Index
A
Accelerated Site Technology Deployment Program, 12, 212, 213-214, 218, 246
Accelerating Cleanup: Paths to Closure, 36
Advanced Applied Technology Demonstration Facility, 13
Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence, 60, 190, 246
Air pollution, incineration of contaminants, 19
Air sparging, 7, 135, 147-150, 215, 242
Alcohol flushing, 150-154, 266
Alternate concentration limits, 48-49
American Academy of Environmental Engineers, 13, 246
American Society for Testing and Materials, 65, 66
American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 209
Applicable or relevant and appropriate requirement, 48, 49, 51
Army Corps of Engineers, 211, 220
Army Environmental Center, 227
Atoms for Peace Program, 25
Attenuation, see Natural attenuation
B
Barrier technologies, see Subsurface barriers
Bioremediation, 215, 216, 217, 266, 267
DNAPLs, 8, 136, 173-180, 185, 187, 189, 194
metals and radionuclides, 6, 78, 110-112, 121
see also Natural attenuation
Brownfield sites, 4, 54, 63-64, 69
Budgetary issues, see Funding
Buried waste containment system, 225, 226
C
Canada, 161
Carbon tetrachloride, 29, 156, 184
Chlorinated solvents, vii, 4, 7, 8, 9, 30, 129, 130, 133, 149, 158, 168, 173, 176-178, 182, 183, 184, 186, 189-191, 193
see also specific substances
Chlorofluorocarbons, 29
Chromatography, 82
Chromium, 5, 27, 29, 33, 48, 50, 73, 74, 76, 106, 110, 111, 222-225, 243
Clean Water Act, 42
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability
Act, 3, 10, 40, 41, 43-51, 53, 54, 61, 62, 68, 69, 203, 206
monitored natural attenuation policy, 58, 189, 191
records of decision, 46, 52, 53, 54, 56, 61-63, 69
risk-based assessment policies, 67
technical impracticability waivers, 55, 56, 57
Computer applications, 80-82
Consortium for Environmental Risk Evaluation, 30-31, 32-33, 34-35
Containment systems, see Subsurface barriers
Contractors and contracting, 9, 10, 15-16, 204, 205, 207, 211, 218 -219, 225, 236, 241, 245
Cooperative research and development agreements, 10, 225, 227, 236
Cosolvent flushing, 8, 150-154, 194, 241
Cost and cost-benefit factors
CERCLA, 46
Department of Energy spending, 15, 19, 204-205, 206, 207, 211-212, 213
regulatory environment, 54, 57, 61-63
remediation technologies, viii, 11, 19, 15, 90, 204-205, 206, 207, 211-212, 213, 220, 222, 223, 225, 228-229, 232, 236, 241, 246
DNAPLs, 5-6, 9, 137, 146, 150, 182, 188
metals and radionuclides, 112, 120
Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area, 12, 204-205, 236, 241, 246
see also Funding
Court cases, 40
Cryogenic barriers, 90, 216, 265, 266, 267
D
Deep-soil mixing, 86, 90, 91, 265-266
Dense nonaqueous-phase liquids, ix, 1, 2, 16, 25, 27, 29, 129-201
air sparging, 7, 135, 147-150, 215, 242
alcohol flushing, 150-154, 266
bioremediation, 8, 136, 173-180, 185, 187, 189, 194
cosolvent flushing, 8, 150-154, 194, 241
Department of Energy programs, 145, 150, 161, 167, 171, 172-173, 183, 228-235, 240, 241-242, 243;
see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area
dynamic underground stripping, 228-229
electrical and electrokinetic remediation, 135, 163, 166-168, 171173, 194, 228, 229, 230-235, 241, 265, 266
geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic factors, 7, 8, 18, 23, 25-27, 130-135 (passim), 146, 148, 150, 155-159 (passim), 162, 165-166, 177, 185, 188, 192-195
in situ oxidation, 8, 27, 134, 159-162, 242, 267
in situ vitrification, 9, 135, 168-171, 194
Lasagna, 172, 217, 232-235, 248, 265
perchloroethylene, 29, 52, 53, 145, 156, 161-162, 167, 173-178 (passim), 186, 189-190, 230
regulatory environment, 48, 55
remediation technologies, 4, 7-9, 11, 17, 19, 84-85, 115, 133-135, 140-195, 208, 228-235, 241-242
