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Suggested Citation:"Color Plates." National Research Council. 2000. Radiation and the International Space Station: Recommendations to Reduce Risk. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9725.
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Plate 1 Average flux of energetic electrons during 1997 recorded on SAMPEX (top) and POLAR (bottom) satellites at low (SAMPEX) and high (POLAR) altitudes. Note the appearance on day 20 of a third belt in the POLAR panel near L = 3 following a major magnetic storm.

Suggested Citation:"Color Plates." National Research Council. 2000. Radiation and the International Space Station: Recommendations to Reduce Risk. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9725.
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Plate 2 The Sun-Earth Connection event of January 1997. A CME left the Sun on January 6 and passed Earth on January 10 and 11. The figure illustrates the tracking of the event and its effects on the geospace environment.

Suggested Citation:"Color Plates." National Research Council. 2000. Radiation and the International Space Station: Recommendations to Reduce Risk. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9725.
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Plate 3 Top panel, solar wind speeds measured on SOHO during the January 1997 Sun-Earth Connection event. Bottom panel, SAMPEX measurements of radiation belt intensities at 600 km altitude. Notice the large increase in SAMPEX intensities on January 10, when a high-speed, high-density stream impacted Earth.

Suggested Citation:"Color Plates." National Research Council. 2000. Radiation and the International Space Station: Recommendations to Reduce Risk. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9725.
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Plate 4 Global MHD simulation of the impact on the magnetosphere of the interplanetary shock wave of March 24, 1991, which violently compressed Earth's magnetosphere and rearranged the radiation belts. The top diagram shows the configuration just before the shock hit; the bottom one shows the configuration few minutes later, as the shock moved the magnetotail. Area colors indicate temperature in the equatorial plane. Colored lines are magnetic field lines.

Suggested Citation:"Color Plates." National Research Council. 2000. Radiation and the International Space Station: Recommendations to Reduce Risk. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9725.
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Page 77
Suggested Citation:"Color Plates." National Research Council. 2000. Radiation and the International Space Station: Recommendations to Reduce Risk. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9725.
×
Page 78
Suggested Citation:"Color Plates." National Research Council. 2000. Radiation and the International Space Station: Recommendations to Reduce Risk. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9725.
×
Page 79
Suggested Citation:"Color Plates." National Research Council. 2000. Radiation and the International Space Station: Recommendations to Reduce Risk. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9725.
×
Page 80
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A major objective of the International Space Station is learning how to cope with the inherent risks of human spaceflight—how to live and work in space for extended periods. The construction of the station itself provides the first opportunity for doing so. Prominent among the challenges associated with ISS construction is the large amount of time that astronauts will be spending doing extravehicular activity (EVA), or "space walks." EVAs from the space shuttle have been extraordinarily successful, most notably the on-orbit repair of the Hubble Space Telescope. But the number of hours of EVA for ISS construction exceeds that of the Hubble repair mission by orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the ISS orbit has nearly twice the inclination to Earth's equator as Hubble's orbit, so it spends part of every 90-minute circumnavigation at high latitudes, where Earth's magnetic field is less effective at shielding impinging radiation. This means that astronauts sweeping through these regions will be considerably more vulnerable to dangerous doses of energetic particles from a sudden solar eruption.

Radiation and the International Space Station estimates that the likelihood of having a potentially dangerous solar event during an EVA is indeed very high. This report recommends steps that can be taken immediately, and over the next several years, to provide adequate warning so that the astronauts can be directed to take protective cover inside the ISS or shuttle. The near-term actions include programmatic and operational ways to take advantage of the multiagency assets that currently monitor and forecast space weather, and ways to improve the in situ measurements and the predictive power of current models.

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