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Review of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy's Research Plan for Fine Particulates
REVIEW OF THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY'S RESEARCH PLAN FOR FINE PARTICULATES
Committee to Review DOE's Office of Fossil Energy's Research Plan for Fine Particulates
Board on Energy and Environmental Systems
Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
National Research Council
Washington, D.C.
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Review of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy's Research Plan for Fine Particulates
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This report and the study on which it is based were supported by Contract No. DE-FG01-98EE35047 (Task #3) from the U.S. Department of Energy. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number: 0-309-06782-0
Available in limited supply from:
Board on Energy and Environmental Systems
National Research Council
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202-334-3344
Additional copies are available for sale from:
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Copyright 1999 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
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Review of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy's Research Plan for Fine Particulates
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES
National Academy of Sciences
National Academy of Engineering
Institute of Medicine
National Research Council
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
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Review of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy's Research Plan for Fine Particulates
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Review of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy's Research Plan for Fine Particulates
COMMITTEE TO REVIEW DOE'S OFFICE OF FOSSIL ENERGY'S RESEARCH PLAN FOR FINE PARTICULATES
RICHARD S. MAGEE (chair),
New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark
JAN BEYEA, Consulting in the Public Interest,
Lambertville, New Jersey
JOHN J. GODLESKI,
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
MANOJ K. GUHA,
American Electric Power Service Corporation, Columbus, Ohio
GEORGE M. HIDY,
University of Alabama, Birmingham
RUDOLF B. HUSAR,
Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
FREDERICK W. LIPFERT,
Environmental Consultant, Northport, New York
JOHN LONGWELL, NAE1,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
SPYROS N. PANDIS,
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
GEORGE T. WOLFF,
General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Michigan
RONALD WYZGA,
Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California
Liaison from the Board on Energy and Environmental Systems
K. ANNE STREET,
Alexandria, Virginia
Project Staff, Board on Energy and Environmental Systems
JAMES ZUCCHETTO, board director and study director
RICHARD CAMPBELL, program officer
SUSANNA E. CLARENDON, senior project assistant and financial associate
1
NAE = National Academy of Engineering
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Review of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy's Research Plan for Fine Particulates
BOARD ON ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS
ROBERT L. HIRSCH (chair),
Advanced Power Technologies, Inc., Washington, D.C.
RICHARD MESERVE (vice chair),
Covington and Burling, Washington, D.C.
RICHARD E. BALZHISER, NAE,1
Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. (retired), Menlo Park, California
EVERETT H. BECKNER,
Lockheed Martin Corporation, Albuquerque, New Mexico
E. GAIL DE PLANQUE, NAE,
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (retired), Potomac, Maryland
WILLIAM L. FISHER, NAE,
University of Texas, Austin
CHRISTOPHER FLAVIN,
Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D.C.
WILLIAM FULKERSON,
University of Tennessee, Knoxville
ROY G. GORDON, NAS,2
Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
EDWIN E. KINTNER, NAE,
GPU Nuclear Corporation (retired), Norwich, Vermont
ROBERT W. SHAW, JR.,
Aretê Corporation, Center Harbor, New Hampshire
K. ANNE STREET,
Alexandria, Virginia
JAMES SWEENEY,
Stanford University, Stanford, California
KATHLEEN C. TAYLOR, NAE,
General Motors Corporation, Warren, Michigan
JACK WHITE,
The Winslow Group, LLC, Fairfax, Virginia
JOHN J. WISE, NAE,
Mobil Research and Development Company (retired), Princeton, New Jersey
Liaison from the Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
RUTH M. DAVIS, NAF,
Pymatuning Group, Inc., Alexandria, Virginia
LAWRENCE T. PAPAY, NAE,
Bechtel Technology and Consulting, San Francisco, California
Staff
JAMES ZUCCHETTO, director
RICHARD CAMPBELL, program officer
SUSANNA CLARENDON, financial associate
CRISTELLYN BANKS, project assistant
1
NAE = National Academy of Engineering
2
NAS = National Academy of Sciences
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Review of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy's Research Plan for Fine Particulates
Acknowledgments
The committee wishes to thank Thomas Feeley, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)/Federal Energy Technology Center, for his presentation on the DOE fine particulate research plan and program and for his ongoing efforts to respond to the committee's questions and requests for additional information. His responsiveness in supplying materials and clarifying information quickly enabled the committee to complete its task in a timely manner.
The committee also wishes to thank the following people for their presentations: Thomas Grahame, DOE, on aspects of the DOE Office of Fossil Energy's fine particulate matter (PM2.5) research program; Robinson Khosah, Advanced Technology Systems, Inc., on sampling and analysis; Richard Scheffe, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), on EPA's ambient sampling and characterization; Susan Wierman, Mid-Atlantic Regional Air Management Association, on the state and local perspective on PM2.5 information needs; Professor Cliff Davidson, Carnegie Mellon University, on the deposition of fine particulates; and Professor Anthony Wexler, University of Delaware, on secondary particulate formation. These presentations provided the committee with a broad perspective and foundation to conduct its review of DOE's research plan and program on fine particulates, which is a small part of a much larger national research initiative.
The committee greatly appreciates the assistance provided by the National Research Council (NRC) staff members James Zucchetto, Richard Campbell, and Susanna Clarendon.
This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the authors and the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The content of the review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the follow individuals for their participation in the review of this report: Richard Balzhiser (retired), Electric Power Research Institute; Peter Coffey (retired), New York Power Pool; Paul Feldman, Environmental Elements Corporation; Joseph Helble, University of Connecticut; Philip K. Hopke, Clarkson University; Harold Schobert, Pennsylvania State University; Christian Seigneur, Atmospheric and Environmental Research, Inc.; and Ponisseril Somasundaran, Columbia University.
While the individuals listed above have provided constructive comments and suggestions, responsibility for the final content of this report rests solely with the authoring committee and the NRC.
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Review of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy's Research Plan for Fine Particulates
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Review of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy's Research Plan for Fine Particulates
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1
1
INTRODUCTION
7
Legislative Background
7
Sources of Fine Particulate Matter
8
Research on Particulate Matter
9
Scope of This Study and Organization of the Report
10
2
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY
12
Introduction
12
Health Effects
12
Regional Haze and Impaired Visibility
14
Characteristics of Ambient Particulate Matter
15
Monitoring of Ambient Particulate Matter
16
Characterization of Source Emissions
17
Relationship between Emissions and Concentrations of Ambient Particulate Matter
17
Ambient Particulate Matter Concentrations and Personal Exposure
19
Effectiveness of Control Technologies
19
3
REVIEW OF THE DOE FINE PARTICULATE RESEARCH PROGRAM
21
Overall Strategy
21
Ambient PM2.5 Sampling and Analysis
22
Characterizing Emissions and Plume/Atmospheric Chemistry
27
Research and Development on Emission-Control Technologies
29
General Findings and Recommendations
31
Ambient PM2.5 Sampling and Analysis
33
Emissions Characterization and Plume/Atmospheric Chemistry
36
Research and Development on Emissions-Control Technology
37
REFERENCES
38
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Review of the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Fossil Energy's Research Plan for Fine Particulates
APPENDICES
A
Biographical Sketches of Committee Members
41
B
Projects in the U.S. Department of Energy's Fine Particulate Research Program
44
C
Committee Meetings and Other Activities
46
ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
47
