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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9702.
×

INDEX

A

Academic research, 3, 4, 6, 7, 195-200, 203

graduate education, 38, 63, 165, 193, 195-199

Mansfield Amendment, 3, 5, 8, 101

National Sea Grant College Program, 3, 5, 38, 90-91, 101, 102, 108, 246

ships and facilities, 7, 54, 56, 94, 109;

see also Alvin;

National Oceanographic Laboratory System;

University-National Laboratories;

University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System

see also specific institutions

Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, 131

Acoustics, 45, 48, 210-211

Aluminaut, 68

Alvin, 14-15, 65-84, 114, 131, 207, 211, 220

American Geophysical Union, 3, 169

American Mid-Atlantic Ridge program, 72

American Miscellaneous Society, 117-118

American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 17, 169

Anderson, Neil, 17, 38, 152, 157, 159-160

Angus, 75, 79-80, 82

Antarctic Ocean, 16-17, 45, 88, 90, 91, 94, 102

Archimede, 67, 71, 72, 73

Aristotle, 23-24

Atlantic Ocean

chemical oceanography, 29, 154-155, 160

core drilling, 119, 120, 122, 124-126

FAMOUS, 66, 70-75, 78, 80, 81, 82, 146, 147

GEOSECS, 154-155

mapping, 71

vents, 82

Atlantis II, 94, 99, 153

Atomic Energy Commission, 4, 15, 27, 30, 38, 196

see also Department of Energy

B

Bacteria, 18, 20, 69, 76, 77, 78, 82, 83, 125, 187-188

Bainbridge, Arnold, 154, 156-157

Baker, James (Jim), 159, 160, 204, 212-213

Ballard, Robert (Bob), 34, 65-84

Barber, Richard (Dick), 11-21, 34, 113, 184, 190

Bascom, Willard, 67, 118

Bathyscaphs and other submersibles, 14-15, 65-84, 70-75, 114, 131, 181, 207, 220

Bathythermographs, 3, 45

Benthos and benthic habitat, 14-15, 69-70

Berner, Robert (Bob), 32, 139

Bigelow, Henry, 34, 203

Big programs, see Large-scale programs

Biodiversity, 14-15, 185-190, 204

Biological oceanography, 11-21, 28-29, 125, 129, 144, 170, 180, 184 -191

Alvin, 69-70

bacteria, 18, 20, 69, 76, 77, 78, 82, 83, 125, 187-188

benthos and benthic habitat, 14-15, 69-70

copepods, 16, 17, 68-69, 186-188

fisheries, 11, 17-19, 89, 90, 138, 193, 204

funding, 3, 4, 5, 12, 246

interdisciplinary research, 17, 19

models and modeling, 19, 187

NSF efforts, 3, 4, 5, 11-21, 88-89, 91, 92, 93-94, 97, 98, 99, 102 , 103, 184-185

ocean color, 13-14, 159-160

oceanic productivity, 14, 15, 29, 184-190

iron hypothesis, 16-17, 37-38

plankton, 13, 14, 16, 28, 124, 131-132, 184, 186

submersibles, 69-70, 75-83

symposium program, 219, 221

vents, 12-13, 34, 73-83, 179-180

see also Environmental protection

Biogeochemical cycles, 14, 15, 16-17, 18-19, 27, 28, 30, 33, 34, 138-139, 159, 185-186

modeling of, 19

nuclear weapons testing, 27-28, 153-154

trace metals and, 30, 37, 186

see also Carbon dioxide

Biotechnology, 185

Bjerknes, Jacob, 48, 212

Board on Ocean Sciences and Policy, 204

Ocean Affairs Board, 204

Ocean Policy Committee, 204

Ocean Sciences Board, 148, 204

Ocean Studies Board, 11, 23, 87, 88, 159, 192, 204-205, 214, 215

Boledovich, Glenn, 201-206

Brewer, Peter, 19, 29, 30, 152-161

Broecker, Wallace (Wally), 25, 27, 28-29, 30, 34, 153, 154, 156, 159

Bronk, Detlev, 203

Bullard, Sir Edward, 54, 57

Bush, Vannevar, 87, 196, 210

Byrne, John, 4, 95, 107-116

C

Carbon dioxide, 16-17, 18-19, 26-27, 28-29, 32, 131, 139, 159-160, 170-171, 176, 193

GEOSECS, 153-157

iron hypothesis, 16-17, 37-38

Caribbean Sea, 26, 75, 119, 120, 126-127

Central North Pacific Gyre, 185, 186, 189

Centre National pour l'Exploitation de Oceans, 71, 81

Chemical oceanography, 22-43, 102, 144, 152-161, 169-171, 172-173, 180

Atlantic Ocean, 29, 154-155, 160

biogeochemical cycles, 14, 15, 16-17, 18-19

climate change, 26-27

geochemical cycles, 24

IDOE, 29, 33, 34, 39, 144, 150, 153, 158

interdisciplinary research, 171

iron hypothesis, 16-17, 37-38

models, 27

NSF funding, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31-34 (passim), 37, 38, 153, 154, 246

