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Notes
1 See U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on
Human Rights Practices for 1984, February 1985, pp.
451-453.
2 Fanny Pollarolo provides psychotherapeutic as-
sistance to victims of torture and their families.
She works with FASIC (Fundacion de Ayuda Social de
la Iglesias Cristianas--Foundation of Social Assis-
tance of the Christian Churches--see Appendix B),
and she is a member of the Comision Medica de la
Comision Chilena de Derechos Humanos (Medical Com-
mission of the Chilean Human Rights Commission).
She was reportedly arrested on November 21, 1984,
and beaten before being banished to internal exile
3 The CNI, whose predecessor was the Directorate
of National Intelligence (DINA), is Chile's primary
intelligence agency and secret police organization.
It is under the direct control of President
Pinochet. DINA, which was created after the 1973
coup d'etat, was abolished in 1977 after it became
notorious for its abuses of human rights, including
"disappearances" and the involvement of its agents
in the 1976 assassination of Orlando Letelier, an
ambassador under the former Allende government then
living in exile in the United States.
4 Two of the men, Manuel Caballos Guerrero, the
regional secretary of a teachers union, and Jose
42
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43
Manuel Parada, a human rights worker for the Catho-
lic church, were kidnapped at gunpoint in Santiago
on March 29, 1985, by several unidentified men.
Their bodies were found the following day, their
throats had been slit, and their bodies reportedly
showed signs of torture. The body of another man,
Santiago Nattino Allende, an artist, was reportedly
found nearby. These murders prompted mass demon-
strations and protests in Santiago that were contin-
uing in August as this report was being completed.
On August 1, according to press reports, a Chil-
ean Appeals Court judge, Jose Canovas Robles, who
was named by the Supreme Court at the request of
the government as a special prosecutor, indicted 2
officers of the Carabineros for involvement in the
March murders and barred another 12, including 2
colonels, from leaving the country. As an apparent
consequence of these actions, 14 policemen were re-
portedly suspended from the force, and on August 2
General Cesar Mendoza, the commander of the police
~= TU== '=~1 Area hv General Rodolfo Stance, his
_
deputy.
Because the Carabineros refused to cooperate in
the investigation, on August 30, according to press
reports, Judge Canovas declared himself powerless
to continue the investigation and referred the case
to a military prosecutor who refused it. Subse-
quently, a five-man Supreme Court panel ruled that
military courts had no jurisdiction, giving Judge
Canovas authority to investigate the murders.
5 A detailed article on Orrego's plight appeared
in the December 1984 issue of Vida Medica, an
official publication of the Colegio Medico de
Chile.
6 See U.S. Congress, House of Representatives,
Committee on Foreign Affairs, "Phenomenon of Tor-
ture," pp. 199-239. Hearings before the
Subcommittee on Human Rights and International
Organizations of the House Foreign Affairs
Committee, May 15-16, 1984, 98th Congress, 2nd
Session.
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44
7 According to press reports, in mid-August 1985
a military prosecutor charged four police officials
in the death of Godoy Echegoyen, an engineering
student who was arrested in February 1985 and died
while in police custody. The Comision Chilena de
Derechos Humanos has claimed that Echegoyen died
from torture inflicted by the police. The police
have claimed that Echegoyen had a heart attack and
died while being taken to a hospital for treatment.
8 Torture is defined in Part I, Article 1, of the
the United Nations Convention Against Torture,
adopted on December 10, 1984, as "any act by which
severe pain or suffering, whether physical or men-
tal, is intentionally inflicted on a person for
=~1 ru,-~ as oDralnlng Prom nlm or a third per-
son information or a confession, punishing him for
an act he or a third person has committed or is
suspected of having committed, or intimidating or
coercing him or a third person, or for any reason
based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain
or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation
of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public
official or other person acting in an official ca-
pacity. It does not include pain or suffering
arising only from, inherent in, or incidental to
lawful sanctions."
. , . . . _
9 Dr. Carlos Trejo, president of the Ethics De-
partment of the Colegio Medico, said that when the
colegio was created in 1948, all graduating physi-
cians were required to register with the colegio.
However, in 1973 the registration requirement was
revoked, and all professional associations lost the
right to elect their leaders. The officers of the
Colegio Medico were designated by the military au-
thorities until late 1981, when democratic elections
were restored to the colegio. The current member-
ship of the colegio is more than 9,000 physicians.
10 Declaracion del Consejo General del Colegio
Medico de Chile, Santiago, Chile, October 29, 1984.
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45
11 Dr. Castillo, who is 58 years old, is a member
of the Colegio Medico de Chile and president of the
Comision Nacional Contra la Tortura. Dr. Castillo
was a professor of surgery at the Universidad de
Chile until the military coup in 1973. Since that
time he has been denied access to hospital posi-
tions. Dr. Castillo was arrested previously, in
1981, and accused of illegal political activities.
A civil court dismissed the government's 1981
charges against Dr. Castillo and he was released.
It is believed that the real reason for his ar-
rests, both then and now, is his work on behalf of
torture victims.
~ ~ v ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
12 Following extensive appeals in behalf of Rubi
Rodriguez by colleagues in Chile and abroad, she
was hired in August 1985 as a professor in the De-
partment of Mathematics of the Universidad Federico
Santa Maria in Valparaiso.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
colegio medico
