National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility: Update on National Research Council Recommendations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9727.
×

Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility

Update on National Research Council Recommendations

Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program

Board on Army Science and Technology

Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems

National Research Council

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1999

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility: Update on National Research Council Recommendations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9727.
×

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

This is a report of work supported by Contract DAAD19-99-C-0010 between the U.S. Army and the National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility: Update on National Research Council Recommendations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9727.
×

COMMITTEE ON REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF THE ARMY CHEMICAL STOCKPILE DISPOSAL PROGRAM

DAVID S. KOSSON, chair,

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick

CHARLES E. KOLB, vice chair,

Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts

DAVID H. ARCHER,

Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

PIERO M. ARMENANTE,

New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark

DENNIS C. BLEY,

Buttonwood Consulting, Inc., Oakton, Virginia

JERRY L. R. CHANDLER,

George Mason University, McLean, Virginia (as of 7/1/99)

FRANK P. CRIMI,

Lockheed Martin (retired), Saratoga, California

ELISABETH M. DRAKE,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (until 3/31/99)

J. ROBERT GIBSON,

DuPont Life Sciences, Wilmington, Delaware

MICHAEL R. GREENBERG,

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick

KATHRYN E. KELLY,

Delta Toxicology, Crystal Bay, Nevada

PETER B. LEDERMAN,

New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark (as of 7/1/99)

RICHARD S. MAGEE,

New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark (until 1/27/99)

JAMES F. MATHIS,

Exxon Corporation (retired), Houston, Texas

WALTER G. MAY,

University of Illinois, Urbana (until 7/31/99)

CHARLES I. McGINNIS, Consultant,

Charlottesville, Virginia (as of 7/1/99)

ALVIN H. MUSHKATEL,

Arizona State University, Tempe (until 3/31/99)

H. GREGOR RIGO,

Rigo & Rigo Associates, Inc., Berea, Ohio

KOZO SAITO,

University of Kentucky, Lexington

W. LEIGH SHORT,

URS Greiner Woodward-Clyde (retired), Mount Pleasant, South Carolina (as of 7/1/99)

ARNOLD F. STANCELL,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta

STEVEN R. TANNENBAUM,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge (as of 7/1/99)

CHADWICK A. TOLMAN,

National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia

WILLIAM TUMAS,

Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico

Board on Army Science and Technology Liaison

RICHARD A. CONWAY,

Union Carbide Corporation (retired), Charleston, West Virginia

Staff

DONALD L. SIEBENALER, Study Director

HARRISON T. PANNELLA, Research Associate

WILLIAM E. CAMPBELL, Senior Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility: Update on National Research Council Recommendations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9727.
×

BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

WILLIAM H. FORSTER, chair,

Northrop Grumman Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland

THOMAS L. MCNAUGHER, vice chair,

RAND Corporation, Washington, D.C.

ELIOT A. COHEN,

School of International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington D.C.