NSF programs, 22, 25-43, 88, 92, 103, 153

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9702.
×

ONR, 25

photochemistry, 36, 170

salinity, 23-24, 34, 120, 129, 157, 166, 202

Scripps, 24, 26, 29, 30

symposium program, 219, 221

technological developments, 22, 30, 171

Woods Hole, 24-25, 28, 29, 33, 37, 38, 153, 156, 159

World War II, 24-25

Chemosynthesis, 12-13, 34, 73-83

Clark, Lawrence (Larry), 128-133, 158

Clean Water Act. 204

Climate, 48, 149-150, 166, 173, 182

CLIVAR, 150, 151, 166

El Niño-Southern Oscillation, 48, 165, 166, 193

global change, 26-27, 131, 150, 151, 170-171, 176-178, 185

CLIMAP, 7-8, 60, 61, 144, 146, 147, 150, 176

greenhouse gases, 26-27, 28-29, 131, 153-157, 170-171, 193;

see also Carbon dioxide

sea level, 69, 173, 177

mesoscale variability, 45-46, 167, 168

paleoclimatology, 51, 52, 54-55, 59-61, 69, 139, 171, 173, 176-178

seasonal factors, 3, 14, 89, 186

El Niño, 48, 165, 166, 193

technological developments, research, 49

Climate Long-Range Investigation Mapping and Prediction program (CLIMAP) , 7-8, 60, 61, 144, 146, 147, 150, 176

CLImate VARiability (CLIVAR), 150, 151, 166

Coastal and estuarine systems, 13, 14-15, 109, 167, 170

environmental protection, 31, 33-34

modeling, 19

oil pollution, 31, 34, 120

salinity, 34

sediments, 177-179

tides, 47

Coastal Upwelling Ecosystem Analysis, 150

Coastal Zone Color Scanner, 13, 14-15, 159, 160

Coastal Zone Management Act, 204

Cold War, 12, 93, 94

U.S. nuclear weapons testing, 27-28, 153-154

Colleges and universities, see Academic research;

specific institutions

Color, see Ocean color

Columbia University, see Lamont-Doherty Geological Laboratory of Columbia University

Colwell, Rita, 205, 207-209

Computer technology, 48, 91, 193

geology and geophysics, 56

Internet, 115, 169, 182

mass spectra, 131

tides, 47

waves, 46, 48

see also Models and modeling

Consortium for Oceanographic Research and Education, 169, 197, 205

Controlled Pollution Experiment, 34

The Continuing Quest: Large Scale Ocean Research for the Future, 148

Coordinating Group on Oceanography, 89-90

Copepods, 16, 17, 68-69, 186-188

Copper, 37

Coring, see Deep sea drilling

Cousteau, Jacques, 20, 68

Craig, Harmon, 25, 26, 29, 38, 153, 154, 156

Cyana, 71, 73

D

Deep-ocean mooring, 46, 48, 131

Deep Tow, 74, 79

Deep sea drilling, 5, 7, 8, 56, 64, 84, 87, 89, 91, 92, 96, 104-105 , 117-127, 172, 173, 181

Atlantic Ocean, 119, 120, 122, 124-126

JOIDES, 7, 100-101, 104-105, 110, 119-122, 127, 139, 205, 207

LOng COres (LOCO), 119, 123

NSF funding, 117, 119-120, 121, 122, 123, 127

Pacific Ocean, 120-121, 122

Project Mohole, 99-100, 101, 117-119, 122, 123

Scripps, 119-120

ships for, 119-120

Defense, see Military applications

Department of Commerce, see National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Department of Energy, 15, 29, 38, 129

see also Atomic Energy Commission

Department of State, 146

Department of the Interior, 142

Geological Survey, 55, 68, 119, 195

Department of the Navy, see Office of Naval Research

Dinsmore, Robertson, 6, 95, 107-116

Drifters, 48

Drilling, see Deep sea drilling

Dugdale, Richard (Dick), 14, 15, 17

E

Earthquakes, 57, 59, 71, 121, 126, 173, 180

Economic Benefits of Oceanographic Research, 90, 203

Economic issues, 5, 201, 206, 215

Atlantic Ocean, geochemical monitoring, 29

cost-effectiveness, 7, 8, 131, 181-182

public education, 181-182

ships, 90, 96, 101, 111-112, 129, 146, 180-181

see also Funding

Edge waves, 46

Edmond, John, 29, 30, 34, 75

Education and training, 5, 97, 165, 171, 192-193, 195-200, 214-215

graduate education, 38, 63, 165, 193, 195-199

National Academy of Sciences, 195-197

public education, 181-182, 198, 199, 214-215

symposium program agenda, 221

see also Academic research;

specific institutions

Effective Use of the Sea, 90

Ekman spiral, 45, 46

El Niño-Southern Oscillation, 48, 165, 166, 182, 186, 193, 199, 205-206, 207, 211-212

