National Academies Press: OpenBook

Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice (2001)

Chapter: References

« Previous: Race, Crime, and Juvenile Justice: The Issue of Racial Disparity
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

References

Aber, J.L., J.L. Brown, N. Chaudry, S.M. Jones, and F. Samples 1996 The evaluation of the Resolving Conflict Creatively program: An overview . American Journal of Preventive Medicine 12(Supp. 5): 82-90.

Aber, J.L., S.M. Jones, J.L. Brown, N. Chaudry, and F. Samples 1998 Resolving conflict creatively: Evaluating the development effects of a school-based violence prevention program in neighborhood and classroom context. Development and Psychopathology 10: 187-213.

Abramovitch, R., M. Peterson-Badali, and M. Rohan 1995 Young people's understanding and assertion of their rights to silence and legal counsel. Canadian Journal of Criminology 37: 1-18.

Acoca, L., and K. Dedel 1998 No Place to Hide: Understanding and Meeting the Needs of Girls in the California Juvenile Justice System. San Francisco: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.

Aday, D.P.Jr. 1986 Court structure, defense attorney use, and juvenile court decisions . Sociological Quarterly 27: 107-119.

Agnew, R. 1999 A general strain theory of community differences in crime rates. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 36: 123-155.

Ahlstrom, W., and R.J. Havighurst 1982 The Kansas City work/study experiment. Pp. 259-275 in School Programs for Disruptive Adolescents, D.J. Safer, ed. Baltimore, MD: University Park Press.

Altschuler, D.M., and T.L. Armstrong 1991 Intensive aftercare for the high-risk juvenile parolee: Issues and approaches in reintegration and community supervision. Pp. 45-84 in Intensive Interventions With High Risk Youths: Promising Approaches in Juvenile Probation and Parole, T.L. Armstrong, ed. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

1994a Intensive Aftercare for High-Risk Juveniles: A Community Care Model , Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1994b Intensive Aftercare for High-Risk Juveniles: Policies and Procedures , Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Altschuler, D.M., T.L. Armstrong, and D.L. MacKenzie 1999 Reintegration, Supervised Release, and Intensive Aftercare. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, July, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice Delinquency Prevention. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Alvarez, A., and R.D. Bachman 1996 American Indians and sentencing disparity: An Arizona test. Journal of Criminal Justice 24: 549-561.

Anderson, C., and K.E. Dill 2000 Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78(4): 772-790.

Anderson, D.R. 1998 Educational television is not an oxymoron. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences: Children and Television 557(May): 24-38.

Anderson, E. 1990 Streetwise: Race, Class, and Change in an Urban Community. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

1994 The code of the streets. Atlantic Monthly (May): 81-94.

1997 Violence and the inner city code of the streets. Pp. 1-30 in Violence and Childhood in the Inner City, J. McCord, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Andrews, D.A., and J. Bonta 1994 The Psychology of Criminal Conduct. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing Company.

Andrews, D.A., J. Bonta, and I. Hoge 1990a Classification for effective rehabilitation: Rediscovering psychology . Criminal Justice and Behavior 17(1): 19-52.

Andrews, D.A., I. Zinger, R.D. Hoge, J. Bonta, P. Gendreau, and F.T. Cullen 1990b Does correctional treatment work? A clinically relevant and psychologically-informed meta-analysis. Criminology 28(3): 369-404.

Andrews, R.H., and A.H. Cohn 1974 Ungovernability: The unjustifiable jurisdiction. Yale Law Journal 83: 1383-1409.

Arbuthnot, J., and D.A. Gordon 1986 Behavioral and cognitive effects of a moral reasoning development intervention for high-risk behavior-disordered adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 54: 208-216.

Armstrong, T.L. 1991 Introduction. Pp. 1-26 in Intensive Interventions With High-Risk Youths: Promising Approaches in Juvenile Probation and Parole, T.L. Armstrong, ed. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Arnold, J.E., A.G. Levine, and G.R. Patterson 1975 Changes is sibling behavior following family intervention. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 43(5): 683-688.

Arnold, W.R. 1971 Race and ethnicity relative to other factors in juvenile court dispositions . American Journal of Sociology 77: 211-227.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Arum, R., and I.R. Beattie 1999 High school experience and the risk of adult incarceration. Criminology 37: 515-537.

