Kyra Schlining

Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

Astrid Schnetzer

Bermuda Biological Station

Catherine L. Schuur

University of Texas

Rick Schwabacher

Calypso Log Magazine

Lisa Shaffer

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Kipp Shearman

Oregon State University

Wilbur G. Sherwood

National Science Foundation (Retired)

Kasey Shewey

American Geological Institute

Hsing-Hua Shih

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Rebecca Shipe

University of California, Santa Barbara

Randy Showstack

EOS, American Geophysical Union

Bruce D. Sidell

University of Maine

E.A. Silva

Bison Marine and Materials

Kyla Simmons

Maxine F. Singer

Carnegie Institution of Washington

Gabriela Smalley

SERC/UMCES

Brenda Smith

Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command

Erik Smith

University of Maryland

Sharon Smith

University of Miami

W.D. Smyth

Oregon State University

Evelyn Soucek

Achievement Rewards for College Scientists

A.F. Spilhaus, Jr.

American Geophysical Union

Richard Spinrad

Consortium for Oceanographic Research and Education

Debra Stakes

Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

Edward Stewart

University of Delaware

Karen Stocks

Rutgers University

Paul L. Stoffa

University of Texas, Austin

Glenn Strait

World & I Magazine

Woody Sutherland

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Tracey Sutton

University of South Florida

Kam Tang

University of Connecticut

Laura Tangley

U.S. News & World Report

Mark Teece

Carnegie Institution of Washington

Anne Tenney

National Science Foundation

David Thistle

Florida State University

Florence I.M. Thomas

Marine Environmental Science Consortium

Ed Thompson

Office of Senator Akaka

Front Matter (R1-R6)

Keynote Lecture The Emergence of the National Science Foundation as a Supporter of Ocean Sciences in the United States (1-8)

Landmark Achievements of Ocean Sciences Achievements in Biological Oceanography (9-21)

Achievements in Chemical Oceanography (22-43)

Achievements in Physical Oceanography (44-50)

Achievements in Marine Geology and Geophysics (51-64)

Deep Submergence: The Beginnings of Alvin as a Tool of Basic Research (65-66)

The History of Woods Hole's Deep Submergence Program (67-84)

Creating Institutions to Make Scientific Discoveries Possible A Chronology of the Early Development of Ocean Sciences at NSF (85-92)

Ocean Sciences at the National Sciences Foundation: Early Revolution (93-95)

Ocean Sciences at the National Sciences Foundation: An Administrative History (96-106)

Two Years of Turbulence Leading to a Quarter Century of Cooperation: The Birth of UNOLS (107-116)

Scientific Ocean Drilling, from AMSOC to COMPOST (117-127)

Technology Development for Ocean Sciences at NSF (128-134)

Large and Small Science Programs: A Delicate Balance The Great Importance of “Small” Science Programs (135-140)

The Role of NSF in “Big” Ocean Science: 1950 to 1980 (141-148)

Major Physical Oceanography Programs at NSF: IDOE Through Global Change (149-151)

Major International Programs in Ocean Sciences: Ocean Chemistry (152-162)

Ocean Sciences Today and Tomorrow The Future of Physical Oceanography (163-168)

The Future of Ocean Chemistry in the United States (169-171)

The Future of Marine Geology and Geophysics: A Summary (172-183)

Out Far and In Deep: Shifting Perspectives in Ocean Ecology (184-191)

Global Ocean Science: Toward an Integrated Approach (192-194)

Education in Oceanography: History, Purpose, and Prognosis (195-200)

Evolving Institutional Arrangements for U.S. Ocean Sciences (201-206)

NSF's Commitment to the Deep (207-209)

Fifty Years of Ocean Discovery (210-211)

Argo to ARGO (212-213)

The Importance of Ocean Sciences to Society (214-216)

Appendix A: Symposium Program (217-222)

Appendix B: Symposium Participants (223-232)

Appendix C: Poster Session (233-234)

Appendix D: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences: Senior Science Staff, Rotators, IPAs, and Visiting Sciences (235-246)

Appendix E: Support of Ocean Sciences at NSF from 1966 to 1999 (247-249)

Appendix F: Organizational Charts (250-257)

Appendix G: NRC Project Oversight (258-258)

Appendix H: Acronyms (259-262)

Index (263-270)

Supplementary Pictures (271-278)