cost factors, 5-6, 9, 137, 146, 150, 182, 188
evaluation, 134-136, 139, 145-146, 149-150, 152-154, 157-159, 161162, 165-168, 170-173, 177-182, 185-188, 190-195, 243
soil vapor extraction, 8, 9, 11, 135, 140-146, 150, 167, 168, 178, 193-194, 202, 215, 216, 229, 241-242, 266
thermally enhanced vapor extraction, 9, 228, 230-231, 243, 265
steam injection, 8, 163-166, 134, 163-166, 194, 228, 229, 241, 267
surfactants, 8, 134, 151, 154-159, 194, 241, 266
trichloroethylene, 29, 48, 52, 53, 106, 149, 156, 157, 161-162, 167, 172
182 (passim), 186-187, 189-191, 230
see also Chlorinated solvents;
Polychlorinated biphenyls;
Volatile
organic compounds
Department of Defense
remediation technologies, viii, 7, 9-11
Department of Energy, vii, x, 1-2, 3, 15-37
Accelerated Site Technology Deployment Program, 12, 212, 213-214, 218, 246
contractors and contracting, 9, 10, 15-16, 204, 205, 207, 211, 218 -219, 225, 245
cooperative research and development agreements, 10, 225, 227, 236
DNAPLs, 145, 150, 161, 167, 171, 172-173, 183, 228-235, 240, 241242, 243
extent of cleanup requirements, 2-3, 21-24, 36
sites by state, 253-263
funding, 36-37, 204-205, 207-208, 208-209, 211
Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area (SCFA), 9-11, 12, 13, 19-21, 208, 218-220, 235-236, 240-243 (passim), 244, 247-248
historical perspectives, 1, 2-3, 15, 25, 202, 211
management and managers
general, 11, 13, 16, 205, 207, 217, 244-245
metals and radionuclides, 72-128 (passim), 222-228, 240-241, 243, 254-263
Office of Environmental Management (DOE), 36, 207, 211-212, 218
Office of Environmental Restoration, 2-3, 12, 19, 35-36, 212, 244
Office of Science and Technology, viii-ix, 2, 10, 20, 203-211, 217 -219;
see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area
Office of Technology Development (DOE), 19
remediation technologies, 4, 9-11, 36, 72, 84-85, 101, 202-239;
see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area
regulatory environment, 9, 10, 15-16, 18, 39-71, 206-207, 209, 211, 221, 236
see also specific DOE sites
Dichloroethylene, 20, 48, 174, 176-179 (passim), 186-187, 190, 191
Diethylenetriaminepentaacectic acid, 276
Direct-push technologies, 133, 137
Drinking water, 7
regulatory issues, 3, 39, 42, 49-50, 149-150, 161
maximum contaminant levels, 47-48, 49, 52
Safe Drinking Water Act, 42, 47-48, 52
Dynamic underground stripping, 228-229
E
Ecological risk assessments, 31, 33-35, 67, 73
Economic factors, 203-205
contractors and contracting, 9, 10, 15-16, 204, 205, 207, 211, 218 -219, 225, 245
see also Cost and cost-benefit factors;
Funding
Electrical and electrokinetic remediation systems, 11
DNAPLs, 135, 163, 166-168, 171-173, 194, 228, 229, 230-235, 241, 265, 266
metals and radionuclides, 6, 8, 78, 81, 112-114, 121
Electrochemical analysis, 82, 95
Energy Policy Act, 257
Enhanced Site Specific Risk Assessment, 65
Environmental Management Science Program, 13, 248
Environmental Protection Agency, 3, 35, 42, 47, 49, 53, 61-62
DNAPLs, 51, 145, 152-153, 157-158, 179, 189, 232
management and managers, 49, 62
metals and radionuclides, 102, 113, 115
natural attenuation, 60, 61, 189, 190
technical impracticability waivers, 55-58
Evaluation and evaluation issues, 3, 17, 120-122, 209, 244-245
Accelerated Site Technology Deployment Program, 12, 212, 213-214, 218, 246
alcohol and cosolvent flushing, 152-154, 194
bioremediation, 111-112, 121, 177-180, 194
contaminant characterization, 28-29
DNAPLs, remediation, 134-136, 139, 145-146, 149-150, 152-154, 157159, 161-162, 165-168, 170-173, 177-182, 185-188, 190-195, 243
electrical and electrokinetic processes, 113-114, 121, 135, 167-168, 172-173 , 194
field tests, 8
