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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This project was supported by Contract No. 68-C-98-003 between the National Academy of Sciences and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.
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COMMITTEE ON RESEARCH PRIORITIES FOR AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER
JONATHAN SAMET (Chair),
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
GLEN CASS,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
JUDITH CHOW,
Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada
BART E. CROES,
California Air Resources Board, Sacramento, California
ROBERT E. FORSTER,
The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
DANIEL S. GREENBAUM,
Health Effects Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
MAUREEN HENDERSON,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
PHILIP K. HOPKE,
Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York
PETROS KOUTRAKIS,
Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
DANIEL KREWSKI,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario
PAUL LIOY,
University of Medicine and Dentistry-New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey
JOE L. MAUDERLY,
Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
ROGER O. McCLELLAN,
Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
GÜNTER OBERDÖRSTER,
University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
REBECCA PARKIN,
George Washington University, Washington, D.C.
JOYCE E. PENNER,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
RICHARD SCHLESINGER,
New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York
FRANK E. SPEIZER,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
MARK UTELL,
University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
RONALD WHITE,
American Lung Association, Washington, D.C.
WARREN WHITE,
Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
RONALD WYZGA,
Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California
TERRY F. YOSIE,
Chemical Manufacturers Association, Arlington, Virginia
Project Staff
JAMES J. REISA, Principal Staff Officer
KULBIR BAKSHI, Senior Staff Officer
RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Senior Staff Officer
EILEEN ABT, Research Associate
JAMIE YOUNG, Research Associate
LEE PAULSON, Editor
MILLICENT ANDERSON, Assistant to the Director
TRACIE HOLBY, Senior Project Assistant
BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY
GORDON ORIANS (Chair),
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
DONALD MATTISON (Vice Chair),
March of Dimes, White Plains, New York
DAVID ALLEN,
University of Texas, Austin, Texas
MAY R. BERENBAUM,
University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
EULA BINGHAM,
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
PAUL BUSCH,
Malcolm Pimie, Inc., White Plains, New York
PETER L. DEFUR,
Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
DAVID L. EATON,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
ROBERT A. FROSCH,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
JOHN GERHART,
University of California, Berkeley, California
MARK HARWELL,
University of Miami, Miami, Florida
ROGENE HENDERSON,
Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico
CAROL HENRY,
Chemical Manufacturers Association, Arlington, Virginia
BARBARA HULKA,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
DANIEL KREWSKI,
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario
JAMES A. MACMAHON,
Utah State University, Logan, Utah
MARIO J. MOLINA,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
CHARLES O'MELIA,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
KIRK SMITH,
University of California, Berkeley, California
MARGARET STRAND,
Oppenheimer Wolff Donnelly & Bayh, LLP, Washington, D.C.
TERRY F. YOSIE,
Chemical Manufacturers Association, Arlington, Virginia
Senior Staff
JAMES J. REISA, Director
DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Associate Director and Senior Program Director for Applied Ecology
CAROL A. MACZKA, Senior Program Director for Toxicology and Risk Assessment
RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Senior Program Director for Environmental Sciences and Engineering
KULBIR BAKSHI, Program Director for the Committee on Toxicology
LEE R. PAULSON, Program Director for Resource Management
COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES
MICHAEL T. CLEGG (Chair),
University of California, Riverside, California
PAUL BERG (Vice Chair),
Stanford University, Stanford, California
FREDERICK R. ANDERSON,
Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, Washington, D.C.
JOHN C. BAILAR III,
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
JOANNA BURGER,
Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
SHARON L. DUNWOODY,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
DAVID EISENBERG,
University of California, Los Angeles, California
JOHN EMMERSON,
Portland, Oregon
NEAL FIRST,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
DAVID J. GALAS,
Chiroscience R&D Inc., Bothell, Washington
DAVID V. GOEDDEL,
Tularik, Inc., South San Francisco, California
ARTURO GOMEZ-POMPA,
University of California, Riverside, California
COREY S. GOODMAN,
University of California, Berkeley, California
HENRY HEIKKINEN,
University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado
BARBARA S. HULKA,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
HANS J. KENDE,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
CYNTHIA KENYON,
University of California, San Francisco, California
MARGARET G. KIDWELL,
University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
BRUCE R. LEVIN,
Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
OLGA F. LINARES,
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Miami, Florida
DAVID LIVINGSTON,
Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
DONALD R. MATTISON,
March of Dimes, White Plains, New York
ELLIOT M. MEYEROWITZ,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
ROBERT T. PAINE,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
RONALD R. SEDEROFF,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
ROBERT R. SOKAL,
State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York
CHARLES F. STEVENS,
The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California
SHIRLEY M. TILGHMAN,
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
JOHN L. VANDEBERG,
Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas
RAYMOND L. WHITE,
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
Staff
WARREN R. MUIR, Executive Director
JACQUELINE K. PRINCE, Financial Officer
BARBARA B. SMITH, Administrative Associate
KIT W. LEE, Senior Program Assistant
COMMISSION ON GEOSCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT, AND RESOURCES
GEORGE M. HORNBERGER (Chair),
University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
RICHARD A. CONWAY (retired),
Union Carbide Corporation, South Charleston, West Virginia
THOMAS E. GRAEDEL,
Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
THOMAS J. GRAFF,
Environmental Defense Fund, Oakland, California
EUGENIA KALNAY,
University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
DEBRA KNOPMAN,
Progressive Policy Institute, Washington, D.C.
KAI LEE,
Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
RICHARD A. MESERVE,
Covington & Burling, Washington, D.C.
