Page 349
Index
A
Acid pollution, 49, 86, 140, 155, 157, 189, 207, 217
Advanced Research Projects Agency, 300
Aerosols, 84, 86, 210, 217, 248
Aesthetics, 14, 23, 97, 99, 242, 314, 317
Africa, 66
agricultural production, 12-13, 308, 309
desertification, 44
population, 63
unemployment, 37
urban housing, 35
Agenda 21, see International Conference on an Agenda of Science for Environment and Development into the 21st Century
Agricultural sector, 7, 11, 12-13, 74, 93-95, 96, 191, 196-199, 206-207, 209, 212, 222-223, 307-309, 317
alien species, 77
biotechnology, 13, 94-95, 197, 199, 280, 308, 309
animals, 257-258
consumption data, 70
deforestation, 5, 77, 95-96, 99-100, 101, 215, 313
degradation syndrome, 287
developing countries, 12-13, 308, 309
desertification, 44, 66, 94, 191, 287
diseases linked to irrigation, 99
ecosystem protection, 221, 308-309
employment, 37-38
historical perspectives, 93-94
integrated assessment models, 143
irrigation, 91, 94, 99, 157, 197, 198, 199, 212, 221, 284, 316
nongovernmental organizations, 12-13, 309
pollination, 221
private sector, 308
regional information systems, 156-157
technological factors, general, 13, 74, 94-95, 197, 199, 308;
see also "biotechnology," "irrigation," and ''pesticides" supra
see also Food and nutrition; Rural areas
Page 350
Air pollution, 7, 13, 14, 31, 45, 83-87, 188-189, 190, 194, 203, 204, 209, 210-211, 215, 216-219, 237, 250-251, 310
acid pollution, 49, 86, 140, 155, 157, 189, 207, 217
aerosols, 84, 86, 210, 217, 248
carbon dioxide, 84, 166, 204, 207, 209, 210, 217, 219, 220, 248, 250-251
carbon monoxide, 86
chlorofluorocarbons, 41-42, 45, 83-84, 187, 264
developing countries, 87, 166-167
indoor air pollution, 188, 189, 190
integrated assessment models, 139, 140, 218-219
nitrogen oxides, 41, 46, 204, 205, 209, 217
ozone-layer depletion, 4, 7, 10, 16, 41-42, 44, 46, 48, 83-84, 138, 143, 187, 188-189, 190, 237, 248, 264, 281;
see also "Chlorofluorocarbons" supra
place-based research, 286
regional, 4, 5, 44, 86-87, 139, 140, 218-219, 248-249, 279, 288, 316-317
scenarios, 154
sulfates, 41, 46, 80, 86, 204, 205, 217, 248-249
urban areas, 78, 86-87, 195, 217, 316-317
volatile organic compounds, 41, 46, 217
see also Climate; Greenhouse gases
Alien species, 77, 96-97, 215, 250-251, 316
ASCEND 21, see International Conference on an Agenda of Science for Environment and Development into the 21st Century
air pollution, 87
economic integration, 75
South and Southeast Asia, 33, 45
urban housing, 35
Assessment methodologies
Driving Force-State-Response framework, 242
experts, use of, 136, 137-138, 156-157, 186
integrated assessment models, 5, 49, 139-149, 159, 218-219
interdisciplinary approaches, 10, 11, 17, 18, 135, 136-137, 148, 208, 280, 281-282, 283-285, 289, 296, 298, 301-302, 306, 318
place-based initiatives, 10, 222-223, 279, 285-288, 298, 299, 302
Pressure-State-Response framework, 235-239, 254-255, 260, 261-262
scenarios, 5, 49, 136, 137, 139, 147-154, 156, 158, 161-176, 295
sensitivity analyses, 146, 153
strategic gaming, 138-139
sustainability science, 10-11, 51, 279-288, 318-320
see also Indicators; Uncertainty
B
Bangladesh, 34
Biodiversity, 4, 13-14, 23, 24, 31, 43, 44, 47, 80, 95, 96-97, 101, 191, 208, 212, 220, 256-258, 281, 286, 312-316
alien species, 77, 96-97, 215, 250-251, 316
see also Endangered species
Biogeochemical cycles, 9, 60, 80, 188, 210, 220, 282
see also Pollution
Biotechnology, 13, 94-95,197,199, 280, 308, 309
animals, 257-258
Birth control, see Contraceptives and contraception; Family planning
Birth rates, 5, 12, 60, 61, 101, 303-305
see also Family planning
Brundtland Commission, 2, 21, 22, 26, 27, 136, 188, 189, 243, 275
air pollution, 203
funds and financing, 28
ecosystems, 312
Page 351
population growth, 192, 195, 197, 303
sectoral goals, general, 7, 11, 186, 192, 223, 302, 316
sustainable development defined, 23, 25
water supply, 212
C