in situ oxidation, 134, 161-162, 194
in situ redox manipulation, 109-110, 121
in situ vitrification, 9, 99-101, 120-121, 134, 170-171, 194
metals and radionuclides, remediation, 77-80, 105-107, 109-110, 111 -114, 118-121
natural attenuation, 60, 69, 190-191
peer review, 12, 67, 68, 209, 244
permeable reactive barriers, 105-107, 109-110, 121, 183, 185-188, 194
phytoremediation, 118-120, 121, 181-182
remediation guidelines, vii, ix-x, 13, 16-17, 55, 69, 190, 246
soil flushing and washing, 115-116, 121
soil vapor extraction, 135, 145-146, 178, 193-194
solidification and stabilization, 102-103, 121
subsurface barriers, 94-96, 105-107, 109-110, 120, 121;
Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area, 12-13, 244-245
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation program, 102, 113, 115, 179
surfactants, 134, 157-159, 194
technical impractibility waivers, 57
see also Risk assessment;
Sensor technologies
Excavation of contaminated soils, 19, 35
Exposure, see Risk assessment
F
Federal Facilities Compliance Act, 40, 41
Federal government, 1, 203-204
see also Funding;
Legislation;
Regulatory issues;
specific departments
and agencies
Federal Remediation Technologies Roundtable, 13, 246
Fernald Environmental Management Project, 30, 32, 33, 35, 43, 62-63, 73, 213, 259, 266, 267
Foreign countries, see International perspectives
Funding, 13
Accelerated Site Technology Deployment Program, 213-214
brownfields programs, 64
Department of Energy, not SCFA, 36-37, 204-205, 207-208, 208-209, 211
Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area (SCFA), 9-11, 12, 13, 19-21, 208, 218-220, 235-236, 240-243 (passim), 244, 247-248
see also Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and
Liability Act
G
General Accounting Office, 10, 204, 205-206, 207, 208-209, 217, 219
Geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic factors, 7, 16, 21, 27
DNAPLs, 7, 8, 18, 23, 25-27, 130-135 (passim), 146, 148, 150, 155159 (passim), 162, 165-166, 177, 185, 188, 192-195
metals and radionuclides, 25, 27, 76-77, 86, 225, 227
subsurface barriers, 86, 90, 95-96
GeoVIS, 137
Ground penetrating radar, 138
Guidance for Evaluating the Technical Impracticability of Ground-Water
Restorations, 55
Guide to Documenting and Managing Cost
and Performance Information for Remediation Projects, 13, 246
H
Hanford Site, 11, 21, 24, 26, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 43, 52, 73, 110, 222-225, 263, 265, 266, 268
Henry's law constant, 130, 142, 145, 147
Historical perspectives
Department of Energy contractors, 211
Department of Energy site cleanup, 1, 2-3, 15, 25, 202, 211
regulatory environment, 3-4, 58, 63
Superfund, 202
Human health risks, see Risk assessment
Hydrogeology, see Geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic factors
Hydrosparge VOC sensing system, 137
I
Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory, 11, 21, 24, 26, 30, 33, 34, 36, 52-53, 213, 214, 222, 225, 243, 257, 265-268 (passim)
Incineration, 18-19
In situ bioremediation, see Bioremediation
In situ oxidation, 8, 27, 134, 159-162, 242, 267
In situ redox manipulation, 5, 11, 78, 80, 107-110, 121, 222-225, 243
In situ vitrification, 9, 35, 208-209, 266
metals and radionuclides, 5, 78, 80, 96-101, 120-121
Interagency Working Group on Brownfields, 64
International perspectives, 115-116, 161
Internet, 19
Ion exchange systems, 73, 86, 113, 114, 115, 241
J
L
Lasagna, 172, 217, 232-235, 248, 265
Laser-induced fluorescence sensors, 137
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 11, 16, 22, 43, 165, 228, 254, 265-268 (passim)
Legal Environmental Assistance Foundation, 40
Legislation
Clean Water Act, 42
Energy Policy Act, 257