Emery, K.O., 26, 53, 69, 71

Endangered Species Act, 204

Environmental protection, 11, 30-32, 33, 173, 184-191, 202, 206, 246

global climate change, 26-27, 131, 150, 151, 170-171, 176-178, 185

CLIMAP, 7-8, 60, 61, 144, 146, 147, 150, 176

greenhouse gases, 26-27, 28-29, 131, 153-157, 170-171, 193;

see also Carbon dioxide

sea level, 69, 173, 177

human health, 215

IDOE, 33, 34, 150

lead pollution, 30, 37

oil pollution, 30-32, 34, 120

radioactivity, 27-28, 30, 33, 39, 153-154, 156, 159

trace metals, 30, 37, 186

Environmental Protection Agency, 34, 39, 204

Equipment, see Facilities for research

Eppley, Richard (Dick), 15, 17

Ewing, Maurice, 4, 6, 13, 27, 53-57, 71, 108, 114, 118, 120

Exclusive Economic Zone, 206

F

Facilities for research, 7, 8, 20, 48, 99, 103, 128-133, 167, 171, 180-182, 192, 193

acoustic, 45, 46, 47, 48

computer technology, 48, 56, 91, 115, 131, 169, 182, 193

deep-ocean mooring, 46, 48, 131

interdisciplinary research and, 130

Internet, 23, 115, 169, 182

National Oceanographic Laboratory System (NOLS), 101, 102, 107, 109 -112

NSF model, 129-133

sonar, 3, 68, 75, 79, 131

sounding, 3, 75, 120

spectrometric techniques, 15, 30, 60, 61, 130-131, 138

University-National Laboratories (UNL), 95, 107, 109

University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS), 7, 8, 95, 103, 107-116, 180, 204

see also Deep sea drilling:

Satellite technology;

Ships:

Technological developments

FAMOUS, see French-American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study

Farrington, John, 22-43, 152

Federal Council for Science and Technology, 88

Federal government, see Funding;

Legislation;

National Science Foundation;

Office of Naval Research;

other specific departments 2 and agencies

Fine, Rana, 158, 192-194

Fisheries, 11, 17-19, 89, 90, 188, 193, 204, 206

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9702.
×

Fishery Conservation and Management Act, 204

Fleming, Richard, 23, 25, 45

France, 70-71, 81

Francheteau, Jean, 78-82

Frosch, Robert (Bob), 111, 216

French-American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study (FAMOUS), 66, 70-75, 78, 80, 81, 82, 146, 147

Fuglister, Fritz, 3, 45

Funding, 38, 63, 215

Atomic Energy Commission, 27, 30, 38, 196

Cold War, 12, 93, 94

cost-effectiveness, 7, 8, 131, 181-182

IDOE, 144-146, 147

Mansfield Amendment, 3, 5, 8, 101

NOAA, 34, 197

NSF, 3-8, 88, 89-90, 92, 93-95, 97, 99, 101, 108, 110, 111, 196, 204, 246-247

biological oceanography, 3, 4, 5, 12, 246

chemical oceanography, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31-34 (passim), 37, 38, 153 , 154, 246

education, 196-197, 246

geology and geophysics, 53, 56, 59, 61-62, 172, 173, 246

large-scale programs, 7-8, 141, 142, 143, 144-147, 150, 193

ocean drilling, 117, 119-120, 121, 122, 123, 127

physical oceanography, 44, 48, 165-166, 246

small-scale programs, 137-140

technological development, 131, 132, 193, 246

ONR, 3-5, 10, 25, 30, 34, 38, 53, 62, 108, 111, 204

Fye, Paul, 65, 66, 68, 95, 110, 111, 112, 204

G

Gaffney, Paul, 210-211

Genetics, see Biotechnology

Geochemical cycles, 24, 26, 27, 28-31, 36, 38, 131, 144, 173, 175, 176, 185

see also Biogeochemical cycles

Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS), 7, 29-30, 33, 39, 110, 144, 146, 147, 150, 153-157, 158, 159, 160

Atlantic Ocean, 154-155

carbon dioxide studies, 153-157

Indian Ocean, 156-157

Geological Data Center, 55-56

Geological Survey, 55, 68, 119, 195

Geology and geophysics, see Marine geology and geophysics

GI Bill, 196

Ginsberg, Robert (Bob), 53, 87, 88

Global Atmospheric Research Program, 110

Global Change Research Program, 149-151

Global Climate Observing System, 150

Global Ocean Ecosystems Dynamics program (GLOBEC), 11, 19

Global Ocean Flux Study, 159-160

Global Ocean Observing System, 150

Glomar Challenger, 101, 119-120

Glomar Explorer, 105

Goldberg, Edward (Ed), 23, 25-34 (passim), 38

Green, Edward (Ed), 17, 38

Greenhouse gases, 26-27, 28-29, 131, 153-157, 170-171, 193

see also Carbon dioxide

Gulf Stream, 3, 73, 128

H

Health sciences, 215

see also Environmental protection

Heirtzler, James (Jim), 57, 64, 71, 72, 78, 120

Helix, 94

Hess, Harry, 3, 57, 117, 118

Hessler, Robert, 14, 15, 17, 70

Hollister, Charles (Charlie), 56, 64, 197

Hutchinson, G. Evelyn, 11, 25, 28

Hydrography, 25, 45, 152, 159

Hydrothermal vents, see Vents

I

Indian Ocean, 15, 89, 93, 94, 95, 110, 125, 141, 142-143, 152-153

GEOSECS, 156-157

In situ observations and experiments, 20

deep-ocean mooring, 46, 48, 131

see also Deep sea drilling;