Carbon dioxide, 84, 166, 204, 207, 209, 210, 217, 219, 220, 248, 250-251
Carbon monoxide, 86
Carbon tetrachloride, 42
Caring for the Earth, 281
Carnegie Commission, 299
Carrying capacities, 11, 27, 289-290
CGIAR, see Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
Children, 24, 34-35, 38-40, 245
birth rates, 5, 12, 60, 61, 101, 303-305
family planning, 12, 192, 193, 303-305
Chlorofluorocarbons, 41-42, 45, 83-84, 187, 264
Circulatory systems, see Planetary circulatory systems
CITES, see Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
Cities, see Urban areas
El Niño-Southern Oscillation, 77, 88, 93
global change, general, 7, 42, 45, 49, 84-85, 101, 141, 145, 186, 189, 209, 210, 214, 220, 222-223, 237, 279, 281
Framework Convention on Climate Change, 41, 46, 290
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 26, 136, 147, 209, 288, 295-296
World Climate Research Program, 282, 285, 300
see also Greenhouse gases
integrated assessment models, 139, 140, 141, 145, 146, 147
place-based research, 286
scenarios, 153, 162, 164, 165-176
Club of Rome, 139
Commission on Sustainable Development, see United Nations
Communications, see Telecommunications
Compass and Gyroscope, 30
Computer technology, 74, 75, 235, 249, 311
databases, intellectual property rights, 293-294
Conference on the Human Environment, 22
Conference on the Transition to Sustainability, 17, 289
Conservation, 8, 99, 256-257, 312-316
ecosystem restoration, 13, 255-258, 261-262, 312-316
local inventories, 9
see also Biodiversity; Fish and fisheries; Forests and forestry; Wildlife
Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, 299-300
Consumption and consumption patterns, 5, 9, 11, 25, 30-31, 59, 69-71, 80-81, 83, 199-200, 202, 249, 291-292, 303, 309-312
energy resources, 30, 31, 69-71, 174-175, 200, 263-264, 292, 303
materials, general, 30, 31, 69, 70-71, 80-81, 199-201, 262, 303
scenarios, 152
see also Drinking water; Irrigation
Contraception and contraceptives, 12, 193, 304-305
see also Family planning
Conventional Worlds, 150, 151, 152, 161
Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft, 43
Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, 43
Page 352
Convention on Biological Diversity, 44
Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the Living Resources of the High Seas, 43, 46
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 44
Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, 41, 140
Convention on the Conservation of Migratory species of Wild Animals, 43
Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter, 43
Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes, 41
Convention on the Protection of birds, 43
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Water-fowl Habitat, 44
Critical loads, 11, 41, 249, 252-254, 289-290
aesthetics, 14, 23, 97, 99, 242, 314, 317
ethical and moral considerations, 14, 23, 32, 97
integrated assessment models, 143
regional information systems, 157
scenarios, 152
see also Political factors; Social factors
Current Forces and Trends, 161-164, 165-166, 167-176
D
Death rates, 5, 60, 61, 101, 192
Decarbonization, 13, 137, 262, 291, 310
Degradation syndrome, 287
Demographic factors, 17, 81, 101
elderly persons, 303
integrated assessment models, 143
local inventories of landscapes and ecosystems, 9
scenarios, 162
see also Birth rates; Children; Death rates; Gender factors; Population growth; Rural areas; Urban areas
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, 318
Department of Defense, ARPA, 300
Desertification, 44, 66, 94, 191, 287
Developing countries, 1, 15, 18, 22, 30
African agricultural sector, 12-13, 308, 309
agriculture, other, 94
children, 34-35
economic inequality within, 69
energy production, 204
GDP, 67
Human Development Index, 64
private sector investment, 28, 195
urban areas, 35, 36, 39, 83, 195-196
water supply, 92;
see also Drinking water