RICHARD A. CONWAY,

Union Carbide Corporation (retired), Charleston, West Virginia

GILBERT F. DECKER,

Walt Disney Imagineering, Glendale, California

PATRICK F. FLYNN,

Cummins Engine Company, Columbus, Indiana

EDWARD J. HAUG,

NADS and Simulation Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City

ROBERT J. HEASTON,

Guidance and Control Information Analysis Center (retired), Naperville, Illinois

ELVIN R. HEIBERG, III,

Heiberg Associates, Inc., Mason Neck, Virginia

GERALD J. IAFRATE,

University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana

DONALD R. KEITH,

Cypress International, Alexandria, Virginia

KATHRYN V. LOGAN,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta

JOHN E. MILLER,

Oracle Corporation, Reston, Virginia

JOHN H. MOXLEY, III,

Korn/Ferry International, Los Angeles, California

STEWART D. PERSONICK,

Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

MILLARD F. ROSE,

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama

GEORGE T. SINGLEY, III,

Hicks & Associates, McLean, Virginia

CLARENCE G. THORNTON,

Army Research Laboratories (retired), Colts Neck, New Jersey

JOHN D. VENABLES,

Venables and Associates, Towson, Maryland

JOSEPH J. VERVIER,

ENSCO, Inc., Melbourne, Florida

ALLEN C. WARD,

Ward Synthesis, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan

Staff

BRUCE A. BRAUN, Director

MICHAEL A. CLARKE, Associate Director

MARGO L. FRANCESCO, Staff Associate

CHRIS JONES, Financial Associate

DEANNA SPARGER, Senior Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility: Update on National Research Council Recommendations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9727.
×

Preface

The United States has maintained a stockpile of highly toxic chemical agents and munitions for more than half a century. In 1985, Public Law 99–145 mandated an "expedited" effort to dispose of M55 rockets containing unitary chemical warfare agents because of their potential for self-ignition. This program soon expanded into the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (CSDP), whose mission was to eliminate the entire stockpile of unitary chemical weapons. The CSDP developed the baseline incineration system for that purpose. Since 1987, the National Research Council (NRC), through its Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (Stockpile Committee), has overseen the Army's disposal program and has endorsed the baseline incineration system as an adequate technology for destroying the stockpile. In 1992, after setting several intermediate goals and dates, Congress enacted Public Law 102–484, which directed the Army to dispose of the entire stockpile of unitary chemical warfare agents and munitions by December 31, 2004.

In the 1970s, the Army had commissioned studies of different disposal technologies and tested several of them. In 1982, the Army selected incineration as the method it would use for the disposal of agents and associated propellants and explosives and the thermal decontamination of metal parts. In 1984, the NRC Committee on Demilitarizing Chemical Munitions and Agents reviewed a range of disposal technologies and endorsed the Army's selection of incineration. In response to public concerns about incineration and the evolution of other potential disposal technologies, the NRC has also carried out several evaluations of alternative technologies and recommended the development of chemical detoxification technologies for application at the two stockpile storage sites where chemical agent is stored only in bulk (with no energetically configured munitions).

Incineration technology is embodied in today's baseline incineration system, which was developed largely at the Chemical Agent Munitions Disposal System (CAMDS) experimental facility at Tooele Army Depot, Utah. The first full-scale operational plant, the Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System (JACADS), in the Pacific Ocean southwest of Hawaii, was completed in 1990 and is nearing the conclusion of chemical weapons disposal operations on Johnston Island. Construction of the first disposal facility in the continental United States was started in 1989 at the Tooele Army Depot (now Deseret Chemical Depot) in Utah. The design of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility (TOCDF) represents a second generation baseline system, which incorporates improvements based on experience with the JACADS facility, advances in technology, and recommendations made by the Stockpile Committee. Systemization testing began in August 1993, and agent operations began on August 22, 1996.

The Stockpile Committee has monitored operations at the TOCDF since the start-up of systemization. The following NRC reports were issued by the Stockpile Committee in its TOCDF oversight role:

  • Review of Systemization of the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility

  • Risk Assessment and Management at the Deseret Chemical Depot and the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility

Published in 1996, the Systemization report reviewed the status of the TOCDF as systemization (pre-operational) testing was nearing completion and the facility was about to start agent operations. The report contained several sets of recommendations: some that were general and continuing; some that were to be coordinated with the start of agent operations; some that were to be completed prior to agent operations; and some that were to be completed during the first year of agent operations. The more recent Risk Assessment and Management (1997) report addressed issues related to the quantitative and health risk assessments performed for the TOCDF and the adjacent storage site and the Army's implementation of a risk management plan.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility: Update on National Research Council Recommendations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9727.
×

Following up on the recommendations in the Systemization report and the Risk Assessment and Management report, this report reviews the status of the TOCDF after more than two years of agent operations. This report also follows up on relevant recommendations from earlier Stockpile Committee reports and a recent letter report, Public Involvement and the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program. The committee's intent is to document the Army's responses to these recommendations, noting which ones have been satisfactorily addressed and which ones have not been completely or adequately addressed. The latter group will provide a basis for the Stockpile Committee's oversight in the future. Although the focus of this report is on the TOCDF, some of the findings and recommendations also apply to other sites and to the CSDP as a whole.