Facilities for research;

Ships

Institutional factors, 3-8, 11, 63, 87-133, 192-194, 201-206

chemical oceanography, 23

marine geology and geophysics, 54-56

peer review, 6, 8, 102, 132, 147-148, 166

symposium program, 220, 222

see also Education and training;

Interdisciplinary research;

Large-scale programs;

Small-scale programs;

specific institutions

Instrumentation, see Facilities for research;

Technological developments

Interagency Committee on Oceanography, 88, 89, 90, 93, 98

Interdisciplinary research, 3, 5, 7, 52, 72, 96, 97, 194, 214

biological oceanography, 17, 19

chemical oceanography, 171

large-scale programs, 137

physical oceanography, 166, 175

RIDGE, 63

technological development and facilities, 130

Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, 144, 154

Internal waves, 46, 48

The International Aspects of Oceanography, 203, 206

International Council for Science, 154

International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 24

International Council of Scientific Unions, 71, 89, 141, 142, 159

see also International Geophysical Year

International Decade of Ocean Exploration (IDOE), 3, 4-5, 7-8, 72, 91, 95, 102-103, 104, 109, 115, 141, 143-148, 149, 150

chemical oceanography, 29, 33, 34, 39, 144, 150, 153, 158

funding, 144-146, 147

marine geology and geophysics, 62, 144, 146, 147

marine pollution, 33, 34, 150

National Academy of Sciences, 144, 146, 148

ONR, 146

technological developments, 129, 131

International Geophysical Year (1957-1958), 3, 4-5, 25, 57, 62, 71 , 88, 91, 93, 94, 97-98, 105-106, 108, 141-142, 152

National Academy of Sciences, 141-142

International Indian Ocean Expedition, 15, 89, 93, 94, 110, 141, 142-143, 152-153

International Oceanographic Congress, 27

International Oceanographic Foundation, 90

International Program for Ocean Drilling, 121-122

Internet, 23, 115, 169, 182

Iron Hypothesis, 16-17, 37-38

Iselin, Columbus, 6, 53, 55, 108, 114, 138

J

Jason, 211

Jenkins, William (Bill), 34, 38, 157, 169

Jennings, Feenan, 7, 33, 90, 91, 102, 141-148, 203, 212

Johrde, Mary, 5, 88, 90, 91, 93-95, 111, 112, 115, 129

JOIDES Resolution, 207

Joint Global Ocean Flux Study, 19, 37, 131, 138, 158-160, 186

Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI), Inc., 105, 122, 126, 139, 204-205

Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES), 7, 100-101, 104-105, 110, 119-122, 127, 139, 205, 207

Jumars, Peter (Pete), 12, 14, 159, 184-191

K

Keeling, Charles David (Dave), 28, 157

Ketchum, Bostwick (Buck), 24, 28, 33, 34

Kilgore-Magnuson Bill, 196

Knauss, John, 3-8, 44, 49, 109, 212, 216

Knorr, 75

L

Lakes, 167

Lambert, Richard (Dick), 44, 93, 149-151

Lamont-Doherty Geological Laboratory of Columbia University, 6, 7, 53, 54-55, 108, 120, 142, 143, 147, 203

Large-scale programs, 64. 96, 137, 141-161

Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS), 7, 29-30, 33, 39, 110, 144, 146, 147, 150, 153-157, 158, 159, 160

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9702.
×

interdisciplinary factors, 137

models, 137

NSF and, 7-8, 141-152, 193, 194

symposium program, 221

Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere program, 149, 151, 167

Word Ocean Circulation Experiment, 29, 30, 131, 149, 151, 159, 165

see also International Decade of Ocean Exploration;

International

Geophysical Year;

International Indian Ocean Expedition

Le Pichon, Xavier, 64, 71, 72

Lead pollution, 30, 37

Legislation

Clean Water Act, 204

Coastal Zone Management Act, 204

Endangered Species Act, 204

Fishery conservation and Management Act, 204

GI Bill, 196

Kilgore-Magnusson Bill, 196

Magnuson Act, 89, 204

Mansfield Amendment, 3, 5, 8, 101, 204

Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act, 95, 108, 204

Marine Mammal Protection Act. 204

Marine Sciences Act, 143-144

Morrill Land Grant Act, 195

National Marine Sanctuaries Act, 204

National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration, 101

National Oceanographic Partnership Act, 205

National Science Foundation Act, 87, 88, 90, 95, 196

National Sea Grant College Program Act, 5, 90-91, 101, 108

various, 204

see also specific acts

Lill, Gordon, 108, 203

Lillie, Frank R., 195-196, 203

Lillie Report, 195, 196-197

Limnology and Oceanography, 15

LOng COres (LOCO), 119, 123

Lyman, John, 5, 94, 111

M

Magnuson Act, 89, 204

Mansfield Amendment, 3, 5, 8, 101, 204

Mapping, 70, 71, 72-73, 81, 120, 202

CLIMAP, 7-8, 60, 61, 144, 146, 147, 150, 176

hydrography, 25, 45, 152, 159

navigation, other, 180-181, 202

Marine Ecosystems Research Laboratory, 34

Marine geology and geophysics, 51-64, 144, 172-183

bathyscaphs and other submersibles, 69, 70-83

computer applications, 56

earthquakes, 57, 59, 71, 121, 126, 173, 180

IDOE, 62, 144, 146, 147

institutional factors, 54-56

International Geophysical Year (1957-1958), 3, 4-5, 25, 57, 62, 71 , 88, 91, 93, 94, 97-98, 105-106, 108, 141-142, 152