Disasters, 4, 38, 100, 150, 188, 189, 191, 287
see also Surprises, environmental
Diseases and disorders, 5, 40, 60, 65-66, 101, 189, 191, 193-194, 200
emergence and reemergence, 5, 66, 99-100, 101, 187, 250-251
fertility and, 304
indoor air pollution, 188, 189, 190
plant and animal, 82
see also Death rates
DIVERSITAS program, 281
Drinking water, 5, 12, 31, 35, 36, 39, 40-41, 64, 83, 90-93, 188, 190, 195, 196, 245
see also Sanitation
Driving Force-State-Response framework, 242
Page 353
E
Earth Summit, see "Conference on Environment and Development" under United Nations
Earth Transformed, 80
Eco-communalism, 152
Ecological Principles for Economic Development, 280-281
Economic factors, 8, 25, 31, 43, 240-241, 263
European integration, 75, 235, 299
GDP, 64, 67, 69, 70, 170-171, 234, 260
GNP, 75
global connectedness, 4-5, 11, 30, 59, 75-79, 101, 153, 186, 283, 291
indicators, general, 237, 260;
see also specific indicators
input-output analyses, 13, 71, 206, 311
integrated assessment models, 139, 142, 143, 144, 146-147
market forces, 11, 60, 76, 94, 197, 202, 205, 307
national capital accounts, 9, 237, 242, 259, 261, 313
per capita income, 64
R&D investment, 16, 28, 300-301, 315
regional information systems, 157
scenarios, 148, 150-152, 162, 163-165
taxation, 203
wealth disparities, 5, 69, 71, 78, 101, 163, 165, 168, 195
see also Consumption and consumption patterns; Developing countries; Employment; Funding; Poverty
Ecosystems, 5, 44, 83, 97-99, 101, 206-208, 220-221, 250-251, 256-258, 286
agricultural, protection of, 221, 308-309
carrying capacities, 11, 27, 289-290
critical loads, 11, 41, 249, 252-254, 289-290
degradation syndrome, 287
desertification, 44, 66, 94, 191, 287
ecosystem services, 13-14, 23, 67, 97-98, 101, 255, 306, 313
environmental hazards, 188
freshwater, 41-42, 46, 97-98, 211, 214
global targets, 4
human domination, 80-81, 101, 313-314
integrated assessment models, 143
local inventories, 9
restoration, 13, 255-258, 261-262, 312-316
wetlands, 41-42, 44, 46, 97-98, 215
see also Biodiversity
Education, 7, 12, 25, 29, 31, 36-37, 48, 192, 237
family planning, 305
employment and, 74
international targets, 4, 38, 39
learning disabilities, 34
lifelong learning, 66
school enrollment ratios, 64
see also Social learning
Elderly persons, 303
El Niño-Southern Oscillation, 77, 88, 93
EMEP, see Geneva Protocol on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe
Employment, 4, 37-38, 39, 66, 75, 192, 201-202
Africa, 37
fertility and, 305
globalization and, 75-76
minimum wage, 37
Endangered species, 4, 5, 23, 43-44, 97, 99, 256
Endangered Species Act, 256
Energy resources, 7-8, 11, 13, 26, 31, 75, 80, 203-206, 212, 302, 309-312
automobiles, energy-efficient, 310
consumption patterns, 30, 31, 69-71, 174-175, 200, 263-264, 292, 303
Page 354
historical perspectives, 70, 264
household efficiency, 13
place-based research, 286
private sector, 311-312
recycling and reuse of materials, 201
regional information systems, 157, 158
scenarios, 174-175
taxation, 203
technological factors, 13, 72, 203-207, 310-312
water supply and, 93
ENSO, see El Niño-Southern Oscillation
Environmental hazards, 185-192, 263, 282, 287
see also Surprises, environmental
Environmental Protection Agency, 188-189
education, gender disparities, 36, 39
wealth disparities, 5, 69, 71, 78, 101, 163, 165, 168, 195
Ethical and moral considerations, 14, 23, 32, 97
Europe, 250-251, 293, 296, 299
acid pollution, 86, 140, 155, 157
birth/death rates, 61
critical loads, 290
economic integration, 75, 235, 299
homelessness, 35
hunger, 47
unemployment, 37
Exotic species, see Alien species
Expertise, 136, 137-138, 156-157, 186
F
Family planning, 12, 192, 193, 303-305
see also Contraceptives and contraception
FAO, see UN Food and Agricultural Organization
Federal government, 239, 240-241, 242, 299, 300, 302
endangered species legislation, 256
Environmental Protection Agency, 188-189