The committee greatly appreciates the support and assistance of National Research Council staff members Donald L. Siebenaler, Harrison T. Pannella, William E. Campbell, Delphine D. Glaze, Margo L. Francesco, and Carol R. Arenberg, in the production of this report.

David S. Kosson, chair

Charles E. Kolb, vice chair

Committee On Review And Evaluation Of The Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility: Update on National Research Council Recommendations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9727.
×

Acknowledgments

This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the authors and the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The contents of the review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:

James G. Droppo, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Gene H. Dyer, Bechtel Corporation (retired)

B. John Garrick, Garrick Consulting

Erik B. Herzik, University of Nevada

Ronald A. Hites, Indiana University

David H. Johnson, PLG, Inc.

Noam Lior, University of Pennsylvania

Hyla Napadensky, Napadensky Energetics, Inc. (retired)

Lanny D. Schmidt, University of Minnesota

William Randall Seeker, Energy and Environmental Research Corporation

Kimberly M. Thompson, Harvard University

George W. Whitesides, Harvard University

John Wreathall, John Wreathall & Company

While the individuals listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, responsibility for the final content of this report rests solely with the authoring committee and the NRC.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility: Update on National Research Council Recommendations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9727.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility: Update on National Research Council Recommendations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9727.
×

Contents

 

 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

 

1

1

 

INTRODUCTION

 

6

   

Description of the Chemical Agent and Munitions Stockpile

 

6

   

Call for Disposal

 

6

   

Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program

 

6

   

Chemical Weapons Convention

 

7

   

Selection and Development of the Baseline Incineration System

 

8

   

Incineration System at the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility

 

8

   

Role of the Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program

 

10

   

Composition of the Stockpile Committee

 

10

   

Overview of Relevant NRC Recommendations

 

11

   

Purpose of This Report

 

11

   

Statement of Task

 

11

2

 

SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE AND PLANT OPERATIONS

 

14

   

Overview

 

14

   

Activities Since the Start of Agent Operations

 

14

   

Disposal Schedule

 

15

   

Trial Burns

 

16

   

Surrogate Trial Burns

 

17

   

Results of Surrogate Trial Burns

 

17

   

Agent Trial Burns

 

20

   

Implications of the Trial Burn Data for the Health Risk Assessment

 

25

   

Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Trial Burns

 

27

   

Improving Monitoring Systems for Agents and Nonagents

 

28

   

Background

 

28

   

False Positive ACAMS Alarms

 

29

   

Real-Time Detection of Significant Agent Releases

 

30

   

Summary of the Monitoring Issues

 

30

   

Overall Assessment

 

30

3

 

RISK MANAGEMENT

 

31

   

Committee Oversight

 

31

   

Overall Safety

 

31

   

Risk Assessment

 

32

   

Risk Management

 

32

   

Overview

 

32

   

Recommendations from the Systemization Report

 

33

   

Recommendations from the Risk Assessment and Management Report

 

34

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility: Update on National Research Council Recommendations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9727.
×

Figures and Tables

Figures

1-1

 

Location and size (percentage of original stockpile) of eight continental U.S. storage sites

 

7

1-2

 

Schematic drawing of the TOCDF incineration system

 

9

4-1

 

TOCDF recordable injury rate (RIR) 12-month rolling average since the start of agent operations

 

40

4-2

 

TOCDF 12-month recordable injury rate (RIR) rolling average and monthly RIRs from January 1998 to December 1998

 

41

4-3

 

Total injury 12-month rolling average for the TOCDF

 

42

5-1

 

PMCD's organizational elements directly related to risk management

 

49

A-1

 

Layout of the TOCDF

 

62

A-2

 

Rocket-handling system

 

63

A-3

 

