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NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
This report and the study on which it is based were supported by Contract No. DE-FG01-98EE50561 from the U.S. Department of Energy. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
COMMITTEE TO REVIEW THE R&D STRATEGY FOR BIOMASS-DERIVED ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL TRANSPORTATION FUELS
DAVID L. MORRISON (chair),
Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research (retired), Cary, North Carolina
GARY COLEMAN,
University of Maryland, College Park
BRUCE E. DALE,
Michigan State University, East Lansing
ANTHONY J. FINIZZA,
Atlantic Richfield Company (retired), Los Angeles, California
ROBERT HALL,
Amoco Corporation (retired), Winfield, Illinois
DONALD JOHNSON,
NAE,1 Grain Processing Corporation, Muscatine, Iowa
ROBERTA NICHOLS,
NAE, Ford Motor Company (retired), Plymouth, Michigan
DANIEL SPERLING,
University of California, Davis
STEVEN H. STRAUSS,
Oregon State University, Corvallis
Liaison from the Board on Energy and Environmental Systems
KATHLEEN C. TAYLOR,
General Motors Corporation, Warren, Michigan
Project Staff
JAMES ZUCCHETTO, director,
Board on Energy and Environmental Systems
MARY JANE LETAW, program officer and study director
CRISTELLYN BANKS, project assistant
BOARD ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
ROBERT L. HIRSCH (chair),
Advanced Power Technologies, Inc., Washington, D.C.
RICHARD MESERVE (vice chair),
Covington and Burling, Washington, D.C.
RICHARD E. BALZHISER,
NAE,1 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. (retired), Menlo Park, California
EVERETT H. BECKNER,
Lockheed Martin Corporation, Albuquerque, New Mexico
E. GAIL DE PLANQUE,
NAE, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (retired), Potomac, Maryland
WILLIAM L. FISHER,
NAE, University of Texas, Austin
CHRISTOPHER FLAVIN,
Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D.C.
WILLIAM FULKERSON,
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
ROY G. GORDON,
NAS,2 Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
EDWIN E. KINTNER,
NAE, GPU Nuclear Corporation (retired), Norwich, Vermont
ROBERT W. SHAW, JR.,
Arete[Aretê] Corporation, Center Harbor, New Hampshire
K. ANNE STREET,
Alexandria, Virginia
JAMES SWEENEY,
Stanford University, Stanford, California
KATHLEEN C. TAYLOR,
NAE, General Motors Corporation, Warren, Michigan
JACK WHITE,
The Winslow Group, LLC, Fairfax, Virginia
JOHN J. WISE,
NAE, Mobil Research and Development Company (retired), Princeton, New Jersey
Liaisons from the Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
RUTH M. DAVIS,
NAE, Pymatuning Group, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia
LAWRENCE T. PAPAY,
NAE, Bechtel Technology and Consulting, San Francisco, California
Staff
JAMES ZUCCHETTO, director
RICHARD CAMPBELL, program officer
SUSANNA CLARENDON, financial associate
CRISTELLYN BANKS, project assistant
Acknowledgments
The committee wishes to thank the representatives from the U.S. Department of Energy and the national laboratories who contributed significantly of their time and effort to this National Research Council study by giving presentations at meetings and responding promptly to committee requests for information (see Appendix C). The committee also acknowledges the valuable contributions of organizations outside the U.S. Department of Energy that provided information relevant to the study. Finally, the chairman wishes to recognize the committee members and the staff of the Board on Energy and Environmental Systems of the National Research Council for their hard work organizing and planning committee meetings and for their individual efforts in gathering information and writing sections of the report.
This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the authors and the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The content of the review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the follow individuals for their participation in the review of this report: William G. Agnew, General Motors Corporation (retired); Dan Binkley, Colorado State University; David Bodde, University of MissouriKansas City; Toby Bradshaw, University of Washington College of Forest Resources; Robert Epperly, Epperly Associates, Inc.; Michael R. Ladisch, Purdue University; Ronald A. Sills, BP Amoco P.L.C.; Charles E. Wyman, Dartmouth College Thayer School of Engineering.
While the individuals listed above have provided constructive comments and suggestions, responsibility for the final content of this report rests solely with the authoring committee and the NRC.
Tables, Figures, and Boxes
Tables
1-1 |
Funding Allocations for the Office of Fuels Development Biofuels Program |
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2-1 |
Markets for Cellulosic Biomass-Derived Fuels |
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2-2 |
Cost Estimates for Bioethanol Manufacturing |
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3-1 |
Participants in the Feedstock Development Program, 1996-1999 |
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3-2 |
Allocation of Funds for Feedstock Development Projects |
Figures
1-1 |
Relative costs of processing steps in the NREL bioethanol process of 1991 |
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1-2 |
Appropriations for the National Biomass Ethanol Program |
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2-1 |
Estimated manufacturing costs and the market value of cellulosic biomass-derived ethanol |
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4-1 |
Schematic diagram of the conversion of biomass feedstock to ethanol fuel |
Box
3-1 |
What Is Genomics? |