fisheries protection legislation, 89
Forest Service, 318
Fertility, see Birth rates
Fish and fisheries, 4, 5, 46, 87, 88-90, 101, 191, 207, 313
marine mammals, 4, 43, 46, 97, 316
Food and nutrition, 4, 32-33, 39, 92, 190, 196-199, 307-309
hunger, 4, 13, 31, 32-33, 40, 45, 47, 48, 94, 101, 161-176, 196-197, 246-247, 306, 307-308
production, general, 7, 70; see also Agricultural sector
toxins, 200
transportation, 77
Forests and forestry, 60, 80, 95, 98, 101, 191, 207, 318
tropical deforestation, 5, 77, 95-96, 99-100, 101, 215, 313
Framework Convention on Climate Change, 41, 46, 290
G
Gaming techniques, see Strategic gaming techniques
GDP, see Gross Domestic Product
Gender factors, 36, 39, 64-65, 74, 305
Genetic engineering, see Biotechnology
Geneva Protocol on Long-term Financing of the Cooperative Programme for Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe, 250-251
German Advisory Council on Global Change, 137, 287, 288
German Enquette Commissions, 136
Global Environmental Outlook 2000, 27
Global Environment Facility, 28, 315
Global Scenario Group, 150-153, 159, 161-176
Great Transition, 150, 152, 161
Greenhouse gases, 4, 5, 7, 13, 44, 46, 84-85, 101, 138, 203-204, 209, 210, 211, 217-219, 248
Page 355
decarbonization, 13, 137, 262, 291, 310
integrated assessment models, 141, 146-147
scenarios, 153, 162, 164, 165-176
see also Carbon dioxide; Carbon monoxide; Methane
Gross Domestic Product, 64, 67, 69, 70, 170-171, 234, 260
Gross National Product, 75
H
Harvard Water Program, 156
Hazards, see Environmental hazards
HFCs, see Hydro fluorocarbons
Health issues, 7, 24, 192, 193-194, 200, 208, 237
indoor air pollution, 188, 189, 190
sanitation, 35, 36, 39, 83, 195-196, 245
see also Birth rates; Death rates; Diseases and disorders; Drinking water; Food and nutrition
Historical perspectives, 15-16, 18-19, 59-101, 196, 237
agricultural land use, 93-94
air pollution, 205
carrying capacities, 289-290
demographic transition, 61-67, 101
environmental surprises, 263-264
integrated assessment models, 139-140, 144-145
regional information systems, 155-157
scenarios, 149
sustainability science, 279, 280-283, 319
sustainable development, concept, 2, 21, 22-23, 26-29, 275, 280-282
technological development, 71-73, 282-283
water consumption, 90-91
well-being trends (HDI), 64
Households, 83
energy efficiency, 13
GDP accounting for value of family work in, 67
hunger, 45
Housing, 31, 35-36, 39, 48, 66, 237
indicators, 245
international targets, 4
Human Development Index, 64
Hunger and Carbon Reduction, 161, 165-176
I
energy and materials use, 201, 311-312
technological development, 11, 292-293
Indicators, general, 3, 5-6, 8-10, 11, 19, 50, 82, 233-265, 294-295, 315
Driving Force-State-Response framework, 242
food and nutrition, 245, 246-247
life support systems, 234, 240
Pressure-State-Response model, 235-239, 254-255, 260, 261-262
regional factors, 9, 237, 243, 248-254
social learning, 264-265
see also specific indicators (e.g., Birth rates; Gross Domestic Product)
Industrial sector, see Materials issues
Infant mortality, 64
Information technology, see Computer technology
Input-output analyses, 13, 71, 206, 311
Institutional factors, general, 3-4, 24, 133, 139, 240, 311
agricultural sector, 309
categorization of perturbations, 8
fisheries, 90
industrial organization, 73
interdisciplinary approaches, 10, 11, 17, 18, 135, 136-137, 148, 208, 280, 281-282, 283-285, 289, 296, 298, 301-302, 306, 318
Page 356
national capital accounts, 242, 259, 261
regional information systems, 154, 155
research initiatives, 288, 293-294, 298, 299-300
Integrated assessment models, 5, 49, 139-147, 159
air pollution, general, 139, 140, 218-219
climate change, 139, 140, 141, 145, 146-147
economic factors, 139, 142, 143, 144, 146-147
greenhouse gases, 141, 146-147
international agreements and conferences, general, 6, 146, 159
list of models and modellers, 141-142