NSF funding, 53, 56, 59, 61-62, 172, 173, 246

NSF programs, 51, 53-64, 88, 92, 96, 99-100, 101, 104-105, 181-183

ONR, 53-54, 62, 64, 142

paleoceanography, other, 124-125, 139, 176-177

paleoclimatology, 51, 52, 54-55, 59-61, 69, 139, 171, 173, 176-178

plate tectonics, iii, 12, 51, 57-59, 71

Scripps, 52, 54, 55-56, 62, 74, 142

symposium program agenda, 220, 221

technological developments, 52;

see also Deep sea drilling

vents, 12-13, 34, 73-83, 179-180

volcanoes, 30, 57, 59, 71, 72, 73, 125-126, 172, 173-174, 179-180;

see also ''vents" supra

Woods Hole, 55, 56, 62, 63, 73, 74, 142

World War II, 52-53, 120

see also Deep sea drilling;

Sediments and sedimentology

Marine Mammal Protection Act, 204

Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act, 95, 108, 204

Marine Sciences Act, 143-144

Mass spectrometry, 15, 30, 60, 61, 130-131, 138

Martin, John, 16-17, 20, 38, 39

Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 114, 202

Maxwell, Arthur (Art), 95, 113, 115, 120, 203

McElroy, William (Bill), 90, 95, 110, 111, 112

McNutt, Marcia, 51-64, 172-183

Mediterranean Deep Ocean Convection experiment, 47-48

Mediterranean Sea, other, 125

Melville, 79, 80, 82

Menard, Henry W., 54, 55, 57, 59

Menzel, David, 29, 32, 113, 152

Merrell, William (Bill), 149, 201-206, 212

Mesoscale analyses, 45-46, 167, 168

Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment, 7, 46, 144, 212

Military applications, 201, 206

academic funding, Mansfield Amendment, 3, 5, 8, 101

Cold War, 12, 93, 94

nuclear weapons testing, 27-28, 153-154

nuclear weapons testing, 27-28, 153-154

Vietnam War, 101

World War I, 202-203

World War II, 3, 45, 203-204

chemical oceanography, 24-25

geology and geophysics, 52-53, 120

Mixed Layer Experiment, 45

MODE, 146, 147, 150

Models and modeling, 46, 168, 193

biological oceanography, 19, 187

chemical oceanography, 27

ecosystems, 185

El Niño, 165, 166

general circulation, 46

geophysical, 172, 173

large-scale programs, 137

ocean-atmosphere coupling, 19, 168

salinity, 34

steady circulation, 44

technology and facilities, 129-130

thermodynamic, 153

see also Computer technology

Mohole, see Project

Mohole Morrill Land Grant Act, 195

Multidisciplinary research, see Interdisciplinary research

Munk, Walter, 3, 44-50, 53, 55, 64, 117, 118, 127, 150, 204, 213

Mussel Watch Program, 34, 39

N

National Academy of Engineering, 144

National Academy of Sciences, 88, 89, 90, 93, 94, 98, 100, 117, 192 , 202-206, 215-216

bathyscaphs, 67

education in oceanography, 195-197

ICO, 88, 89, 90, 93, 98

IDOE, 144, 146, 148

IGY, 141-142

Marine Chemistry Panel, 32

NASCO, 88, 89, 90, 94, 98, 108-109, 111

Ocean Studies Board, 23, 159, 204-205, 215

WOCE, 159

see also National Research Council

National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 13-14, 57, 93, 131, 132, 159, 212, 213

National Association of Marine Laboratories, 204

National Center for Atmospheric Research, 6, 7, 102

National Council of Marine Resources and Engineering, 108, 143, 146

see also Marine Resources and Engineering Development Act

National Institute of Environmental Health Services, 215

National Marine Sanctuaries Act, 204

National Ocean Sciences Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Facility, 131

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 3, 5, 34, 90, 95 , 101, 102, 109-110, 132, 197, 204, 212, 213, 215