Austin, J. 1995 The overrepresentation of minority youths in the California juvenile justice system: Perceptions and realities. Pp. 153-178 in Minorities in Juvenile Justice, K.K. Leonard, C.E. Pope, and W.H. Feyerherm, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Austin, J., B. Krisberg, R. DeComo, S. Rudenstine, D. Del Rosario, and National Council on Crime and Delinquency 1995 Juveniles Taken Into Custody: Fiscal Year 1993 Statistics Report, September, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Austin, R.L. 1978 Race, father-absence, and female delinquency. Criminology 15: 487-504.

Bachman, J.G., J.M. Wallace, P.M. O'Malley, L.D. Johnston, C.L. Kurth, and H.W. Neighbors 1991 Racial/ethnic differences in smoking, drinking, and illicit drug use among American high school seniors, 1976-1989. American Journal of Public Health 81: 372-377.

Bachman, R. 1996 Victim's perceptions of initial police responses to robbery and aggravated assault: Does race matter? Journal of Quantitative Criminology 12(4): 363-390.

Bain, A., and A. MacPherson 1990 An examination of the system-wide use of exclusion with disruptive students. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities 16(2): 109-123.

Baird, A.A., S.A. Gruber, D.A. Fein, L.C. Mass, R.J. Steingard, P.P. Renshaw, B.M. Cohen, and D.A. Yurgelun-Todd 1999 Functional magnetic resonance imaging of facial affect recognition in children and adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 38(2): 195-199.

Baird, C.S. 1991 Intensive supervision programs for high-risk juveniles: Critical issues of program evaluation. Pp. 295-315 in Intensive Interventions With High-Risk Youths: Promising Approaches in Juvenile Probation and Parole, T.L. Armstrong, ed. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Baldus, D.C., C. Pulaski, and G. Woodworth 1983 Comparative review of death sentences: An empirical study of the Georgia experience. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 74: 661-673.

Ball, D.W., J.M. Newman, and W.J. Scheuren 1984 Teachers' generalized expectations of children of divorce. Psychological Reports 54: 347-353.

Bandura, A. 1962 Social learning through imitation. Pp. 211-269 in Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, M.R. Jones, ed. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

1965 Vicarious processes: A case of no-trial learning. Pp. 1-55 in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, L. Berkowitz, ed. New York: Academic Press.

1986 Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Barnett, W.S. 1995 Long-term effects of early childhood programs on cognitive and school outcomes. The Future of Children 5(3): 25-50.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Barton, W.H., and J.A. Butts 1990 Viable options: Intensive supervision programs for juvenile delinquents . Crime & Delinquency 36(2): 238-256.

1991 Intensive supervision alternatives for adjudicated juveniles. Pp. 317-340 in Intensive Interventions With High-Risk Youths: Promising Approaches in Juvenile Probation and Parole, T.L. Armstrong, ed. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Battin, S.R., K.G. Hill, R.D. Abbott, R.F. Catalano, and J.D. Hawkins 1998 The contribution of gang membership to delinquency beyond delinquent friends. Criminology 36(1): 93-115.

Bazemore, G., and M. Umbreit 1995 Rethinking the sanctioning function in juvenile court: Retributive or restorative responses to youth crime. Crime and Delinquency 41(3): 296-316.

Beck, A.J., and B.E. Shipley 1987 Recidivism of young parolees. Criminal Justice Archive Information Network

Belknap, J. 1996 Invisible Woman: Gender, Crime, and Justice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.

Bell, C.C., and E.J. Jenkins 1993 Community violence and children on Chicago's Southside. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes 45: 46-54.

Bender, L. 1947 Psychopathic behavior disorders in children. Pp. 360-377 in Handbook of Correctional Psychology, R. Lindner and R. Seliger, eds. New York: Philosophical Library.

Bennett, W.J., J.J. DiIulio, and J.P. Walters 1996 Body Count: Moral Poverty and How to Win America's War Against Crime and Drugs. New York: Simon and Schuster.

Berends, M. 1995 Educational stratification and students' social bonding to school. British Journal of Sociology of Education 16(3): 327-351.

Berger, R.J., J.E. Crowley, M. Gold, J. Gray, and M.S. Arnold 1975 Experiment in a Juvenile Court: A Study of a Program of Volunteers Working With Juvenile Probationers. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research at the University of Michigan.

Bergsmann, I. 1994 Establishing a foundation: Just the facts. 1994 National Juvenile Female Offender Conference: A Time for Change , American Correctional Association. Laurel, MD: American Correctional Association.

