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Page 210
B—
Glossary and Acronyms
Glossary
Accident—An event that involves damage to a defined system that disrupts the ongoing or future output of the system.1
Active error—An error that occurs at the level of the frontline operator and whose effects are felt almost immediately.2
Adverse event—An injury resulting from a medical intervention.3
Bad outcome—Failure to achieve a desired outcome of care.
Error—Failure of a planned action to be completed as intended or use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim; the accumulation of errors results in accidents.
Health care organization—Entity that provides, coordinates, and/or insures health and medical services for people.
Human factors—Study of the interrelationships between humans, the tools they use, and the environment in which they live and work.4
Latent error—Errors in the design, organization, training, or maintenance that lead to operator errors and whose effects typically lie dormant in the system for lengthy periods of time.
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Medical technology—Techniques, drugs, equipment, and procedures used by health care professionals in delivering medical care to individuals and the systems within which such care is delivered.5
Micro-system—Organizational unit built around the definition of repeatable core service competencies. Elements of a micro-system include (1) a core team of health care professionals, (2) a defined population of patients, (3) carefully designed work processes, and (4) an environment capable of linking information on all aspects of work and patient or population outcomes to support ongoing evaluation of performance.
Patient safety—Freedom from accidental injury; ensuring patient safety involves the establishment of operational systems and processes that minimize the likelihood of errors and maximizes the likelihood of intercepting them when they occur.
Quality of care—Degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge.6
Standard—A minimum level of acceptable performance or results or excellent levels of performance or the range of acceptable performance or results.7 The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) defines six types of standards:
1. Standard test methods—a procedure for identifying, measuring, and evaluating a material, product or system.
2. Standard specification—a statement of a set of requirements to be satisfied and the procedures for determining whether each of the requirements is satisfied.
3. Standard practice—a procedure for performing one or more specific operations or functions.
4. Standard terminology—a document comprising terms, definitions, descriptions, explanations, abbreviations, or acronyms.
5. Standard guide—a series of options or instructions that do not recommend a specific course of action.
6. Standard classification—a systematic arrangement or division of products, systems, or services into groups based on similar characteristics.8
System—Set of interdependent elements interacting to achieve a common aim. These elements may be both human and nonhuman (equipment, technologies, etc.).
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Acronyms
ABMS American Board of Medical Specialties
ADE adverse drug event
AERS Adverse Event Reporting System
AHRQ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
AMA American Medical Association
AMAP American Medical Accreditation Program
ASHP American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
ASRS Aviation Safety Reporting System
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
CABG coronary artery bypass graft
CAHPS Consumer Assessment of Health Plans
CDC Centers for Disease Control
CEO chief executive officer
CERT Centers for Education and Research in Therapeutics
DRG diagnosis-related group
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FDA Food and Drug Administration
HCFA Health Care Financing Administration
HEDIS Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set
HIPAA Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
HMO health maintenance organization
HRSA Health Resources and Services Administration
ICU intensive care unit
ISMP Institute for Safe Medication Practices
IV intravenous
JCAHO Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations
MAR Medical Administration Record
MER Medical Error Reporting (system)
MERS-TM Medical Event-Reporting System for Transfusion Medicine
M&M morbidity and mortality
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
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NCC-MERP National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention
NCQA National Committee for Quality Assurance
NIH National Institutes of Health
NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
NORA National Occupational Research Agenda
NPSF National Patient Safety Foundation
NTSB National Transportation Safety Board
OPDRA Office of Post-Marketing Drug Risk Assessment
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PICU pediatric intensive care unit
POS point of service
PPO preferred provider organization
PRO peer review organization
QIO Quality Improvement Organization
QuIC Quality Interagency Coordinating Committee
USP U.S. Pharmacopeia
VHA Veterans Health Administration
References
1. Perrow, Charles. Normal Accidents. New York: Basic Books; 1984.
2. Reason, James T. Human Error. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press; 1990.
3. Bates, David W.; Spell, Nathan; Cullen, David J., et al. The Costs of Adverse Drug Events in Hospitalized Patients. JAMA. 277:307–311, 1997.
4. Weinger, Matthew B.; Pantiskas, Carl; Wiklund, Michael, et al. Incorporating Human Factors into the Design of Medical Devices. JAMA. 280(17): 1484, 1998.
5. Institute of Medicine. Assessing Medical Technologies. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1985.
6. Institute of Medicine. Medicare: A Strategy for Quality Assurance, Volume II. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1990.
7. Institute of Medicine, 1990.
8. American Society for Testing and Materials, www.astm.org/FAQ/3.html.
OCR for page 214
An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Electronics and Electrical Engineering Laboratory: Fiscal Year 2007
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
patient safety
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