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Appendices
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Appendix D
Evaluating Skin Decontamination Techniques
Howard I. Malbach and Hongbo Zha
li
Both in vitro and in vivo techniques have been developed to determine skin
decontamination. A brief introduction to the models and a summary of the relative data
from recent studies follows. The models described below have been developed with
nonvesicant agents that are available for occupational and home use.
IN VITO DECONTAMINATION MODEL
Wester et al. (1991) tested the extent and rate of decontamination on rhesus
monkeys. A water-soluble chemical, glyphosate, was completely removed from rhesus
monkey skin with three successive soap and water or water only washes. Approximately
90-percent of the glyphosate was removed in the first wash. There was no difference
between washing with soap and water and washing with water only. AlachIor, a lipid-
soluble chemical, was also removed by washing with soap and water and water only. In
contrast to glyphosate, however, more alachIor was removed with soap and water than
with water alone. Although the first alachIor washing removed most of the chemical,
successive washings contributed to overall decontamination.
Methylene bispheny! isocyanate, an industrial chemical, is a potent contact
sensitizer. Decontamination potential was determined in vivo in rhesus monkeys. A and
of I-cm areas was drawn on the abdomen of the monkey (the same can be done with
humans) and the same amount of chemical applied to all areas. At set times, individual
grid areas were washed/decontaminated by water-only, 5-percent soap, 50-percent soap,
polypropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol cleaner, and corn oil. After each washing
procedure, skin tape stopping was used to quantify residual contamination. Water-only
and soap-and-water washing were minimally effective. Polypropylene glycol,
polypropylene glycol cleaner, and corn of} were more effective. The chemical that was
not removed by the washing procedures was recovered in the tape stepping (Wester and
Maibach, 1999a). Two factors affect in vivo skin decontamination: (~) the "rubbing
effect" that removes loose surface stratum corneum from natural skin desquamation, and
(2) the "solvent effect," which is related to chemical lipophilicity and may influence the
washing effects (Wester et al., 1991~.
van Hooidonk et al. (1983) evaluated a wide variety of common materials as skin
decontaminants against chemical agents. Flour followed by wet tissue paper removed 93
percent of VX and 98 percent of mustard. This treatment also reduced the penetration of
The following material was prepared for the use of the principal investigators of this study. The
opinions and conclusions herein are the authors' and not necessarily those of the National Research Council.
180
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Appendix A
Funding Levels for Fiscal Years
1996 2000 for the Joint Service
Chemical/Biological Defense Program
For limited distribution to:
Government Personnel and Contractors
To obtain copies contact:
Office of the Special Assistant for Gulf War Illnesses
Four Skyline Place
5113 Leesburg Pike, Suite 901
Falls Church, VA 22041-3204
Phone: 703-578-8500
181
Representative terms from entire chapter:
skin decontamination