Federal Facilities Compliance Act, 40, 41
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 3, 40-48, 49, 53, 54, 55, 57, 63, 68, 206, 213
Safe Drinking Water Act (1974), 42, 47-48, 52
Superfund Act, see Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act
Toxic Substances Control Act, 42
Uranium Mill Tailings Remediation Control Act, 3, 22, 43, 46-47, 49, 51, 68
see also Regulatory issues
Light nonaqueous-phase liquids, 137, 157-158, 165
Litigation, see Court cases
Local government, see State and local governments
Los Alamos National Laboratory, 22, 43, 258
M
Management and managers
contractors and contracting, 9, 10, 15-16, 204, 205, 207, 211, 218 -219, 225, 245
Department of Energy,
general, 11, 13, 16, 205, 207, 217, 244-245
regulatory issues, 40, 49, 51, 54-55, 57, 60, 61, 62-63, 65, 69, 245
site-level, 9, 16, 40, 47, 49, 51, 54-55, 57, 60, 61, 62-63, 65, 69, 204, 212, 225, 244
Maximum contaminant levels, 47-48, 49, 52
Metal pollutants, 1, 16, 29-30, 72-128, 208
bioremediation, 6, 78, 110-112, 121
Department of Energy programs, 72-128 (passim.), 222-228, 240-241, 243, 254-263;
see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area
deep-soil mixing, 86, 90, 91, 265-266
electrical and electrokinetic remediation, 6, 8, 78, 81, 112-114, 121
geologic conditions, 25, 27, 76-77, 225, 227
in situ redox manipulation, 5, 11, 78, 80, 107-110, 121, 222-225, 243
in situ vitrification, 5, 78, 80, 96-101, 120-121
ion exchange systems, 73, 86, 113, 114, 115, 241
phytoremediation, 6, 78, 80, 116-120, 121
pozzolanic agents, 79, 80, 101, 102
remediation technologies, 4, 5-6, 11, 17, 19, 76, 77, 78-122, 168, 213, 222-228, 241, 243
evaluation, 77-80, 105-107, 109-110, 111-114, 118-121
soil flushing and washing, 6, 18, 78, 81, 112, 113, 114-116, 121
solidification and stabilization techniques, 5, 78, 80, 101-103, 121, 215
Monument Valley, 254
Mound Plant, 43, 73, 213, 214, 259, 265, 267
N
National Contingency Plan, 51
National Priorities List, 43, 44
Natural attenuation, 7, 54, 57, 58-61, 69, 73, 173, 189-191, 215, 243
Natural Resources Defense Council, 40
Naval installation sites, 65, 67-68, 257
Netherlands, 115-116
Neutron probes, 138
Nonaqueous-phase liquids, 120, 137, 142, 157-158, 165
see also Dense nonaqueous-phase liquids;
Light nonaqueous-phase liquids
O
Oak Ridge Reservation, 21, 24, 26, 30, 32-33, 34, 35, 43, 53, 62-63, 73, 214, 261, 265, 267, 268
Office of Environmental Management (DOE), 36, 207, 211-212, 218
Office of Environmental Restoration (DOE), 2-3, 12, 19, 35-36, 212, 244
Office of Science and Technology (DOE), 2, 10, 20, 203-211, 217-219
see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area
Office of Technology Development (DOE), 19
Oil, see Petroleum
Oxidation, see In situ oxidation
P
Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant, 43, 172, 234-235, 257, 265
Peer review, 12, 67, 68, 209, 244
Penetrometers, 11, 83, 133, 216, 222, 225-228, 243
Perchloroethylene, 29, 52, 53, 145, 156, 161-162, 167, 173-178 (passim), 186, 189-190, 230
Permeable reactive barriers, 5, 78, 80, 81, 103-107, 121, 136, 182 -188, 194, 213, 215, 217, 242, 265
see also In situ redox manipulation
Petroleum, 65, 144, 166, 175-176, 217
Phytoremediation
metals and radionuclides, 6, 78, 80, 116-120, 121
Plutonium, 25, 28, 31, 52, 76, 77, 111, 256
Polychlorinated biphenyls, 29, 42, 47, 102
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 137
Pressurized injection, barriers, 88-89
Privately owned sites, 40, 203
Public exposure, see Risk assessment
Public involvement, 2, 19, 67, 68, 206
Pump-and-treat systems, 3, 7, 18, 27, 36, 85, 104, 150, 212, 215, 222, 225, 228-229
Push-in technologies, 133, 137
R