JOHN B. MOONEY, JR.,
J. Brad Mooney Associates, Ltd., Arlington, Virginia
HUGH C. MORRIS,
El Dorado Gold Corporation, Vancouver, British Columbia
H. RONALD PULLIAM,
University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
MILTON RUSSELL,
University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
THOMAS C. SCHELLING,
University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
ANDREW R. SOLOW,
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
VICTORIA J. TSCHINKEL,
Landers and Parsons, Tallahassee, Florida
E-AN ZEN,
University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
MARY LOU ZOBACK,
U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California
Staff
ROBERT M. HAMILTON, Executive Director
GREGORY H. SYMMES, Associate Executive Director
CRAIG SCHIFFRIES, Associate Executive Director for Special Projects
JEANETTE SPOON, Administrative and Financial Officer
SANDI FITZPATRICK, Administrative Associate
MARQUITA SMITH, Administrative Assistant/Technology Analyst
OTHER REPORTS OF THE BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY
Ozone-Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline (1999)
Risk-Based Waste Classification in California (1999)
Arsenic in Drinking Water (1999)
Research Priorities for Airbome Particulate Matter: I. Immediate Priorities and a Long-Range Research Portfolio (1998)
Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area (1998)
The National Research Council's Committee on Toxicology: The First 50 Years (1997)
Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests (1997)
Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet (1996)
Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (1996)
Science and the Endangered Species Act (1995)
Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995)
Biologic Markers (5 reports, 1989–1995)
Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (3 reports, 1994–1995)
Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)
Ranking Hazardous Waste Sites for Remedial Action (1994)
Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)
Issues in Risk Assessment (1993)
Setting Priorities for Land Conservation (1993)
Protecting Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas (1993)
Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992)
Hazardous Materials on the Public Lands (1992)
Science and the National Parks (1992)
Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards (1991)
Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program, Volumes I–IV (1991–1993)
Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)
Monitoring Human Tissues for Toxic Substances (1991)
Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991)
Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)
Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academy Press
(800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313
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PREFACE
A major research effort is under way to improve scientific understanding of airborne particulate matter and its effects on human health. Requested and funded by Congress, and conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), other federal and state government agencies, and nongovernmental organizations, this research effort is directed at reducing the scientific and technical uncertainties in the evidence related to regulation of airborne particulate matter in the United States.
At the request of Congress and EPA, the National Research Council's Committee on Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter is independently advising and monitoring the implementation of the research. The committee's first report, Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter: I. Immediate Priorities and a Long-Range Research Portfolio, was released in March 1998. It identified 10 high-priority research topics linked to key policy-related scientific uncertainties and presented a 13-year "research investment portfolio" containing recommended short-term and long-term timing, phasing, and estimated costs of research on each topic. The committee is pleased to note that Congress, EPA, and the scientific community have given strong support to the committee's recommendations and have implemented substantial changes in research efforts in response to the first report.
This is the second of four planned reports by the committee. In this report, the committee describes its plans for monitoring the progress of research. In addition, the research recommendations from the com-
mittee's first report are reviewed and updated, and two of the recommended research areas are substantially revised. Subsequent reports in 2000 and 2002 will describe and evaluate the results of the research.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report: Arthur DuBois, Yale University; Sheldon Friedlander, University of California at Los Angeles; Robert Frosch, Harvard University; Carol Henry, Chemical Manufacturers Association; Donald Hornig (review monitor), Harvard University; Morton Lippmann, New York University; Donald Mattison (review coordinator), March of Dimes Birth Defects Foundation; Thomas Peterson, University of Arizona; and Robert Phalen, University of California at Irvine.
While the individuals listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, it must be emphasized that responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the NRC.
The committee gratefully acknowledges John Bachmann, Daniel Costa, Robert Devlin, William Farland, Judith Graham, Lester Grant, Henry Longest, Peter Preuss, Frank Princiotta, Kenneth Reid, Lawrence Reiter, Richard Scheffe, John Vandenberg, and James Vickery of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; George Malindzak of the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences; Daniel Albritton of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; Doyle Pendleton of Southwest Texas State University; Charles Pietarinen of the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection; Melvin Zeldin of the South Coast Air Quality Management District; and Steven Cadle of General Motors (representing NARSTO, a multinational North American consortium for atmospheric research in support of air-quality management) for making presentations or providing information to the committee.
In addition, we are grateful to the 40 or so EPA and EPA-supported scientists who made research poster presentations to the committee on June 23, 1998, in Research Triangle Park, NC.
We are grateful for the assistance of the NRC staff in preparing the report. Staff members who contributed to this effort are James J. Reisa, director of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology and principal staff officer for the committee; Raymond Wassel and Kulbir Bakshi, senior staff officers; Laurie Geller, staff officer; Eileen Abt and Jamie Young, research associates; Lee Paulson, editor; Millicent Anderson, assistant to the director; and Tracie Holby, senior program assistant.
Finally, I would like to thank all the members of the committee for their dedicated efforts throughout the development of this report.
Jonathan Samet, M.D., M.S.
Chair, Committee on Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter
CONTENTS
TABLES
TABLE 1.1 |
EPA's Review And Implementation Timetable for Particulate-Matter Standards |
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TABLE 1.2 |
Key Scientific Uncertainties Related to the Source-to-Response Framework |
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TABLE 1.3 |
The Committee's Research Investment Portfolio |
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TABLE 1.4 |
EPA Budgets for Particulate Matter Research |
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TABLE 3.1 |
The Committee's Updated Research Portfolio for Fiscal Years 2000–2010 |
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TABLE 3.2 |
The Committee's Technical Support Estimates |
FIGURES