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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

References Albizo, J.M., J.W. Hovanec, and J.R. Ward. 1988. Decontamination of Organophosphorous Esters by Hydrolysis Catalyzed by Transition-Metal Ions. CRDEC-TR-88061. Aber- deen Proving Ground, Md.: Chemical Research Development and Engineering. All, J., L. Rodrigues, and M. Moodie. 1997. U.S. Chemical-Biological Defense Guidebook. Alexandria, Va.: Jane's Information Group. ARO (Army Research Office). 1997. MURI/ARO Functionally Tailored Textile Fabrics. In- terim Progress Report. DAAH04-96-1-0018. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: Army Re- search Office. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). 1993. Designation ES 22-92. Emer- gency standard test method for resistance to protective clothing materials to penetra- tion by blood-borne pathogens using viral penetration as a test system. Annual Book of ASTM Standards 11.03: 807. Bannard, R.A.B., A.A. Casselman, J.G. Purdon, and J.W. Bovenkamp. 1991. U.S. Patent no. 5,077,316. 1991 December 31. Barrett, G. 1998. PM-ESS (Enhanced Soldier Systems) Managed Programs. Presentation by G. Barrett, Program Manager, Enhanced Soldier Systems, to principal investigators and members of the Advisory Panel on Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U.S. Forces, Task 2.3: Physical Protection and Decontamination. Soldier and Biological Chemical Command, Natick, Massachusetts, November 16, 1999. Bartram, P.W., V.D. Henderson, J.W. Hovanec, M.D. Brickhouse, and G.W. Wagner. 1998. Reactions of GD and VX with Ozone. Final Report TR-550. Abingdon, Md.: EAI Cor- poration. Battelle Memorial Institute and Charles Williams, Inc. 1999. Chemical and Biological Wide Area Decontamination Literature Search and Market Survey. Report to the Joint Ser- vice Materiel Group. Bel Air, Md.: Battelle Memorial Institute. Beaudry, W.T., L.L. Szafraniec, and D.R. Leslie. 1990. Sorption and Reaction of Organo- phosphorus Compounds by a Mixed Sorbtive/Reactive Resin. Pp. 91-98 in Proceed- ings of the 1990 Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center Scientific Conference on Chemical Defense Research. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center. 164

