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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program: Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9731.
×

Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets

Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Material Disposal Program

COMMITTEE ON REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF THE ARMY NON-STOCKPILE CHEMICAL MATERIEL DISPOSAL PROGRAM

BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

COMMISSION ON ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL SYSTEMS

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C. 1999

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program: Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9731.
×

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine. The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

This is a report of work supported by Contract DAAG55-98-C-0046 between the U.S. Army and the National Academy of Sciences. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program: Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9731.
×

COMMITTEE ON REVIEW AND EVALUATION OF THE ARMY NON-STOCKPILE CHEMICAL MATERIEL DISPOSAL PROGRAM

JOHN B. CARBERRY, chair,

E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Delaware

JOHN C. ALLEN,

ICF Kaiser, Boston, Massachusetts

LISA M. BENDIXEN,

Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts

JUDITH A. BRADBURY,

Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington, D.C.

MARTIN C. EDELSON,

Ames Laboratory, Ames, Iowa

SIDNEY J. GREEN,

TerraTek, Inc., Salt Lake City, Utah

PAUL F. KAVANAUGH, consultant,

Fairfax, Virginia

DOUGLAS M. MEDVILLE, MITRE (retired),

Reston, Virginia

JAMES W. MERCER,

HSI GeoTrans, Inc., Sterling, Virginia

WINIFRED G. PALMER,

Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Frederick, Maryland

GEORGE W. PARSHALL,

E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Company (retired), Wilmington, Delaware

JAMES P. PASTORICK, GEOPHEX UXO,

Alexandria, Virginia

WILLIAM J. WALSH,

Pepper Hamilton LLP, Washington, D.C.

RONALD L. WOODFIN,

Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico

Board on Army Science and Technology Liaison

E.R. (VALD) HEIBERG, III,

Heiberg Associates, Inc., Mason Neck, Virginia

Staff

TRACY D. WILSON, study director (until 6/99)

MICHAEL A. CLARKE, study director

GREG EYRING, consultant

ROBERT J. KATT, consulting technical writer

HARRISON T. PANNELLA, research associate

SHIREL R. SMITH, senior project assistant (until 3/99)

DELPHINE D. GLAZE, administrative assistant (since 3/99)

MARGO L. FRANCESCO, publication manager

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program: Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9731.
×

BOARD ON ARMY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

WILLIAM "BUD" H. FORSTER, chair,

Northrop Grumman Corporation, Baltimore, Maryland

THOMAS L. MCNAUGHER, vice chair,

RAND Corporation, Washington, D.C.

RICHARD A. CONWAY,

Union Carbide Corporation, Charleston, West Virginia

GILBERT S. DECKER, consultant,

Los Gatos, California

ROBERT J. HEASTON,

Guidance and Control Information Analysis Center (retired), Naperville, Illinois

E.R. (VALD) HEIBERG III,

Heiberg Associates, Inc., Mason Neck, Virginia

GERALD J. IAFRATE,

University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana

KATHRYN V. LOGAN,

Army Research Office, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

JOHN H. MOXLEY III,

Korn/Ferry International, Los Angeles, California

STEWART D. PERSONICK,

Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

MILLARD F. ROSE,

NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama

GEORGE T. SINGLEY III,

Hicks & Associates, Inc., McLean, Virginia

CLARENCE G. THORNTON,

Army Research Laboratories (retired), Colts Neck, New Jersey

JOHN D. VENABLES,

Venables and Associates, Towson, Maryland

JOSEPH J. VERVIER, ENSCO,

Inc., Melbourne, Florida

ALLEN C. WARD,

Ward Synthesis, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan

Staff

BRUCE A. BRAUN, director

MICHAEL A. CLARKE, associate director

MARGO L. FRANCESCO, administrative associate

DEANNA SPARGER, senior project assistant

ALVERA V. WILSON, financial associate

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program: Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9731.
×

Preface

The Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program (see Appendix A) was appointed by the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct studies on technical aspects of the U.S. Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program. During its first year, the committee has evaluated a U.S. Department of Defense assessment of plans for the disposal of chemical agent identification sets—test kits used for soldier training. In its second year, the committee will provide recommendations on the midterm plans for the non-stockpile disposal program.

During its initial meetings, the committee received a number of briefings (see Appendix B) and held subsequent deliberations. The committee is grateful to the many individuals, particularly Colonel Edmund W. ("Ned") Libby, project manager for Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel, and his staff, who provided technical information and insights during these briefings. This information provided a sound foundation for the committee's work.

This study was conducted under the auspices of the NRC's Board on Army Science and Technology. The committee acknowledges the support of Director Bruce A. Braun, and the board staff. The chair is also particularly grateful to the members of this committee, who along with the study director, the committee support staff, and the publication staff, worked diligently and effectively on a demanding schedule to produce this report.

