50 Years of Ocean Discovery: National Science Foundation 1950-2000

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Table of Contents
Front Matter R1-R6
Keynote Lecture The Emergence of the National Science Foundation as a Supporter of Ocean Sciences in the United States 1-8
Landmark Achievements of Ocean Sciences Achievements in Biological Oceanography 9-21
Achievements in Chemical Oceanography 22-43
Achievements in Physical Oceanography 44-50
Achievements in Marine Geology and Geophysics 51-64
Deep Submergence: The Beginnings of Alvin as a Tool of Basic Research 65-66
The History of Woods Hole's Deep Submergence Program 67-84
Creating Institutions to Make Scientific Discoveries Possible A Chronology of the Early Development of Ocean Sciences at NSF 85-92
Ocean Sciences at the National Sciences Foundation: Early Revolution 93-95
Ocean Sciences at the National Sciences Foundation: An Administrative History 96-106
Two Years of Turbulence Leading to a Quarter Century of Cooperation: The Birth of UNOLS 107-116
Scientific Ocean Drilling, from AMSOC to COMPOST 117-127
Technology Development for Ocean Sciences at NSF 128-134
Large and Small Science Programs: A Delicate Balance The Great Importance of “Small” Science Programs 135-140
The Role of NSF in “Big” Ocean Science: 1950 to 1980 141-148
Major Physical Oceanography Programs at NSF: IDOE Through Global Change 149-151
Major International Programs in Ocean Sciences: Ocean Chemistry 152-162
Ocean Sciences Today and Tomorrow The Future of Physical Oceanography 163-168
The Future of Ocean Chemistry in the United States 169-171
The Future of Marine Geology and Geophysics: A Summary 172-183
Out Far and In Deep: Shifting Perspectives in Ocean Ecology 184-191
Global Ocean Science: Toward an Integrated Approach 192-194
Education in Oceanography: History, Purpose, and Prognosis 195-200
Evolving Institutional Arrangements for U.S. Ocean Sciences 201-206
NSF's Commitment to the Deep 207-209
Fifty Years of Ocean Discovery 210-211
Argo to ARGO 212-213
The Importance of Ocean Sciences to Society 214-216
Appendix A: Symposium Program 217-222
Appendix B: Symposium Participants 223-232
Appendix C: Poster Session 233-234
Appendix D: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences: Senior Science Staff, Rotators, IPAs, and Visiting Sciences 235-246
Appendix E: Support of Ocean Sciences at NSF from 1966 to 1999 247-249
Appendix F: Organizational Charts 250-257
Appendix G: NRC Project Oversight 258-258
Appendix H: Acronyms 259-262
Index 263-270
Supplementary Pictures 271-278

FIGURE 2 Uranium and thorium decay series. Reprinted from Figure 4-1 in Broecker and Peng (1982) with permission from Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory.

Table of Contents

Front Matter R1-R6

Keynote Lecture The Emergence of the National Science Foundation as a Supporter of Ocean Sciences in the United States 1-8

Landmark Achievements of Ocean Sciences Achievements in Biological Oceanography 9-21

Achievements in Chemical Oceanography 22-43

Achievements in Physical Oceanography 44-50

Achievements in Marine Geology and Geophysics 51-64

Deep Submergence: The Beginnings of Alvin as a Tool of Basic Research 65-66

The History of Woods Hole's Deep Submergence Program 67-84

Creating Institutions to Make Scientific Discoveries Possible A Chronology of the Early Development of Ocean Sciences at NSF 85-92

Ocean Sciences at the National Sciences Foundation: Early Revolution 93-95

Ocean Sciences at the National Sciences Foundation: An Administrative History 96-106

Two Years of Turbulence Leading to a Quarter Century of Cooperation: The Birth of UNOLS 107-116

Scientific Ocean Drilling, from AMSOC to COMPOST 117-127

Technology Development for Ocean Sciences at NSF 128-134

Large and Small Science Programs: A Delicate Balance The Great Importance of “Small” Science Programs 135-140

The Role of NSF in “Big” Ocean Science: 1950 to 1980 141-148

Major Physical Oceanography Programs at NSF: IDOE Through Global Change 149-151

Major International Programs in Ocean Sciences: Ocean Chemistry 152-162

Ocean Sciences Today and Tomorrow The Future of Physical Oceanography 163-168

The Future of Ocean Chemistry in the United States 169-171

The Future of Marine Geology and Geophysics: A Summary 172-183

Out Far and In Deep: Shifting Perspectives in Ocean Ecology 184-191

Global Ocean Science: Toward an Integrated Approach 192-194

Education in Oceanography: History, Purpose, and Prognosis 195-200

Evolving Institutional Arrangements for U.S. Ocean Sciences 201-206

NSF's Commitment to the Deep 207-209

Fifty Years of Ocean Discovery 210-211

Argo to ARGO 212-213

The Importance of Ocean Sciences to Society 214-216

Appendix A: Symposium Program 217-222

Appendix B: Symposium Participants 223-232

Appendix C: Poster Session 233-234

Appendix D: NSF Division of Ocean Sciences: Senior Science Staff, Rotators, IPAs, and Visiting Sciences 235-246

Appendix E: Support of Ocean Sciences at NSF from 1966 to 1999 247-249

Appendix F: Organizational Charts 250-257

Appendix G: NRC Project Oversight 258-258

Appendix H: Acronyms 259-262

Index 263-270

Supplementary Pictures 271-278