REFERENCES 165 Bell, W.L., S.D. Dietz, S.C. Gebhard, G.R. Mason, T.J. Selegue, and P.M. Nolan. 1998. Novel Carbonaceous Sorbants. Pp. 461-467 in Proceedings of the 1997 Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center Scientific Conference on Chemical Defense Re- search. November 18-21,1997, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md. Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center. Berardesca, E., P. Elsner, K.P. Wilhelm, and H.I. Maibach. 1995a. Bioengineering of the Skin: Methods and Instrumentation. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. Berardesca, E., P. Elsner, and H.I. Maibach. 1995b. Bioengineering of the Skin: Cutaneous Blood Flow and Erythema. Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press. Blankenbiller, A. 1998. Overview of the JSMG. Presentation by A. Blankenbiller, Program Manager, Joint Research and Development, to principal investigators on Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U.S. Forces, Task 2.3: Physical Protection and Decon- tamination, National Research Council, Washington, D.C., April 28,1998. Bloomfield, S.F., and M. Arther. 1992. Interaction of Bacillus subtilis spores with sodium hypochlorite, sodium dichloroisocyanorate and chloramine-T. Journal of Applied Bac- teriology 72: 166. Bolton, J.R., and R.D.S. Stevens. 1995. The Potential for UV-Based Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Destruction of Chemical Warfare Agents. Pp. 347-358 in Proceedings of the Workshop on Advances in Alternative Demilitarization Technologies. Washing- ton, D.C.: U.S. Army. Booz-Allen and Hamilton. 1997. Assessment of the Impact of Chemical and Biological Weapons on Joint Operations in 2010 (The CB 2010 Study). McLean, Va.: Booz-Allen and Hamilton. Boyle, R.E. 1998a. Biological Warfare: A Historical Perspective. LG-1597. Albuquerque, N.M.: Sandia National Laboratories. Boyle, R.E. 1998b. U.S. Chemical Warfare: A Historical Perspective. LG-1597. Albuquerque, N.M.: Sandia National Laboratories. Brandler, P. 1998. State-of-the-Art of Functional Textiles for Soldiers' Related Systems, Func- tionally Tailored Textiles and Fabrics. Presented at the Second Annual Review Meeting. Army Research Laboratories, Aberdeen, Md., March 5-6, 1998. Braue, E.H., Jr. 1998. Development of a Reactive Topical Skin Protectant. Presentation by E.H. Braue, Jr., to the Decontamination Commodity Area Program Review Meeting, Joint Service Materiel Group, Edgewood, Maryland, October 7-8,1998. Buettner, L.C., L.E. Campbell, S.S. Hsu, J.T. James, C.J. Karwacki, S.A. Katz, R.W. Morrison, and W.T. Muse. 1988. An Experimental Assessment of Protective Filters Challenged by Toxic Gases Potentially Present in the Bradley Fighting Vehicle. CRDEC-TR-88096. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: U.S. Army. Bunton, C.A., G. Cerichelli, Y. Ihara, and L. Sepulveda. 1979. Micellar catalysis and reactant incorporation in dephosphorylation and nucleophilic substitution. Journal of the American Chemical Society 101: 2429-2435. Bunton, C.A., F.D. Buzzaccarini, and F.H. Hamed. 1983. Nucleophilic aromatic-substitution in microemulsions of hydroxyethyl surfactants. Journal of Organic Chemistry 48~15~: 2461-2465. Bunton, C.A., and C. Quan. 1985. Hydrolysis of 2,4-dinitrophenyl phosphate in hydropho- bic ammonium-salts. Journal of Organic Chemistry 50: 3230-3232. Bunton, C.A., M.M. Mhala, and J.R. Moffatt. 1990. Dephosphorylation by peroxyanions in micelles and microemulsions. Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry 3: 390-396. Bunton, C.A., and H.J. Foroudian. 1993. A quantitative treatment of micellar effects upon dephosphorylation by hydroperoxide anion. Langmuir 9: 2832-2835. Cag, P., H. Dobbs, R. Herz, B. Liu, and D. Woodrum. 1995. Integration of Catalytic Oxida- tion/Environmental Control Unit (CATOX/ECU) Air Purification System into Com- bat Vehicle. ERDEC-CR-175. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: U.S. Army.