Radar, see Ground penetrating radar
Radio-frequency heating, 167-167, 230
Radionuclides, 1, 16, 27-28, 29-35, 72-128, 208, 222
deep-soil mixing, 86, 90, 91, 265-266
Department of Energy programs, 72-128 (passim), 222-228, 240-241, 243, 254-263;
see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area
electrical and electrokinetic remediation, 6, 8, 78, 81, 112-114, 121
geologic conditions, 25, 27, 76-77, 86
in situ redox manipulation, 5, 11, 78, 80, 107-110, 121, 222-225, 243
in situ vitrification, 5, 78, 80, 96-101, 120-121
ion exchange systems, 73, 86, 113, 114, 115, 241
phytoremediation, 6, 78, 80, 116-120, 121
pozzolanic agents, 79, 80, 101, 102
remediation technologies, 4, 5-6, 11, 17, 19, 74, 76, 77, 78-122, 171, 213, 214, 222-228, 241, 243
evaluation, 77-80, 105-107, 109-110, 111-114, 118-121
see also specific technologies infra and supra
soil flushing and washing, 6, 18, 78, 81, 112, 113, 114-116, 121
solidification and stabilization techniques, 5, 78, 80, 101-103, 121, 215
speciation, metals and radionuclides, 76, 77, 80
see also Uranium Mill Tailings Remediation Control Act
see also Plutonium;
Uranium
Regulatory issues, 2, 3-4, 39-71, 240, 245
alternate concentration limits, 48-49
applicable or relevant and appropriate requirement, 48, 49, 51
Department of Energy, 9, 10, 15-16, 18, 39-71, 206-207, 209, 211, 221, 236
drinking water, 3, 39, 42, 49-50, 149-150, 161
maximum contaminant levels, 47-48, 49, 52
Safe Drinking Water Act, 42, 47-48, 52
historical perspectives, 3-4, 58, 63
management and managers, 40, 49, 51, 54-55, 57, 60, 61, 62-63, 65, 69, 245
maximum contaminant levels, 47-48, 49, 52
new technologies and, 9, 10, 15-16, 206-207, 209, 211, 221, 236
pump-and-treat remediation, 18
records of decision, 46, 52, 53, 54, 56, 61-63, 69
secrecy requirements, 25
soil screening level, 49-50
Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area, 9, 10, 12, 39, 54, 55, 57, 61, 63, 68, 69, 221, 236, 243, 245
technical impracticability waivers, 54-58, 69
see also Legislation
Redox manipulation, see In situ redox manipulation
Remediation technologies, 1-2, 16-17, 55, 56-70
conventional, limitations of, 17-19
cost factors, 11, 19, 15, 90, 204-205, 206, 207, 211-212, 213, 220, 222, 223, 225, 228-229, 232, 236, 241, 246
DNAPLs, 5-6, 9, 137, 146, 150, 182, 188
metals and radionuclides, 112, 120
DNAPLs, 4, 7-9, 11, 17, 19, 84-85, 115, 133-135, 140-195, 208, 228 -235, 241-242
cost factors, 5-6, 9, 137, 146, 150, 182, 188
evaluation, 134-136, 139, 145-146, 149-150, 152-154, 157-159, 161
162, 165-168, 170-173, 177-182, 185-188, 190-195, 243
see also specific technologies infra and supra
Department of Defense, viii, 7, 9-11
Department of Energy, viii-ix, 4, 9-11, 36, 72, 84-85, 101, 202-239;
see also Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area
metals and radionuclides, 4, 5-6, 11, 17, 19, 76, 77, 78-122, 168, 213, 222-228, 241, 243
evaluation, 77-80, 105-107, 109-110, 111-114, 118-121
see also specific technologies
site-level management and managers, 9, 16, 40, 47, 49, 51, 54-55, 57, 60, 61, 62-63, 65, 69, 204, 212, 225, 244
technical impracticability waivers, 54-58, 69
see also Evaluation and evaluation issues;
Regulatory environment;
Sensor technologies;
Technical assistance;
specific technologies
Remediation Technologies Development Forum, 13, 248
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 3, 40-48, 49, 53, 54, 68, 206, 213
brownfields, 63
technical impracticability waivers, 55, 57
Risk assessment, general, viii, 3, 13, 17, 21, 29, 30-35, 54, 65-68, 69, 241
brownfields, 64
excavation of soils, 18
metals and radionuclides, 74
subsurface barriers, 9, 10, 11
Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area, 9, 10, 11
