, 85, 90, 91, 92-94 Department of Education, vi, 61, 96 early childhood education, 4, 50 education improvement systems, 6 English-language learners, 60, 61, 63 National Assessment of Educational Progress, 68, 99 National Center for Research on Evaluation, Standards, and Student Testing, 45, 70 National Educational Goals Panel, 18, 33, 51 performance standards, 1, 10, 24, 42 school-based assessments, 6 students with disabilities, 55, 56, 57, 58 Title I, funding and costs, 1, 7-8 Title I, general, iv-vii, 1-2, 7-11, 12, 15, 17, 19, 23, 41-43, 52 Title I students, number of, 1, 7 yearly progress requirements, 85, 90 Foreign countries, see International perspectives Foreign-language speakers, see English-language learners Funding, v professional development, 84 students with disabilities, 58 study at hand, vi G Goals 2000, 57 Government role, see Federal government; Funding; Local government; Political factors; State government I Incentives and penalties, 3, 6, 17, 18, 19, 22, 89, 92, 96-97, 98, 100 Individualized education programs, 55, 57, 59, 60 Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 55, 56, 57 Instructional methods, vi, 23, 74-85, 92, 97 authentic pedagogy, 75 early childhood education, 51 education improvement systems, 3, 4, 5-6, 21, 22 federally mandated tests, 42 performance standards, 33, 39-41 professional development, 80 reporting of results, 71 standards-based reform, other, 3, 17, 19, 74 test-taking skills and, 8 yearly progress requirements, 87-88 see also Curriculum and curriculum design Instructional sensitivity, 4, 46-49 (passim), 82, 94-95 Internal accountability, 6, 19, 92-93, 98 International perspectives, 16, 75 K Kentucky, 9, 81, 83, 86-87, 93, 95 L Language Assessment Scales, 65 Language issues, see English-language learners Local government, 2 education improvement systems, 3 standards-based reform, v, vi, vii, 2 see also School district assessment; specific cities Los Angeles, California, 70 M. Maryland, 59-60 Memphis, Tennessee, 19 Michigan, 75-76 Mississippi, 93 Missouri, 90 see also Incentives and penalties Multiple-choice items, 12, 28, 43, 87 Multiple measures, 9, 48, 58, 65, 68-69, 80, 87, 88, 89 accountability, 91-92, 95, 97, 98
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