66 STRATEGIES TO PROTECT THE HEALTH OF DEPLOYED U.S. FORCES Cain, E. 1999. Biological Defense Program Review. Presentation by E. Cain, Joint Program Manager for Biological Defense, Joint Program Office (Biological Defense) to the Department of Defense Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Symposium and Exhibition. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, June 22, 1999. Calomiris, J.J., T. Cheng, S.P. Harvey, and J.J. DeFrank. 1994. Enzymatic Catalysis of Orga- nophosphorus Toxicants. Pp. 919-925 in Proceedings of the 1993 Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center Scientific Conference on Chemical Defense Re- search, November 16-19,1993. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center. Carr, J.L., B.M. Corona, S.E. Jackson, and V.L. Bachovchin. 1980a. The effects of chemical biological clothing and equipment on U.S. Army soldiers' performance: a critical re- view of the literature (a preliminary survey). Technical Memorandum 12-80. Aber- deen Proving Ground, Md.: U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory. Carr, J.L., R.L. Kershner, B.M. Corona, and S.E. Jackson. 1980b. The effects of CB clothing and equipment on U.S. Army soldiers' performance: a critical assessment of perfor- mance testing. Technical Memorandum 25-80. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: U.S. Army Human Engineering Laboratory. CBIAC (Chemical and Biological Defense Information and Analysis Center). 1999. Tech- nologies Table on Oxidizing Decontamination in the CB Decontamination Database CD-ROM, Release One. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: CBIAC. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. 1997. Requirements Generation System (Formerly MOP 77~. CJCSI 3170.01. Washington, D.C.: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Chang. M. 1984. A Survey and Evaluation of Chemical Warfare Agent Contaminants and Decontamination. AD-202525. Dugway, Utah: U.S. Army Dugway Proving Ground. Cheng, T., J.J. Defrank, M.N. Miller, D.K. Vervier, and H.S. Heitz. 1991. Immunochemical and Nucleic Acid Screening of Bacteria for Organophosphate-Degrading Enzymes. Pp. 763-771 in Proceedings of the 1991 U.S. Army Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center Scientific Conference on Chemical Defense Research. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center. Chow, B.G., G.S. Jones, I. Lachow, J. Stillon, S. Wilkening, and H. Yee. 1998. Air Force Operations in a Chemical and Biological Environment. Rand Report DB-189/1-AF. Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand. Chue, K.T., J.N. Kim, Y.J. Yoo, S.H. Cho, and R.T. Yang. 1995. Comparison of Activated Carbon and Zeolite 13X for CO2 Recovery from Flu Gas by Pressure Swing Absorp- tion. Industrial Engineering Chemical Research 34~2~: 591-598. Commission to Assess the Organization of the Federal Government to Combat the Prolif- eration of Weapons of Mass Destruction. 1999. Combating Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. Washington, D.C.: Commission to Assess the Organization of the Federal Government to Combat the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction. Committee on Veterans' Affairs. 1998. Report of the Special Investigation Unit on Gulf War Illnesses, One Hundred Fifth Congress. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Coombes, R.A., B. Hampson, and J.A.W. Sykes. 1994. A Pressure and Temperature Swing Absorption Filtration System for the Removal of Organic Vapors from an Air Stream. Pp. 561-571 in 1993 Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center Sci- entific Conference on Chemical Defense Research. Aberdeen Proving Ground, Md.: Edgewood Research, Development, and Engineering Center. Courtney, R.C., R.L. Gustafson, S.J. Westerback, H. Hyytiainen, S.C. Chaberek, and A.E. Martell. 1957. Metal chelate compounds as catalysts in the hydrolysis of isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate and diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate. Journal of the American Chemical Society 79: 3030-3036.