Bernard, T.J. 1990 Angry aggression among the ‘truly disadvantaged'. Criminology 28(1): 73-95.

Beyth-Marom, R., and B. Fischhoff 1997 Adolescents' decisions about risks: A cognitive perspective. Health Risks and Developmental Transaction During Adolescence, J. Schulenberg, J. Maggs, and K. Hurnelmans, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Biddle, B.J., B.J. Bank, and M.J. Marlin 1980 Social determinants of adolescent drinking. Journal of Studies on Alcohol 41: 215-240.

Bishop, D.M., and C.E. Frazier 1988 The influence of race in juvenile justice processing. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 25: 242-263.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

1991 Transfer of juveniles to criminal court: A case study and analysis of prosecutorial waiver. Notre Dame Journal of Law, Ethics, and Public Policy 5(2): 281-302.

1992 Gender bias in juvenile justice processing: Implications of the JJDP Act. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 82(4): 1162-1186.

2000 Consequences of waiver. In The Changing Borders of Juvenile Justice: Transfer of Adolescents to the Criminal Court, J. Fagan and F.E. Zimring, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Bishop, D.M., C.E. Frazier, L. Lanza-Kaduce, and L. Winner 1996 The transfer of juveniles to criminal court: Does it make a difference? Crime and Delinquency 42(2): 171-191.

Bjorkqvist, K., K.M.J. Lagerspetz, and A. Kaukiainen 1992 Do girls manipulate and boys fight? Developmental trends in regard to direct and indirect aggression. Aggressive Behavior 18: 117-127.

Black, D. 1971 The social organization of arrest. Stanford Law Review 23: 1087-1111.

1980 The Manners and Customs of the Police. New York: Academic Press.

Black, D., and A.J. Reiss, Jr. 1970 Police control of juveniles. American Sociological Review 35(February): 63-77.

Black, H.C., J.R. Nolan, J.M. Nolan-Haley, M.J. Connolly, S.C. Hicks, and M.N. Alibrandi 1990 Black's Law Dictionary, 6th edition. St. Paul, MN: West Publishing Co.

Block, J.H., J. Block, and P.F. Gjerde 1986 The personality of children prior to divorce: A prospective study . Child Development 57: 827-840.

Blumstein, A. 1995 Youth violence, guns and the illicit-drug industry. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86(1): 10-36.

Blumstein, A., and D. Cork 1996 Linking gun availability to youth gun violence. Law and Contemporary Problems 59(1): 5-37.

Blumstein, A., and R. Rosenfeld 1998 Explaining recent trends in U.S. homicide rates. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 88(4): 1175-1216.

Blumstein, A., D.P. Farrington, and S. Moitra 1984 Delinquency careers: Innocents, amateurs, and persisters. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research 6: 187-219.

Bobo, L.D. 2001 Racial attitudes and relations at the close of the twentieth century . Pp 264-301 in America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequence, Vol. I, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Bock, G.R., and J.A. Goode, ed 1996 Genetics of Criminal and Antisocial Behavior. Toronto: Wiley & Sons.

Bordua, D.J. 1958 Juvenile delinquency and anomie: An attempt at replication. Social Problems 6: 230-238.

Borduin, C.M., L.T. Cone, B.J. Mann, S.W. Henggeler, B.R. Fucci, D.M. Blaske, and R.A. Williams 1995 Multisystemic treatment of serious juvenile offenders: Long-term prevention of criminality and violence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63(4): 569-578.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Bortner, M.A., and W.L. Reed 1985 The preeminence of process: An example of refocused justice research . Social Science Quarterly 66: 413-425.

The Boston Globe 1998 Study shows why teenagers often react without thinking. By M.C. Sanchez. The Boston Globe 1 (June 12).

Bottoms, A.E., and P. Wiles 1986 Housing tenure and residential community crime careers in Britain . Pp. 101-163 in Communities and Crime, A.J. Reiss and M. Tonry, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Bourgois, P. 1995 In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Bowlby, J. 1940 The influence of early environment on neurosis and neurotic character . International Journal of Psychoanalysis 21: 154-178.

Brannigan, A. 1997 Self control, social control and evolutionary psychology: Towards an integrated perspective on crime. Canadian Journal of Criminology 39(4): 403-431.

Brennan, P.A., and S.A. Mednick 1997 Medical histories of antisocial individuals. Handbook of Antisocial Behavior, D. Stoff, J. Breiling, and J.D. Maser, eds. New York: Wiley.