regional factors, 139-143 (passim), 145, 146, 154
scenarios vs, 148-149
social factors, 6, 140, 144-145
summary characterizations of specific models, 143
Intellectual property, 293-294
see also Technology transfer
InterAcademy Panel on International Issues, 17, 289
Interdisciplinary approaches, 10, 11, 135, 136-137, 208, 280, 281-282, 283-285, 289, 296, 298, 301-302, 306, 318
scenarios, 148
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 26, 136, 147, 209, 288, 295-296
International agreements and conferences, general, 2, 3, 4, 9, 26, 28, 31, 256, 281, 288-289
integrated assessment models, 6, 146, 159
see also Nongovernmental organizations; specific agreements, conferences, and organizations
International Conference on an Agenda of Science for Environment and Development into the 21st Century, 26-29 (passim), 288
International Conference on Nutrition, 40
International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, 43
International Council for Science, 29, 282, 288, 289
International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade, 36
International Geosphere-Biosphere Program, 208, 282, 285, 287, 288, 300
International Human Dimensions Program, 208, 282, 285, 288, 300
International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, 139
International Monetary Fund, 250-251
International Organization for Standardization, 311
Invasive species, see Alien species
Irrigation, 91, 94, 99, 157, 197, 198, 199, 212, 284, 316
K
Kyoto Protocol, 41, 42, 46, 164
L
Landscapes, 13, 50, 91, 99, 206, 216, 221, 244, 254, 282, 287, 302, 314, 317
aesthetics, 14, 23, 97, 99, 242, 314, 317
air pollution, 87
hunger, 47
urban housing, 35
Life support systems, 3, 7, 8, 9, 13, 18, 23, 24, 31-32, 40-45, 101, 188, 275, 276
critical loads and carrying capacities, 11, 27, 41, 249, 252-254, 289-290
quantitative targets, 4
Page 357
regional impacts, 31
scenarios, general, 295
war, 30
see also Agricultural sector; Ecosystems; Energy resources; Food and nutrition; Materials issues; Wildlife
air pollution, 86
degradation syndrome, 287
global scale and, 2,187
indicators, 249-250
integrated assessment models, 145, 146
inventories of productive landscapes and ecosystems, 9
place-based initiatives, 10, 222-223, 279, 285-288, 298, 299, 302
scenarios, 153-154
surprises, 188
M
Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, 89
Marine environment, 31, 42-43, 46, 87-90, 210-211
sanctuaries, 44
see also Fish and fisheries
Marine mammals, 4, 43, 46, 97, 316
Market forces, 11, 202, 205, 307
Materials issues, 13, 31, 199-203, 282-283, 291, 309-312
consumption patterns, 30, 31, 69, 70-71, 80-81, 199-201, 262, 303
globalization, 76
material balance modeling, 13
private sector, 311-312
substitution of services for products, 13, 75
see also Waste and waste management
Methyl bromide, 42
Methyl chloroform, 42
Migration (human), 76-77, 78, 79, 153, 249
Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 41, 46
Moral considerations, see Ethical and moral considerations
Mortality rates, see Death rates
Multidisciplinary approach, see Interdisciplinary approach
N
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 282
National capital accounts, 9, 237, 242, 259, 261, 313
National Climate Impact Assessment, 146
National Science Foundation, 300
Natural resources, general, 20, 188, 191, 206-208, 237, 240, 250-253
concept of, 23
place-based research, 286
see also Conservation; Ecosystems; Energy resources; Forests and forestry; Landscapes; Marine environment; Wildlife
Netherlands Environmental Policy Performance Indicators Adriaanse, 240
New Sustainability Paradigm, 152
Nitrogen oxides, 41, 46, 204, 205, 209, 210, 217-218, 248-249
Nongovernmental organizations, general, 2, 22, 29, 79, 236
Africa agricultural production, 12-13, 309
see also specific organizations
North America, 318
Columbia Basin, 157-158, 296, 318
economic integration, 75
endangered species, 97