Bulk handling system

 

64

A-4

 

Projectile-handling system

 

65

A-5

 

Mine-handling system

 

66

A-6

 

Deactivation furnace system

 

67

A-7

 

Metal parts furnace

 

67

A-8

 

Liquid incinerator

 

68

A-9

 

Dunnage furnace

 

68

A-10

 

Pollution abatement system

 

69

Tables

1-1

 

NRC Recommendations Addressed in This Report

 

12

1-2

 

Site Visits and Briefings

 

13

2-1

 

Surrogate Trial Burns for LIC-2 in January 1996

 

18

2-2

 

Surrogate Trial Burns for the MPF in June 1996

 

19

2-3

 

Surrogate Trial Burns for the DFS in September 1995

 

19

2-4

 

Agent Trial Burns of LIC-1 and LIC-2

 

21

2-5

 

Measured LIC-1 and LIC-2 Emissions or Reported Upper Limits That Exceed Values Estimated in the HRA

 

22

2-6

 

Agent Trial Burns for the DFS in January 1997

 

23

2-7

 

Measured DFS Emissions or Reported Upper Limits That Exceed Values Estimated in the HRA

 

24

2-8

 

Agent Trial Burns for the MPF in April 1997

 

25

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility: Update on National Research Council Recommendations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9727.
×

2-9

 

Measured MPF Emissions or Reported Upper Limits Higher Than Values Estimated in the HRA

 

26

2-10

 

Trial Burn Results for DFS PCB DREs

 

27

6-1

 

Summary of Prior and New NRC Recommendations

 

52

Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility: Update on National Research Council Recommendations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9727.
×

Acronyms


ACAMS

automatic continuous air monitoring system

ATB

agent trial burn


BRA

brine reduction area


CAC

Citizens Advisory Commission

CAMDS

Chemical Agent Munitions Disposal System

CEMS

continuous emission monitoring system(s)

CMP

change management process

CSDP

Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program

CSEPP

Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program

CWC

Chemical Weapons Convention


DAAMS

depot area air monitoring system

DCD

Deseret Chemical Depot

DFS

deactivation furnace system

DRE

destruction removal efficiency

DSHW

Utah Division of Solid and Hazardous Waste

DUN

dunnage furnace


EG&G

Edgerton, Germerhausen and Grier

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency


FEMA

Federal Emergency Management Agency

FTIR

Fourier transform infrared (spectrometer)


GA

tabun (a nerve agent)

GB

sarin (a nerve agent)

GC-MSD

gas chromatograph-mass spectrometric detector


H

nondistilled mustard

HD

distilled mustard

HRA

health risk assessment

HT

thickened mustard


ITEQ

International Toxic Equivalence


JACADS

Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal system


LIC

liquid incinerator

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility: Update on National Research Council Recommendations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9727.
×

MPF

metal parts furnace


NRC

National Research Council


OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

OVT

operational verification testing


PAS

pollution abatement system

PCB

polychlorinated biphenyl

PCDD/F

polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans

PFPD

pulsed-flame photometric detector

PFS

PAS carbon bed filter system

PLL

Programmatic Lessons Learned

PMCD

Program Manager for Chemical Demilitarization

POIO

Public Outreach and Information Office

PQL

practical quantification limits


QRA

quantitative risk assessment


RCRA

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

RIR

recordable injury rate

RMP

Risk Management Plan


SVOC

semivolatile organic compound


TOCDF

Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility

TSCA

Toxic Substances Control Act


VOC

volatile organic compound

VX

a nerve agent

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility: Update on National Research Council Recommendations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9727.
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Page viii Cite
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This report reviews the status of the U.S. Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (CSDP) operations at Tooele, Utah, with respect to previous recommendations and observations made by the National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program (Stockpile Committee). The committee recognizes actions that have satisfied recommendations, identifies recommendations that require further action, and provides additional recommendations for improving the overall CSDP performance at the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility (TOCDF), Tooele, Utah, and other sites.

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