Brewer, D.D., J.D. Hawkins, R.F. Catalano, and H.J. Neckerman 1995 Preventing serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offending: A review of evaluations of selected strategies in childhood, adolescence, and the community. Pp. 61-141 in A Sourcebook: Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders, J.C. Howell, B. Krisberg, J.D. Hawkins, and J.J. Wilson, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Bridges, G.S., and S. Steen 1998 Racial disparities in official assessments of juvenile offenders: Attributional stereotypes as mediating mechanisms. American Sociological Review 63(August): 554-570.

Bridges, G.S., R.D. Crutchfield, and E.E. Simpson 1987 Crime, social structure, and criminal punishment: White and nonwhite rates of imprisonment. Social Problems 34(4): 345-361.

Bridges, G.S., D.J. Conley, R.L. Engen, and T. Price-Spratlen 1995 Racial disparities in the confinement of juveniles: Effects of crime and community social structure on punishment. Pp. 128-152 in Minorities in Juvenile Justice, K.K. Leonard, C.E. Pope, and W.H. Feyerherm, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Broman, S.H., P.L. Nichols, and W.A. Kennedy 1975 Preschool IQ: Prenatal and Early Developmental Correlates. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

Brooks, B.D. 1975 Contingency management as a means of reducing school truancy. Education 95: 206-211.

Brown, J.M., and P.A. Langan 1998 State Court Sentencing of Convicted Felons, 1994, Bureau of Justice Statistics. NCJ 164614. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Brown, R., C.D. Coles, I.E. Smith, K.A. Platzman, J. Silverstein, S. Erickson, and A. Falek 1991 Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure at school age. Neurotoxicology and Teratology 13: 369-376.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

 

Brown, W.K., T.P. Miller, R.L. Jenkins, and W.A. Rhodes 1989 The fallacy of radical nonintervention. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 33: 177-182.

 

Bry, B.H. 1982 Reducing the incidence of adolescent problems through preventive intervention: One- and five-year follow-up. American Journal of Community Psychology 10: 265-276.

 

Bureau of Justice Statistics 2000 Crime and Victim Statistics. Available: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/cvict.htm (accessed March 8, 2000).

 

Bureau of Labor Statistics 1998 Handbook of Labor Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

 

Bursik, R.J., and J. Webb 1982 Community change and patterns of delinquency. American Journal of Sociology 88: 24-42.

 

Byrne, J., and M. Brewster 1993 Choosing the future of American corrections: Punishment or reform? Federal Probation 57(4): 3-9.

 

Byrne, J.M., and L. Kelly 1989 Restructuring Probation As an Intermediate Sanction: An Evaluation of the Massachusetts Intensive Probation Supervision Program. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Justice.

 

California Youth Authority 1997-1998 Population Movement Summary: Fiscal Year 1997-98. Online. Available: http://www.cya.ca.gov/facts/pop_mov_9798.html.

 

Campbell, S.B. 1990a Behavior Problems in Preschool Children: Clinical and Developmental Issues. New York: Guilford Press.

 

1990b Longitudinal studies of active and aggressive preschoolers: individual differences in early behavior and in outcome. Pp. 57-90 in Internalizing and Externalizing Expressions of Dysfunction, D. Cicchetti and S.L. Toth, eds. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

 

Canada, G. 1995 Fist, Knife, Stick, Gun. Boston: Beacon.

 

Capaldi, D.M., and G.R. Patterson 1991 Relation of parental transitions to boys' adjustment problems: I. A linear hypothesis. II. Mothers at risk for transitions and unskilled parenting. Developmental Psychology 27(3): 489-504.

 

1996 Can violent offenders be distinguished from frequent offenders? Prediction from childhood to adolescence. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 33: 206-231.

 

Carnegie Task Force on Meeting the Needs of Our Youngest Children 1994 Starting Points. New York: Carnegie Corporation of New York.

 

Carroll, L., and M.E. Mondrick 1976 Racial bias and the decision to grant parole. Law and Society 11: 93-107.

 

Carter, R.M., and L.T. Wilkins 1970 Probation and Parole: Selected Readings. New York, NY: J. Wiley.