homelessness, 35
Northwest Power Planning Council, 157-158
Nutrition, see Food and nutrition
Page 358
O
Oceans, see El Niño-Southern Oscillation; Fish and fisheries; Marine environment
Office of Management and Budget, 299
Office of Science and Technology Policy, 299
Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, 47, 67, 86, 163-167 (passim)
Our Common Future, 22, 28, 189
Ozone layer depletion, 4, 7, 16, 41-42, 44, 46, 48, 83-84, 138, 143, 188-189, 190, 237, 248, 264, 281
chlorofluorocarbons, 41-42, 45, 83-84, 187, 264
P
Pakistan, 34
Parametric analyses, 146
Place-based initiatives, 10, 222-223, 279, 285-288, 298, 299, 302
Planetary circulatory systems, 9, 248-249, 250
Policy assessments, 9, 10, 16, 139, 260, 261-262, 295-296
experts, use of, 136, 137-138, 156-157, 186
integrated assessment models, 5, 49, 139-149, 159, 218-219
interdisciplinary approaches, 10, 11, 17, 18, 135, 136-137, 148, 208, 280, 281-282, 283-285, 289, 296, 298, 301-302, 306, 318
place-based initiatives, 10, 222-223, 279, 285-288, 298, 299, 302
scenarios, 5, 49, 136, 137, 139, 147-154, 156, 158, 161-176, 295
strategic gaming, 138-139
sustainability science, 10-11, 51, 279-288, 318-320
see also Uncertainty
Political factors, 7, 9, 16, 30, 299
regional information systems, 156-157
surprises, 188
sustainable development concept, 2, 22, 27, 275
urban areas, 306-307
Pollution, 5, 27, 30-31, 60, 80, 101, 138, 188, 190, 202, 210-211, 237
GDP accounting, 67
global connectedness and, 77
regional, 60
see also Air pollution; Waste and waste management; Water pollution
Population growth, 1, 7, 11, 15, 61-62, 91, 186, 192-194, 249, 276
birth rates, 5, 12, 60, 61, 101, 303-305
Brundtland Commission, 192, 195, 197, 303
child health and, 34
coastal areas, 88
death rates, 5, 60, 61, 101, 192
elderly persons, 303
family planning, 12, 192, 193, 303-305
migration, 76-77, 78, 79, 153, 249
projections, 1, 4, 12, 30, 61-62, 66, 70, 71, 163, 192, 193, 303, 304, 307
regional population distribution, 47, 163, 169
urbanization, 4-5, 12, 62-64, 194-196, 305-307
Poverty, 4, 15, 18, 31, 32, 48, 64, 101, 237, 306
Driving Force-State-Response framework, 242
GDP and, 67
hunger, trends, 4, 13, 31, 32-33, 40, 45, 163, 246-247, 306
indicators, 246-247
minimum wage, 37
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Pressure-State-Response model, 236, 238
see also Developing countries
Pressure-State-Response model, 235-239, 254-255, 260, 261-262
Private sector, 29
agricultural production, 308
contraceptives, 304
developing countries, investment in, 28, 195
energy and materials issues, 311-312
food production, 197
Public goods, 293
Q
see also Recreation
R
RAINS, see Regional Air Pollution Information and Simulation
Ramsar, see Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat
Recreation, 16, 23, 88, 90, 208, 215, 216, 237, 242, 287
aesthetics, 14, 23, 97, 99, 242, 314, 317
Recycling and reuse of waste, 7, 13, 72, 83, 92, 201, 254-255, 310-311
Regional Air Pollution Information and Simulation, 139, 140, 146
Regional factors, 25, 29, 60, 83, 139, 187, 221, 302, 316-317
air pollution, 4, 5, 86, 139, 140, 218-219, 248-249, 279, 288
comprehensive accounting frameworks, 138
degradation syndrome, 287
fishing stocks, 4
forests, 5
hunger and population, 47
indicators, 9, 237, 243, 248-254
integrated assessment models, 139-143 (passim), 145, 146, 154
global initiatives and, 2
place-based initiatives, 10, 222-223, 279, 285-288, 298, 299, 302
population distribution, 47, 163, 169
social learning, 6, 49, 158-159
unsustainablity, 81-82
critical loads, 11, 41, 249, 252-254, 289-290
water resources, 91, 93, 101, 216
zones of critical vulnerability, 9, 250-251
see also Ozone layer depletion
Regional information systems, 5, 49, 154-159
agriculture, 156-157
institutional factors, 154, 155
integrated assessment modeling and, 154
political factors, 156-157
temporal factors, 158-159