wildlife, 33-35
Risk-based corrective action, 65-68, 69
Risk-based screening level, 4
Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site, 21, 24, 26, 30, 32, 34, 35, 43, 53, 73, 214, 256
S
Safe Drinking Water Act, 42, 47-48, 52
Sandia National Laboratories, 43, 60, 73, 213, 230, 254, 259, 267, 268
Savannah River Site, 19, 21, 24, 26, 30, 32, 34, 35, 43, 53, 73, 150, 161, 214, 261, 265, 266, 267
Semivolatile organic compounds, 8, 99, 168, 193-194, 230
Sensor technologies, 83-84, 94, 95, 133, 137-140, 213, 216, 221, 225, 227, 228, 242, 266, 267
see also specific technologies
Sequential extraction procedures, 82-83
Single-extraction procedures, 83
Site characterization and analysis penetrometer system, 222, 225-228, 243
Site Screening and Technical Guidance for Monitored Natural Attenuation at DOE Sites, 60
Site technology coordination groups, 207
Site Technology Deployment Program, 211-212
Soil flushing and washing, 6, 18, 78, 81, 112, 113, 114-116, 121
Soil screening level, 49-50
Soil vapor extraction, 8, 9, 11, 135, 140-146, 150, 167, 168, 178, 193-194, 202, 215, 216, 229, 241-242, 266
thermally enhanced vapor extraction, 9, 228, 230-231, 243, 265
Solidification and stabilization techniques, 5, 78, 80, 101-103, 121, 215
Solvents
for DNAPL remediation, 134
see also Chlorinated solvents;
Cosolvent flushing
Southern States Energy Board, 209, 211
Speciation, metals and radionuclides, 76, 77, 80
State and local governments, 39, 40, 140, 206, 240
brownfields, 63-64
monitored natural attenuation, 60-61
risk-based corrective action, 65
Standards, see Regulatory issues
Strontium, 28, 29, 48, 102, 113
Subsurface barriers, 5, 9, 11, 12, 36, 84-96, 120, 136, 188, 213, 222, 225, 242-243
cryogenic barriers, 90, 216, 265, 266, 267
geologic, geochemical, and hydrologic conditions, 86, 90, 95-96
permeable reactive barriers, 5, 78, 80, 81, 103-107, 121, 136, 182 -188, 194, 213, 215, 217, 242, 265;
see also In situ redox manipulation
risk assessments, general, 9, 10, 11
trenching, 5, 43, 86-88, 106, 115, 121, 143, 152, 177, 183, 188
Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area, 2, 7, 9-13, 19, 202-236, 240-248
cost effectiveness, 12, 204-205, 236, 241, 246
funding, 9-11, 12, 13, 19-21, 208, 218-220, 235-236, 240-243 (passim), 244, 247-248
regulatory environment, 9, 10, 12, 39, 54, 55, 57, 61, 63, 68, 69, 221, 236, 243, 245
Superfund, see Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation program, 102, 113, 115, 179
Surfactants, 8, 134, 151, 154-159, 194, 241, 266
T
Technical assistance, Subsurface Contaminants Focus Area, 10, 12, 13, 246-247
Technical impracticability waivers, 54-58, 69
Technology Practices Manual for Surfactants and Cosolvents, 151
Trenching, 5, 43, 86-88, 106, 115, 121, 143, 152, 177, 183, 188
Tetrachloroethylene, 48
Thermal desorption volatile organic compound sampler, 137
Thermally enhanced vapor extraction, 9, 228, 230-231, 243, 242, 243, 265
Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure
Toxic Substances Control Act, 42
Trichloroethane, 181
Trichloroethylene, 29, 48, 52, 53, 106, 149, 156, 157, 161-162, 167, 172-182 (passim), 186-187, 189-191, 230
U
Uranium, 25, 28, 29, 32, 33, 48, 53, 73, 74, 76, 77, 111, 213, 254 -263
Uranium Mill Tailings Remediation Control Act, 3, 22, 43, 46-47, 49, 51, 68
V
Vadose zone, 84, 94, 95, 130, 131, 132
Video imaging system, (GeoVIS), 137
Vinyl chloride, 29, 48, 173, 176, 177, 179, 186-187, 190
Vitrification, see In situ vitrification
Volatile organic compounds, 137, 140-146, 150, 161, 178, 186, 213
see also Semivolatile organic compounds
W
Weather, see Climatic conditions
Wildlife, 33-35
World Wide Web, see Internet