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TECHROIOGIES FOR
ERVIRORMERTAI MARAGEMERT
THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY'S
OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Board on Radioactive Waste Management
Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the
Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn
from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of
Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee
responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with
regard for appropriate balance.
This work was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, Contracts No.
DE-FC01-94EW54069 and DE-FC01-99EW59049. All opinions, findings,
conclusions, and recommendations expressed herein are those of the authors and
do not necessarily reflect Me views of the Department of Energy.
International Standard Book Number 0-309-06647-6
Additional copies of this report are available from:
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Ave., NW
Box 285
Washington, DC 20055
800-624-6242
202-334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan Area)
http://www.nap.edu
Copyright 1999 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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"'1'~i~iTl~ ~
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
A::~:AD~
~..~ (a
.C hi.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of
distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the
furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the
authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a
mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical
matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of
the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers.
It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with
the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government.
The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at
meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior
achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy
of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences
to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination
of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the
responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to
be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of
medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute
of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in
1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's
purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in
accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become
the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the
National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public,
and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by
both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William
A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research
Council.
. . .
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BOARD ON RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT
MICHAEL C. KAVANAUGH, Chair, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., Oakland,
Californiai
JOHN F. AHEARNE, Vice-Chair, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society,
and Duke University, Research Triangle Park and Durham, North
Carolina2
ROBERT J. BUDNITZ, Future Resources Associates, Inc., Berkeley,
Californian
MARY R. ENGLISH, University of Tennessee, Knoxvillei
DARLEANE C. HOFFMAN, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley,
California
JAMES H. JOHNSON, JR., Howard University, Washington, D.C.
ROGER E. KASPERSON, Clark University, Worcester, Massachusetts
JAMES O. LECKIE, Stanford University, Stanford, California
JANE C.S. LONG, University of Nevada, Reno
CHARLES MCCOMBIE, International Consultant, Wettingen, Switzerland
WILLIAM A. MILLS, Oak Ridge Associated Universities (retired), Olney,
Maryland
D. WARNER NORTH, NorthWorks, Inc., Belmont, Californiai
MARTIN J. STEINDLER, Argonne National Laboratory (retired), Argonne,
Illinois
JOHN J. TAYLOR, Electric Power Research Institute (retired), Palo Alto,
California
MARY LOU ZOBACK, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California
NRC Staff
GREGORY H. SYMMES, Study Director
SUSAN B. MOCKLER, Research Associate
TONI GREENLEAF, Administrative Associate
LAURA D. LLANOS, Project Assistant
Member of Committee on Environmental Management Technologies (CEMT)
Working Group
2Chair of CEMT Working Group
IV
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COMMISSION ON GEOSCIENCES, ENVIRONMENT, AND
RESOURCES
GEORGE M. HORNBERGER, Chair, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
RICHARD A. CONWAY, Union Carbide Corporation (retired), South
Charleston, West Virginia
THOMAS E. GRAEDEL, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
THOMAS J. GRAFF, Environmental Defense Fund, Oakland, California
EUGENIA KALNAY, University of Maryland, College Park
DEBRA KNOPMAN, Progressive Policy Institute, Washington, D.C.
KAI N. LEE, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts
BRAD MOONEY, J. Brad Mooney Associates, Ltd., Arlington, Virginia
HUGH C. MORRIS, E1 Dorado Gold Corporation, Vancouver, British
Columbia
H. RONALD PULLIAM, University of Georgia, Athens
MILTON RUSSELL, Joint Institute for Energy and Environment and
University of Tennessee (emeritus), Knoxville
THOMAS C. SCHELLING, University of Maryland, College Park
ANDREW R. SOLOW, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole,
Massachusetts
VICTORIA J. TSCHINKEL, Landers and Parsons, Tallahassee, Florida
E-AN ZEN, University of Maryland, College Park
MARY LOU ZOBACK, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California
NRC Staff
ROBERT M. HAMILTON, Executive Director
GREGORY H. SYMMES, Associate Executive Director
JEANETTE SPOON, Administrative and Financial Officer
DAVID FEARY, Scientific Reports Officer
SANDI FITZPATRICK, Administrative Associate
MARQUITA SMITH, Administrative Assistant/Technology Analyst
v
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Preface
The Department of Energy's Environmental Management Program (DOE-
EM) is one of the largest environmental cleanup efforts in world history (the
analogue in Greco-Roman mythic tradition being the cleanup of the Augean
stables). The EM division charged with developing or finding technologies to
accomplish this massive feat, its Office of Science and Technology (OST), has
been reviewed extensively, including six reports from committees of the
National Research Council's (NRC's) Board on Radioactive Waste Management
(BROOM) that have been released since December 1998. These committees
examined different components of OST's technology development program,
including its decision-making and peer review processes and its efforts to
develop technologies in the areas of decontamination and decommissioning,
waste forms for mixed waste, tank waste, and subsurface contamination.