Resources for the Future, 138
Rome Declaration on World Food Security, 33
Royal Society of London, 69
Rural areas, 37, 212, 287, 291, 306
see also Agricultural sector
S
Sanitation, 35, 36, 39, 83, 195-196, 245
see also Drinking water
Scenarios, 5, 49, 136, 139, 147-154, 161-176, 295
climate change, 153, 162, 164, 165-176
economic factors, 148, 150-152, 162, 163-165
energy resources, 174-175
Global Scenario Group, 150-153, 159, 161-176
integrated assessment models vs, 148-149
Page 360
local factors, 153-154
political factors, 151-152, 153
regional factors, general, 169-174, 176
regional information systems and, 154, 156, 158
social factors, 148, 149, 150-151, 168
spatial factors, 140, 150, 153, 154
technological factors, 162, 164
temporal factors, 150, 152, 164, 166, 169-176
Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, 243, 282
Sensitivity analyses, 146, 153
Service sector, 309-310
national capital accounts, 242
substitution of services for products, 13, 75, 310-311
Sex-based factors, see Gender factors
Shell International Petroleum Company, 149
Shelter, see Drinking water; Housing; Sanitation
Silent Spring, 137
Social factors, 7-11 (passim), 16, 24, 25, 83, 160, 240-241, 276, 282, 308, 313
aesthetics, 14, 23, 97, 99, 242, 314, 317
degradation syndrome, 287
ethical and moral considerations, 14, 23, 32, 97
global connectedness, 4-5, 11, 30, 59, 75-79, 101, 153, 186, 283
integrated assessment models, 6, 140, 144-145
International Human Dimensions Program, 208, 282, 285, 288, 300
national capital accounts, 242
place-based initiatives, 10, 222-223, 279, 285-288, 298, 299, 302
population growth, family choice, 192;
see also Family planning
Pressure-State-Response model, 235-239, 254-255, 260, 261-262
regional information systems, 154, 155, 156
regional zones of critical vulnerability, 9, 250-254
research linked to, 11, 282-284, 298-299
scenarios, 148, 149, 150-151, 168
see also Cultural factors; Demographic factors; Political factors
Social learning, 3, 21, 48-51, 133, 160, 277
indicators, 264-265
nutrition, 40
spatial factors, 48, 49, 50, 83, 194, 255
sustainability science, 279-280
see also Education; Indicators
South and Southeast Asia, 33, 45, 47, 67
Spatial factors, 14, 219, 222, 243, 244, 255, 258, 265, 293, 318
ecosystem services, 255
environmental hazards, 186
health institutions, 194
housing, 35-36
indicators, 50
place-based initiatives, 10, 222-223, 279, 285-288, 298, 299, 302
planetary circulation systems, 248
regional information systems, 155
social learning, 48, 49, 50, 83, 194, 255
space conditioning, 292
surprises, 188
urban areas, 239
see also Landscapes; Local factors; Regional factors; Regional information systems
Statistical analyses, 136
integrated assessment models, 143
scenarios, 153
see also Indicators
Stewardship, 23
Strategic gaming techniques, 138-139
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diseases, emergence and reemergence, 5, 66, 99-100, 101, 187, 250-251
ozone layer depletion, 10, 187
see also Disasters; Environmental hazards
Sustainability, general, 1-3, 6-7, 279
historical perspectives, 2, 21, 22-23, 26-29, 275, 280-282
political factors, 2, 22, 27, 275
social learning, 279-280
sustainability science, 10-11, 51, 279-288, 318-320
Sustainable Biosphere Initiative, 281
Sustainable Seattle project, 240-242, 254-255
SysTem for Analysis, Research and Training, 285, 288, 300, 302
T
Taxation, 203
Technological factors, 2, 7, 14, 16, 17-18, 51, 71-75, 160, 202, 237, 275, 276, 282, 296-298, 300, 302, 311
Agricultural sector, 13, 74, 94-95, 197, 199, 308;
see also Biotechnology; Irrigation; Pesticides
computer technology, 74, 75, 235, 249, 311
databases, intellectual property rights, 293-294
consumption patterns, 69-70, 72
contraception, 305
developed/developing countries gap, 27
disease and, 66
education, 29
energy, 13, 72, 203-207, 310-312
global connectedness, 4-5, 30, 59, 75, 101, 186, 283