National Oceanographic Data Center, 193

National Oceanographic Laboratory System, 101, 102, 107, 109-112

National Oceanographic Partnership Act, 205

National Oceanographic Program, 88, 91

National Oceanographic Partnership Program, 205, 206

National Research Council, 23, 72, 84, 143, 159, 192, 202, 206, 214

see also National Academy of Sciences

National Science Foundation, ii, 93-95, 192-194, 196

administrative history, 96-106

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9702.
×

chronology of early developments, 87-92

biological oceanography, 3, 4, 5, 11-21, 88-89, 91, 92, 93-94, 97, 98, 99, 102, 103, 184-185

chemical oceanography, 22, 25-43, 88, 92, 103, 153

Division of Ocean Sciences staff et al., 235-246

emergence of role in oceanography, 3-8

FAMOUS, 71-73

funding, 3-8, 88, 89-90, 92, 93-95, 97, 99, 101, 108, 110, 111, 196 , 204, 246-247

biological oceanography, 3, 4, 5, 12, 246

chemical oceanography, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31-34 (passim), 37, 38, 153 , 154, 246

education, 196-197, 246

geology and geophysics, 53, 56, 59, 61-62, 172, 173, 246

large-scale programs, 7-8, 141, 142, 143, 144-147, 150, 193

ocean drilling, 117, 119-120, 121, 122, 123, 127

physical oceanography, 44, 48, 165-166, 246

small-scale programs, 137-140

technological development, 131, 132, 193, 246

large-scale research, 7-8, 141-152, 193, 194

marine geology and geophysics, 51, 53-64, 88, 92, 96, 99-100, 101, 104-105, 181-183

National Sea Grant College Program, 3, 5, 38, 90-91, 101, 102, 108 , 246

physical oceanography, 15, 44-50, 92, 103, 165

public education, 181-182

small-scale research, 137-140, 194

technological developments, 128-133, 192, 193, 246

National Science Foundation Act, 87, 88, 90-91, 95, 196

National Sea Grant College Program, 3, 5, 38, 90-91, 101, 102, 108 , 209, 246

National security, see Military applications

Navigation, 180-181, 202

hydrography, 25, 45, 152, 159

The Next Ten Years of Oceanography (TENOC), 108, 109, 203

Nitrogen fixation, 185-186

North Pacific Experiment, 146, 147, 150

Nowell, Arthur, 195-200, 214

Nuclear weapons testing, 27-28, 153-154

O

Ocean chemistry, see Chemical oceanography

Ocean circulation, iii, 27, 29, 46-48, 92, 139, 167-168, 172

abyssal, 45

GEOSECS, 7, 29-30, 33, 39, 110, 144, 146, 147, 150, 153-157, 158, 159

general circulation models, 46

Gulf Stream, 3, 73, 128

gyres, 185-186

steady circulation models, 44

TOGA, 149, 151, 167

waves, 46-47, 48, 166

WOCE, 29, 30, 131, 149, 151, 159, 165

Ocean color, 13-14, 159-160

Ocean Drilling Program, 87, 215

Ocean Ecology: Understanding and Vision for Research (OEUVRE), 184 -185, 188-189

Ocean Margin Drilling Program, 104, 122, 127

Oceanographic Science Research Section, 129

Oceanography 1951, 203

Oceanography 1960 to 1970, 203

Oceanography in the Next Decade, 205

Oceanography: Its Scope, Problems, and Economic Importance, 203

Ocean Sciences Division, 128-133, 137-138, 192

Ocean Ecology: Understanding and Vision for Research, 12, 17

Oceanic productivity, 14, 15, 29, 184-190

iron hypothesis, 16-17, 37-38

An Oceanic Quest: The International Decade of Ocean Exploration, 144

Oceanic Technology program, 132

Oceanographic Instrumentation Program, 130

Office of Naval Research, iii, 3-4, 8, 38, 53, 90, 94, 99, 101, 102 , 107, 111, 112, 203, 210, 211

bathyscaphs, 67, 68

chemical oceanography, 25

educational funding, 196

funding, 3-5, 10, 25, 30, 34, 38, 53, 62, 108, 111, 204

geology and geophysics, 53-54, 62, 64, 142

IDOE, 146

physical oceanography, 44

technological support, 129, 131

Office of Polar Programs, 88, 91, 144

Office of Special International Programs, 88

Office of Technology Assessment, 132

Oil pollution, 30-32, 34, 120

Oregon State University, 4, 109, 203

Ostlund, Gote, 29, 154, 156

Our Nation and the Sea (Stratton Commission), 90, 107, 109, 197, 204

P

Pacific Ocean, 3, 29-30

Central North Pacific Gyre, 185, 186, 189

copper, 37

core drilling, 120-121, 122

GEOSECS, 156

hydrography, 45

North Pacific Experiment, 146, 147, 150

in situ biological oceanography, 20

iron hypothesis, 16-17

nuclear weapons testing, 27-28, 153-154

vents, 12-13, 34, 73-83

Paleoceanography, other, 124-125, 139, 176-177

see also Deep sea drilling

Paleoclimatology, 51, 52, 54-55, 59-61, 69, 139, 171, 173, 176, 177 -178

Particulate matter, 34, 36-37, 138

Peer review, 6, 8, 102, 132, 147-148, 166

Photochemistry, 36, 170

Physical oceanography, 15, 44-50, 102, 144, 149-151, 165-168, 219, 221

interdisciplinary, 166, 175

NSF funding, 44, 48, 165-166, 246

NSF programs, 15, 44-50, 92, 103, 165

ONR, 44

technological developments, 44, 46, 48-49

see also Ocean circulation;