John B. Carberry, chair

Committee on Review and Evaluation of the

Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program: Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9731.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program: Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9731.
×

Acknowledgments

This report has been reviewed by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the authors and the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The content of the review comments and the draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their participation in the review of this report:

William B. Bacon, consultant

John C. Bailar, University of Chicago

Joan B. Berkowitz, Farkas Berkowitz & Company

P.L. Thibaut Brian, (retired) Air Products and Chemicals, Inc.

Peter L. deFur, Virginia Commonwealth University

Elisabeth M. Drake, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Donald E. Gardner, Inhalation Toxicology Associates

David S. Kosson, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey

David P. Rall, (retired) National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

Michael J. Ryan, Bechtel Jacobs Co., LLC

Barry M. Trost, Stanford University

While the individuals listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions, responsibility for the final content of this report rests solely with the authoring committee and the NRC.

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program: Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9731.
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This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program: Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9731.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program: Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9731.
×
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program: Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9731.
×

Figures, Tables, and Boxes

FIGURES

1-1

 

Army photographs of four CAIS types,

 

19

2-1

 

CAIS disposal alternatives,

 

32

3-1

 

Comparison of acute lethal concentrations of CAIS chemicals and some highly toxic industrial chemicals,

 

46

TABLES

1-1

 

Chemical Names and Formulas of CAIS Chemicals,

 

15

1-2

 

Characteristics and Biological Effects of CAIS Chemicals,

 

16

1-3

 

CAIS Types and Components,

 

20

1-4

 

Recovered CAIS Currently in Storage,

 

23

1-5

 

Potential CAIS Burial Sites, as Reported to Congress by the Army,

 

24

1-6

 

Status of Agent Destruction at JACADS and TOCDF, as of April 25, 1999,

 

25

2-1

 

Commercial Incinerator Facilities with Hazardous Waste Permits,

 

34

3-1

 

Properties of Sulfur Mustard and Lewisite,

 

44

4-1

 

Summary Evaluation of the Commercial Incineration Option,

 

54

5-1

 

Summary Evaluation of the Mobile RRS Option,

 

76

5-2

 

Summary Evaluation of the Fixed RRS Option,

 

84

5-3

 

Summary Evaluation of Selected Nonincineration Options,

 

87

6-1

 

Summary Evaluation of all CAIS Disposal Options,

 

95

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program: Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9731.
×

BOXES

1-1

 

Use of CAIS,

 

18

3-1

 

Case Study: CAIS Recovery at the Raritan Arsenal,

 

40

3-2

 

Workplace Exposure Standards,

 

45

3-3

 

Risk Analysis Process,

 

48

3-4

 

Assessing the Public Acceptability of CAIS Disposal Options,

 

50

5-1

 

Expedient CAIS Disposal System,

 

83

Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program: Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9731.
×

Acronyms and Abbreviations


ACAMS

Automatic Chemical Agent Monitoring System

ACWA

Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment Program

ASME

American Society of Mechanical Engineers

ATA

Alternative Technologies and Approaches Program


CAIS

chemical agent identification sets

CAMDS

Chemical Agent Munitions Disposal System

CERCLA

Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act

CWC

Chemical Weapons Convention

CWM

chemical warfare materiel


DAAMS

Depot Area Air Monitoring System

DCD

Deseret Chemical Depot

DRE

destruction and removal efficiency


ECS

Expedient CAIS Disposal System

EDS

Emergency Destruction System

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency


GB

sarin (nerve agent)


HD

sulfur mustard, distilled


JACADS

Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System


MEA

monoethanolamine

MMAS

Multiple Munitions Assessment System

MINICAMS

Miniature Continuous Air Monitoring System

MMD

munitions management device


NEPA

National Environmental Policy Act

NRC

National Research Council

NSCMP

Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Program

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program: Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9731.
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OSHA

Occupational Safety and Health Administration


PCB

polychlorinated biphenyl

PIG

package in-transit gas shipment

PINS

portable isotopic neutron spectroscopy


RCRA

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

RRS

Rapid Response System


SCWO

supercritical water oxidation


TDG

thiodiglycol

TOCDF

Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility

TSDF

treatment, storage, and disposal facility


USC

United States Code

UXO

unexploded ordnance


VX

a nerve agent

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program: Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9731.
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Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program: Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9731.
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Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 1999. Review of the Army Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Disposal Program: Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9731.
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This study is a review and evaluation of the U.S. Army's Report to Congress on Alternative Approaches for the Treatment and Disposal of Chemical Agent Identification Sets (CAIS). CAIS are test kits that were used to train soldiers from 1928 to 1969 in defensive responses to a chemical attack. They contain samples of chemicals that had been or might have been used by opponents as chemical warfare agents. The Army's baseline approach for treating and disposing of CAIS has been to develop a mobile treatment system, called the Rapid Response System (RRS), which can be carried by several large over-the-road trailers.

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