Gerald Boyd, head of OST, asked the BROOM to summarize the major
findings and recommendations of these reports and synthesize any common
issues into a number of overarching recommendations to EM and OST. Such an
overarching assessment is timely because it occurs soon after the appointment
of a new Assistant Secretary for Environmental Management.
This report was written by a working group formed from members of the
BRWM.i The working group developed a work plan, prepared a background
paper and detailed summaries of the six reports reviewed, and held a meeting in
early February win representatives of the committees that prepared the reports.
The working group prepared drafts of this report, which were subsequently
discussed by the entire board at its June 1999 and November 1999 board
meetings. The report has been approved by all BROOM members.
~ The following BROOM members serve on this working group: John Ahearne
(chair), Robert Budnitz, Mary English, Michael Kavanaugh, and Warner North.
vii
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. . ~
V111
TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENV7RONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
The working group thanks those representatives of BROOM committees who
participated in the meeting in February: Martin Steindler, Tanks Committee;
John Fountain, Peer Review and Subsurface Contaminants Committees; Ray
Wymer (chair), Decision Making Committee; Sol Burstein, D&D Committee;
and Paul DeJonghe (chair),'Mixed Waste Committee. In addition, the board
gratefully acknowledges the assistance of NRC staff involved in this study. In
particular, Toni Greenleaf did an exceptional job organizing the meeting and
overseeing the preparation of drafts of this report. Susan Mockler assisted in
preparing meeting summaries, performed research tasks for the study, and
edited various drafts of the report. Laura Llanos prepared the camera-ready
copy of this report. Gregory Symmes, who served as study director for this
project, made major contributions in helping shape the board's ideas into a
coherent report and in assisting the board to respond to extensive reviewer
comments. Kevin Crowley provided helpful suggestions throughout the study.
This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their
diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures
approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this
independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist
the institution in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure
that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and
responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript
remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We thank
the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:
Corale Brierley, Brierley Consultancy, LLC
Thomas A. Cotton, JK Research Associates, Inc.
Allen G. Croff, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Lloyd Duscha, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (retired)
Harold Forsen, Bechtel Corporation (retired)
John Fountain, State University of New York, Buffalo
William Kastenberg, University of California, Berkeley
Milton Levenson, Bechtel International (retired)
Frank Parker, Vanderbilt University
Bruce M. Thomson, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque
Detlof von Winterfeldt, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
While the individuals listed above have provided constructive comments and
suggestions, it must be emphasized that responsibility for the final content of
this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.
John Ahearne
Chair, CEMT Working Group
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Contents
SUMMARY
INTRODUCTION
This Report, 10
Background, 14
2 CLARIFY THE ROLE AND MISSION OF OST
Strategic Planning and Prioritization, 20
Long-Term Objectives, 21
3 PUT DISCIPLINE INTO DECISION MAKING
Framing Decisions, 22
Making Decisions, 27
Prioritizing Needs and Measuring Results, 34
4 EXPAND OST'S REACH OUTSIDE DOE
Recommendations, 37
5 ADDRESS CONSTRAINTS TO TECHNOLOGY
IMPLEMENTATION
Constraints Within DOE, 38
Constraints External to DOE, 39
Conclusion, 42
Recommendations, 42
REFERENCES
lox
8
18
22
36
38
44
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x
TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENFlRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
APPENDIXES
A List of Recommendations from A Review of Decontamination and
Decommissioning Technology Development Programs at the
Department of Energy
B List of Recommendations from Peer Review in Environmental
Technology Development Programs: The Department of Energy's
Ounce of Science arm Technology
List of Recommendations from An End State Methodology for
Identifying Technology Needs for Environmental Management,
with an Example from the Hanford Site Tanks
D List of Recommendations from The State of Development of Waste
Forms for Mined Wastes: U.S. Department of Energy 's Office of
Environmental Management
List of Recommendations from Groundwater and Soil Cleanup:
Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants
List of Recommendations from Decision Making in the U.S.
Department of Energy's Environmental Management Office of
Science and Technology
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Organizational Structure of Relevant Parts of the Department of
Energy's Office of Environmental Management as of August 1999
49
52
55
58
62
65
72
73