Marine geology and geophysics

Phytoplankton, 13, 14, 16, 186

Piccard, Jacques, 4, 67

Plankton, 16, 28, 124, 131-132, 184, 186

Plate tectonics, iii, 12, 51, 54, 57-59, 71, 120, 139, 172, 173-175

earthquakes, 57, 59, 71, 121, 126, 173, 180

vents, 12-13, 34, 73-83, 179-180

see also Deep sea drilling

Pollution, see Environmental protection

POLYMODE, 146, 147, 150

Productivity, see Oceanic productivity

Project Mohole, 99-100, 101, 117-119, 122, 123

Purdy, G. Michael, 6(n.13), 137-140, 183

R

Radioactivity, 27-28, 30, 33, 39, 153-154, 156, 159

Redfield, Alfred, 20, 24, 25, 28, 32

Remote sensing, 20

see also Satellite technology

Reeve, Michael (Mike), 6(n. 13), 25, 44, 64, 87-92, 158

Revelle, Roger, 4, 26, 27, 28, 52, 55, 108, 114, 118, 142, 143, 158

Ridge Inter-Disciplinary Global Experiments, 63

Riley, Gordon, 11, 19, 108, 184, 189

Ryther, John, 14, 15, 156

S

SAIL (serial-ASCII instrumentation loop), 130

Salinity, 23-24, 34, 120, 129, 157, 166, 202

Sanders, Howard (Howie), 14, 15, 17, 30, 31, 70

Satellite technology, 44, 48-49, 165, 166-167, 207

ocean color, 13, 14, 159-160

seafloor, 14

Sputnik, 12, 93, 94, 108

tides, 47

Science: The Endless Frontier, 196

Scientific Committee for Oceanic Research, 142-143, 154, 159-160

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 3-7

(passim), 108, 147, 203

biological oceanography, 15

chemical oceanography, 24, 26, 29, 30

climate change, 26

core drilling, 119-120

geology and geophysics, 52, 54, 55-56, 62, 74, 142

International Indian Ocean Expedition, 142

satellite technology, 49

submersibles, 74, 79

vessels, other, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9702.
×

SEABEAM, 82

Seafloor, 14-15, 92, 108, 150, 175, 177, 181, 207

benthos and benthic habitat, 14-15, 69-70

see also Deep sea drilling;

Mapping;

Plate tectonics;

Sediments and sedimentology

Sea level, 69, 173, 177

see also Climate

Seapup, 65, 68

SEASAT, 49

Seasonal factors, 3, 14, 89, 186

El Niño, 48, 165, 166, 182, 186, 193, 199, 205-206, 207, 211-212

Sea-Viewing Wide Field of View Sensor, 13

Sediments and sedimentology, 32, 37, 38, 39, 64, 69, 71, 91, 138-139 , 170, 171, 172-174, 177-179, 181, 182

benthos and benthic habitat, 14-15, 69-70

paleoceanography, 124-125, 139, 176-177

paleoclimatology, 51, 59-61, 62, 64, 171, 173

see also Deep sea drilling

Shipboard Technician Program, 130

Ships, 7, 38-39, 45, 63, 72, 90, 94, 109, 119, 129-130, 192, 202

academic research, 7, 54, 56, 94, 109;

see also National Oceanographic Laboratory System;

University-National Laboratories;

University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System

Alvin, 14-15, 65-84, 114

bathyscaphs and other submersibles, 14-15, 65-84, 70-75, 114, 131, 181, 207, 220

core drilling, 119-120

funding, 3, 5, 99

navigation, 180-181, 202

operational support, 90, 96, 101, 111-112, 129, 146, 180-181

Lamont, 54

National Oceanographic Laboratory System, 101, 102, 107, 109-112

Scripps,

submersibles, 74, 79

vessels, other, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114

University-National Laboratories, 95, 107, 109

University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS), 7, 8, 95, 103, 107-116, 180, 204

Woods Hole, 56, 94, 109;

see also "Alvin" supra

Silent Spring, 202

Small-scale programs, 36-37, 96, 137-140, 152, 221

NSF and, 137-140, 194

see also specific programs

Social factors, 5, 172, 222

national pride. 201, 205-206

public education, 181-182, 198, 199, 214-215

public health, 215

see also Environmental protection;

Institutional factors

Sonar, 3, 68, 75, 79, 131

Sounding. 3, 75, 120

Souscoup, 68

Soviet Union, 146

Cold War, 12, 93, 94

U.S. nuclear weapons testing, 27-28, 153-154

Spectrometry, 15, 30, 60, 61, 130-131, 138

Spiess, Fred, 64, 78-79

Spilhaus, Athelstan, 3, 90, 108

Sputnik, 12, 93, 94, 108

Steele, John, 18, 156, 159, 204

Stratton, Julius, 90, 108, 110

Stratton Commission, 90, 107, 109-110, 204, 206

see also International Decade of Ocean Science Exploration (IDOE):

Our Nation and the Sea;

University-National Laboratories

Stommel, Henry (Hank), 29, 39, 44, 45-46, 47, 49, 113, 138, 153, 154-155, 156, 212