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68 STRATEGIES TO PROTECT THE HEALTH OF DEPLOYED U.S. FORCES Frosch, P.J., A. Kurte, and B. Pilz. 1993a. Biophysical Techniques for the Evaluation of Skin Protective Creams. Pp. 214-222 in Noninvasive Methods for the Quantification of Skin Functions, P.J. Frosch and A.M. Kligman, eds. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Frosch, P.J., A. Kurte, and B. Pilz. 1993b. Efficacy of skin barrier creams. 3. The repetitive irritation test (RIT) in humans. Contact Dermatitis 29: 113-118. Frosch, P.J., A. Schulze-Dirks, M. Hoffmann, and I. Axthelm. 1993c. Efficacy of skin barrier creams. 2. Ineffectiveness of a popular "skin protector" against various irritants in the repetitive irritation test in the guinea pig. Contact Dermatitis 29: 74-77. Frosch, P.J., A. Schulze-Dirks, M. Hoffmann, I. Axthelm, and A. Kurte. 1993d. Efficacy of skin barrier creams. 1. The repetitive irritation test (RIT) in the guinea pig. Contact Dermatitis 28: 94-100. Frosch, P.J., and A. Kurte. 1994. Efficacy of skin barrier creams. 4. The repetitive irritation test (RIT) with a set of four standard irritants. Contact Dermatitis 31: 161-168. Fullerton, A., and T. Menne. 1995. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the effect of barrier gels in nickel contact allergy. Contact Dermatitis 32: 100-106. Gander, T.J. 1997. Jane's NBC Protection Equipment, 10th ed. Surrey, U.K.: Jane's Informa- tion Group, Inc. GAO. 1999. Combating Terrorism: Observations on the Nunn-Lugar-Dominici Domestic Preparedness Program. Audit Report. Washington, D.C.: General Accounting Office. Garrison, J.M., D.R. Knudsen, and W.M. Waskom. 1982. Shipboard chemical warfare train- ing exercise. NSWC TR 82-431. Dahlgren, Va.: Naval Surface Weapons Center. Gawron, V., H. Taylor, J. Howe, R. Hughes, D. Stevens, T. Swalm, D. Hilmas, and R. Fuchs. 1998. Report on United States Air Force Expeditionary Forces. Vol. 3, App. I. Washing- ton, D.C.: U.S. Air Force. Gibson, H., and D. Reneker. 1998. Nanofibers: New Fabric Architectures. Presentation to the U.S. Army Nanotechnology Conference, Boston, Massachusetts, July 7-9, 1998. Gibson, P.W. and H. Schreuder-Gibson. 1999. Aerosol Particle Filtration, Gas Flow, and Vapor Diffusion Properties of Electrospun Nanofiber Coatings. Natick/TR-99/016L. Natick, Mass.: U.S. Army Soldier and Biological Chemical Command. Gibson, P.W., H.L. Schreuder-Gibson, and D. Rivin. 1999. Electrospun fiber mats: transport properties. American Institute of Chemical Engineers Journal 45~1~: 190-194. Goh, C.L. 1991a. Cutting oil dermatitis on guinea pig skin. 1. Cutting oil dermatitis and barrier cream. Contact Dermatitis 24: 16-21. Goh, C.L. l991b. Cutting oil dermatitis on guinea pig skin. 2. Emollient creams and cutting oil dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 24: 81-85. Goh, C.L., and S.L. Gan. 1994. Efficacies of a barrier cream and an afterwork emollient cream against cutting fluid dermatitis in metalworkers: a prospective study. Contact Dermatitis 31: 176-180. Goldman, R.F., and the Staff of the Military Ergonomics Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine. 1981. CW protective clothing: the na- ture of its performance degradation and some partial solutions. Natick, Mass.: United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine. Gray, K.A., and R.J. Hilarides. 1995. Radiolytic treatment of dioxin contaminated soils. Radiation Physical Chemistry 46: 1081-1084. Grevelink, S.A., D.F. Murrell, and E.A. Olsen. 1992. Effectiveness of various barrier prepa- rations in preventing and/or ameliorating experimentally produced toxicodendron dermatitis. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 27: 182-188. Grunewald, A. M., J. Lorenz, M. Gloor, W. Gehring, and P. Kleesz. 1996. Lipophilic irri- tants: protective value of urea- and of glycerol-containing oil-in-water emulsions. Dermatosen in Beruf und Umwelt 44: 81-86.

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Since Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm, Gulf War veterans have expressed concerns that their postdeployment medical symptoms could have been caused by hazardous exposures or other deployment-related factors. Potential exposure to a broad range of CB and other harmful agents was not unique to Gulf operations. Hazardous exposures have been a component of all military operations in this century. Nevertheless, the Gulf War deployment focused national attention on the potential, but uncertain, relationship between the presence of CB agents in theater and symptoms reported by military personnel. Particular attention has been given to the potential long-term health effects of low-level exposures to CB agents.

In the spring of 1996, Deputy Secretary of Defense John White met with the leadership of the National Academies to discuss the DoD's continuing efforts to improve protection of military personnel from adverse health effects during deployments in hostile environments. Although many lessons learned from previous assessments of Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm have been reported, prospective analyses are still needed. Strategies to Protect the Health of Deployed U.S. Forces: Force Protection and Decontamination, which addresses the issues of physical protection and decontamination, is one of four initial reports that will be submitted in response to that request.

Specifically, this report includes a review and evaluation of the following areas:

  • the adequacy of current protective equipment and protective measures (as well as equipment in development)
  • the efficacy of current and proposed methods for decontaminating personnel and equipment after exposures to CB agents
  • current policies, doctrine, and training to protect and decontaminate personnel and equipment in future deployments (i.e., major regional conflicts [MRCs], lesser regional conflicts [LRCs], and operations other than war [OOTWs])
  • the impact of equipment and procedures on unit effectiveness and other human performance factors
  • current and projected military capabilities to provide emergency response

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