historical perspectives, 71-73, 282-283
planetary circulatory systems, 9
surprises, 187-188
telecommunications, 72, 74, 76, 249, 277
transboundary water pollution, 41
transportation, 72, 75, 77, 204
see also Irrigation
Technology transfer, 3, 16, 293-294, 296-298
intellectual property issues, 293-294
Teeming with Life, 281
Telecommunications, 72, 74, 76, 249
Temporal factors, 3, 7, 8, 38, 293, 295
birth/death rates, 61
connectedness, 72, 74, 76, 101
consumption, 71
ecosystem services, 255
environmental hazards, 186, 187, 188
regional information system, 158-159
scenarios, 150, 152, 164, 166, 169-176
sustainability concept, general, 26
see also Historical perspectives
Transboundary pollution, 41, 140
Transportation technology, 72, 75, 77, 204
Tropical regions, deforestation, 5, 77, 95-96, 99-100, 101, 215, 313
U
Unfinished Business, 188
Urban areas, 4-5, 7, 11, 12, 31, 35, 83, 101, 194-196, 206-207, 212, 237, 250-251, 254-255, 291, 305-307
agricultural land displaced, 94, 309
air pollution, 78, 86-87, 195, 217, 316-317
Brundtland Commission, 195, 305
developing countries, 35, 36, 39, 83, 195-196
economic factors, 195, 306-307
institutional factors, 306, 307
place-based research, 286
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political factors, 306-307
population growth, 4-5, 12, 62-64, 194-196, 305-307
transition to urban life, 12, 62-64
Uncertainty, 3, 6, 26, 135-138 (passim), 187, 211
climate change, 84
fisheries, 89
integrated assessment models, 141, 143, 144
see also Surprises, environmental
Commission on Sustainable Development, 26-27, 28, 239, 240-243, 288
Conference on Environment and Development (Earth Summit), 2, 22, 26-27, 28, 29, 164, 288-289
Conference on Human Settlements (Habitat II), 35-36, 39
Convention of Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa, 44
Convention on the Law of the Sea, 42-43, 46
Department for Policy Coordination and Sustainable Development, 59
Development Program, 64, 247, 299
Environment Program, 27, 188, 208, 299-300
Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment, 243
System of National Accounts, 259
UNCHS, 245
V
Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 41
Volatile organic compounds, 41, 46, 217
W
War and armed conflicts, 30, 78, 79, 287
Waste and waste management, 7, 11, 13, 200-202, 287, 310-311
see also Recycling and reuse of waste
Water pollution, 4, 14, 42-43, 46, 91, 188, 189, 190, 191, 193-194, 195, 210-211, 212, 215, 237
acid pollution, 49, 86, 140, 155, 157, 189, 207, 217
fisheries, impact on, 89
place-based research, 286
sanitation, 35, 36, 39, 83, 195-196, 245
see also Marine environment
Water supply, 7,14, 80-81, 90-93, 157, 186, 209, 212-216, 284
consumption patterns, 90-91, 92, 212-214
developing countries, 92
drinking water, 5, 12, 31, 35, 36, 39, 40-41, 64, 83, 90-93, 188, 190, 195, 196, 245
irrigation, 91, 94, 99, 157, 197, 198, 199, 212, 221, 284, 316
regional factors, 91, 93, 101, 216
technological factors, 214, 216;
see also Irrigation
Wealth disparities, 5, 69, 71, 78, 101, 163, 165, 168, 195
Wetlands, 41-42, 44, 46, 97-98, 215
WGBU, see German Advisory Council on Global Change
Wildlife, 23, 43, 96-99, 256-258
see also Biodiversity; Endangered species; Fish and fisheries; Marine mammals
World Bank, 40, 45, 240-241, 242-243, 259, 299
World Business Council on Sustainable Development, 149
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World Commission on Environment and Development, see Brundtland Commission
World Conference on Education for All, 36, 39
World Conservation and Monitoring Centre, 250-251
World Conservation Strategy, 16, 22, 280-81
The World Environment: 1972-1982, 189
World Health Organization, 36, 39, 195, 245, 250-251
World Meteorological Organization, 282
World Summit for Children, 35, 36-40 (passim)
World Summit for Social Development, 39
World 3 model, 149
World Wide Web, see Internet