Sverdrup, Harold, 3, 6, 23, 44, 45, 48, 49, 52

Submersibles, see Bathyscaphs and other submersibles

Surface waves, 46-47, 48

T

Takahashi, Taro, 156-157

Talwani, Manik, 55, 71

Teal, John 30, 31

TOGA-TAO, 149, 151, 167

Technological developments, 128-133, 193

biological oceanography, 18

chemical oceanography, 22, 30, 171

computer technology, 48, 56, 91, 115, 131, 169, 193

geology and geophysics, 52;

see also Deep sea drilling

IDOE, 129, 131

NSF funding, 131, 132, 193, 246

NSF model, 129-133

physical oceanography, 44, 46, 48-49

sonar, 3, 68, 75, 79, 131

sounding, 3, 75, 120

spectrometric techniques, 15, 30, 60, 61, 130-131, 138

see also Bathyscaphs and other submersibles;

Computer technology;

Facilities for research;

Ships

Temperature studies, 3, 47, 48, 52, 69, 128, 129, 138, 139, 153, 167-168, 172

vents, 12-13, 34, 73-83

volcanism, 30, 57, 59, 71, 72, 73, 75, 125-126, 172, 173-174, 179-180

Texas A&M University, 6, 109, 142, 203

Thermoclines, 3, 138, 172

Tides, 47

Time-series analyses, 37, 165, 184, 189-190

TOPEX/POSEIDON, 165, 166-167, 212

Toye, Sandra, 5, 65-66, 95, 96-106

Trace metals, 30, 37, 186

Training, see Education and training

Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 3

Transient Tracers in the Ocean, 157, 159, 160

Trieste, 67-68, 75

Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere (TOGA) program, see TOGA-TAO

Turekian, Karl, 25, 26, 29, 154

Turner, Ruth, 47, 69, 70

U

United Nations, 102, 144, 154

see also International Decade for Ocean Exploration

United Nations Law of the Sea Convention, 108, 204

Universities and colleges, see Academic research;

specific institutions

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, 169

University-National Laboratories (UNL), 95, 107, 109

University-National Oceanographic Laboratory System (UNOLS), 7, 8, 95, 103, 107-116, 130, 180, 204

University of California, 37

University of Hawaii, 6, 109

University of Miami, 6, 7, 13, 32, 109, 147, 203

University of North Carolina, 34

University of Rhode Island, 4, 6, 7, 38, 39, 109, 203

University of Southern California, 53

University of Washington, 4, 6, 74, 108, 109, 142, 203

Uranium, 24, 34, 35

U.S.S.R., see Soviet Union

V

Van Andel, Jerry, 13, 74, 75

Vema, 6, 54, 56, 64, 114

Vents, 12-13, 34, 73-83, 179-180

VERTEX Program, 37, 39

Vessels, see Ships

Vetter, Richard (Dick), 23, 108, 188

Vine, Allyn, 3, 54, 57, 65, 68, 71, 72

Volcanism, 30, 57, 59, 71, 72, 73, 75, 125-126, 172, 173-174, 179-180

see also Vents

Von Herzen, Richard (Dick), 13, 54, 64, 74, 75, 120

W

Wall, Robert (Bob), 53, 158

Waterman, Alan, 4, 87, 89, 94

Watkins, James, 205, 214-216

Waves, 46-47, 48, 166

Weizmann Institute, 47

Wenk, Edward (Ed), 108, 115, 143, 144, 146

White, Robert (Bob), 109, 204

Williamsburg, 94

Wilson, J. Tuzo, 57, 59

Winterer, Edward (Jerry). 55, 89, 101, 117-127

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, 4, 6, 7, 49, 52, 53, 94, 95, 198, 110, 147, 203

Alvin, 14-15, 65-84, 114

biological oceanography, 11, 15

chemical oceanography, 24-25, 28, 29, 33, 37, 38, 153, 156, 159

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9702.
×

geology and geophysics, 55, 56, 62, 63, 73, 74, 142

Gulf Stream, 3

International Indian Ocean Expedition, 143

mass spectrometry, 131

satellite technology, 49

ships, 56, 94, 109

Wooster, Warren, 14, 113

World Climate Research Program, 150

World Ocean Circulation Experiment, 29, 30, 131, 149, 151, 159, 165

World War I, 202-203

World War II, 3, 45, 203-204

chemical oceanography, 24-25

geology and geophysics, 52-53, 120

World Wide Web, see Internet

Wunsch, Carl, 45, 159, 204, 212

Y

Yale University, 147

Year of the Ocean, 11, 205, 211, 213

Young, William, 165-168

Z

Zooplankton, 16, 186

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9702.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

National Academy of Sciences

National Academy of Engineering

Institute of Medicine

National Research Council

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9702.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. 50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9702.
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This book describes the development of ocean sciences over the past 50 years, highlighting the contributions of the National Science Foundation (NSF) to the field's progress. Many of the individuals who participated in the exciting discoveries in biological oceanography, chemical oceanography, physical oceanography, and marine geology and geophysics describe in the book how the discoveries were made possible by combinations of insightful individuals, new technology, and in some cases, serendipity.

In addition to describing the advance of ocean science, the book examines the institutional structures and technology that made the advances possible and presents visions of the field's future. This book is the first-ever documentation of the history of NSF's Division of Ocean Sciences, how the structure of the division evolved to its present form, and the individuals who have been responsible for ocean sciences at NSF as "rotators" and career staff over the past 50 years.

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