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Radiation and the International Space Station: Recommendations to Reduce Risk (2000)

Chapter: Appendix D: Acronyms and Abbreviations

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Research Council. 2000. Radiation and the International Space Station: Recommendations to Reduce Risk. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9725.
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Appendix D
Acronyms and Abbreviations


ACE

Advanced Composition Explorer (NASA research spacecraft)

AFRL

Air Force Research Laboratory

ALARA

as low as reasonably achievable (operational flight rule for radiation management)

APEXRAD

model of radiation dose based on APEX satellite data


BFO

blood-forming organs


CEPPAD

comprehensive energetic particle and pitch angle distribution

CIR

corotating interaction regions

CME

coronal mass ejection

CPD

crew passive dosimeter

CRRES

Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (NASA research satellite)

CRRESELE

model of electron radiation belts based on CRESS data

CRRESPRO

model of proton radiation belts based on CRRES data

CRRESRAD

model of radiation doses based on CRRES data


DMSP

Defense Meteorology Satellite Program (a suite of polar-orbiting DOD satellites)

DOD

Department of Defense

DOE

Department of Energy

DOI

Department of the Interior


EIT

Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope

ESA

European Space Agency

EUV

extreme ultraviolet

EVA

extravehicular activity—astronauts in space suits outside a shuttle or station


FAST

Fast Auroral Snapshot Explorer

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Research Council. 2000. Radiation and the International Space Station: Recommendations to Reduce Risk. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9725.
×

GCR

galactic cosmic ray

GeV

gigaelectronvolt (unit of energy = 1,000 MeV)

GOES

Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (NOAA)

GSFC

Goddard Space Flight Center

Gy

gray (unit of radiation)


HESSI

High Energy Spectroscopic Imager (NASA research spacecraft)

HRE

highly relativistic electron

HZE

high z energetic particle, i.e., high-atomic-number particle


IMEX

Inner Magnetospheric Explorer

IMF

interplanetary magnetic field

IMP

Interplanetary Monitoring Program

ISS

International Space Station

ISTP

International Solar-Terrestrial Physics (a NASA program)


JPL

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

JSC

Johnson Space Center (the NASA center responsible for ISS and shuttle operations)


Kp

index of geomagnetic activity


L1

First Lagrangian point. Lagrangian points are points between two orbiting masses in which the gravitational pulls from both bodies are balanced exactly with the centripetal force required to rotate with them. Objects at these points then orbit at a constant distance from both masses.

LASCO

Large Angle and Spectrometic Coronagraph Experiment

LEM

lunar excursion module

LEO

low earth orbit, referring to a class of satellites


MCC

Mission Control Center

MeV

million electron volts (unit of energy)

MHD

magnetohydrodynamic

MSC

Manned Spacecraft Center

MSFC

Marshall Space Flight Center


NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NCRP

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

NOAA

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NRA

NASA Research Announcement

NSF

National Science Foundation

NSSDC

National Space Science Data Center, located at GSFC

NSWP

National Space Weather Program


OTTI

Orbiting Technology Testbed Initiative (program within SEE)


POES

Polar-Orbiting Operational Environmental Satellites (NOAA)

POLAR

a high-altitude, polar-orbiting research satellite (NASA)


RBE

relative biological effectiveness

RPC

Rapid Prototyping Center at SEC and AFRL for expediting the transitioning of research into operations

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Research Council. 2000. Radiation and the International Space Station: Recommendations to Reduce Risk. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9725.
×

SAA

South Atlantic Anomaly

SAMPEX

Solar Anomalous Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (NASA research satellite)

SEC

Space Environment Center (NOAA)

SEE

Space Environment Effects program at MSFC

SOHO

Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (ESA/NASA research satellite)

SPAN

Solar Particle Alert Network

SPE

solar particle event

SRAG

Space Radiation Analysis Group (at Johnson Space Center)

Sv

sievert (unit of radiation)

SWOP

Space Weather Operations Center (at NOAA's SEC)

STEREO

Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (NASA research spacecraft)

SXI

Solar X-ray Imager


TCEP

tissue-equivalent proportional counter


USAF

United States Air Force

Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Research Council. 2000. Radiation and the International Space Station: Recommendations to Reduce Risk. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9725.
×
Page 74
Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Research Council. 2000. Radiation and the International Space Station: Recommendations to Reduce Risk. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9725.
×
Page 75
Suggested Citation:"Appendix D: Acronyms and Abbreviations." National Research Council. 2000. Radiation and the International Space Station: Recommendations to Reduce Risk. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9725.
×
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A major objective of the International Space Station is learning how to cope with the inherent risks of human spaceflight—how to live and work in space for extended periods. The construction of the station itself provides the first opportunity for doing so. Prominent among the challenges associated with ISS construction is the large amount of time that astronauts will be spending doing extravehicular activity (EVA), or "space walks." EVAs from the space shuttle have been extraordinarily successful, most notably the on-orbit repair of the Hubble Space Telescope. But the number of hours of EVA for ISS construction exceeds that of the Hubble repair mission by orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the ISS orbit has nearly twice the inclination to Earth's equator as Hubble's orbit, so it spends part of every 90-minute circumnavigation at high latitudes, where Earth's magnetic field is less effective at shielding impinging radiation. This means that astronauts sweeping through these regions will be considerably more vulnerable to dangerous doses of energetic particles from a sudden solar eruption.

Radiation and the International Space Station estimates that the likelihood of having a potentially dangerous solar event during an EVA is indeed very high. This report recommends steps that can be taken immediately, and over the next several years, to provide adequate warning so that the astronauts can be directed to take protective cover inside the ISS or shuttle. The near-term actions include programmatic and operational ways to take advantage of the multiagency assets that currently monitor and forecast space weather, and ways to improve the in situ measurements and the predictive power of current models.

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