 

Caspi, A., T.E. Moffitt, P.A. Silva, M. Stouthamer-Loeber, R.F. Krueger, and P.S. Schmutte 1994 Are some people crime-prone? Replications of the personality-crime relationship across countries, genders, races, and methods. Criminology 32: 163-194.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Catalano, R.F., M.W. Arthur, J.D. Hawkins, L. Berglund, and J.J. Olson 1998 Comprehensive community- and school-based interventions to prevent antisocial behavior. Pp. 248-283 in Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions, R. Loeber and D.H. Farrington, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Catterall, J.S. 1987 An intensive group counseling drop-out prevention intervention: Some cautions on isolating at-risk adolescents within high schools. American Educational Research Journal 24: 521-540.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1990 Homicide among young Black males—United States, 1978-1987. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 39: 869-873.

1991 Weapon carrying among high school students—United States, 1990. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 40: 681-684.

1993 Violence-related attitudes and behaviors of high school students—New York City, 1992. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Reviews 42: 773-777.

1995 Youth risk behavior surveillance: United States, 1993. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 44(SS-1): 1-25.

Chamberlain, P. 1998 Treatment foster care. OJJDP Juvenile Justice Bulletin, December, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Programs, Office of Justice Programs. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice.

Chamberlain, P., and S.F. Mihalic 1998 Multidimensional treatment foster care. Pp. Book Eight in Blueprints for Violence Prevention, D.S. Elliott, ed. Boulder, CO: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado at Boulder.

Chamberlain, P., and J.B. Reid 1998 Comparison of two community alternatives to incarceration for chronic juvenile offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66: 624-633.

Cherlin, A.J., F.F. Furstenberg, Jr., P.L. Chase-Lansdale, K.E. Kiernan, P.K. Robins, D.R. Morrison, and J.O. Teitler 1991 Longitudinal studies of effects of divorce on children in Great Britain and the United States. Science 252: 1386-1389.

Chesney-Lind, M. 1973 Judicial enforcement of the female sex role. Issues in Criminology 8: 51-70.

1989 Girls' crime and woman's place: Toward a feminist model of female delinquency. Crime and Delinquency 35: 5-30.

1997 The Female Offender: Girls, Women, and Crime. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Chesney-Lind, M., and R.G. Shelden 1998 Girls, Delinquency, and Juvenile Justice. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Co.

Chiles, J.A., M.L. Miller, and G.B. Cox 1980 Depression in an adolescent delinquent population. Archives of General Psychiatry 37: 1179-1184.

Chilton, R.J. 1964 Continuity in delinquency area research: A comparison of studies for Baltimore, Detroit, and Indianapolis. American Sociological Review 28: 71-83.

Chilton, R.J., and G.E. Markle 1972 Family disruption, delinquent conduct and the effect of subclassification . American Sociological Review 37: 93-99.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Chin, K. 1996 Chinatown Gangs: Extortion, Enterprise, and Ethnicity. New York: Oxford University Press.

Chou, C.P., S. Montgomery, M.A. Pentz, L.A. Rohrbach, C.A. Johnson, B.R. Flay, and D.P. MacKinnon 1998 Effects of a community-based prevention program on decreasing drug use in high-risk adolescents. American Journal of Public Health 88(6): 944-948.

Cicourel, A. 1968 The Social Organization of Juvenile Justice. New York, NY: John Wiley.

Clarke, E.E. 1996 A case for reinventing juvenile transfer. Juvenile and Family Court Journal 47(4): 3-21.

Clarke, J.W. 1998 The Lineaments of Wrath: Race, Violent Crime, and American Culture . Somerset, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

Clarke, S.H., and G.C. Koch 1980 Juvenile court: Therapy and crime control, and do lawyers make a difference? Law and Society Review 14: 263-308.

Clayton, R.R., A.M. Cattarello, and B.M. Johnstone 1996 The effectiveness of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (Project DARE): Five-year follow-up results. Preventive Medicine 25: 307-318.

Clear, T.R. 1991 Juvenile intensive probation supervision: Theory and Rationale. Pp. 29-44 in Intensive Interventions With High-Risk Youths: Promising Approaches in Juvenile Probation and Parole, T.L. Armstrong, ed. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Clear, T.R., and A.A. Braga 1995 Community corrections. Pp. 421-444 in Crime, J.Q. Wilson and J. Petersilia, eds. San Francisco, CA: ICS Press.

Coalition for Juvenile Justice 1998 A Celebration or a Wake? The Juvenile Court After 100 Years. Washington, DC: Coalition for Juvenile Justice.

1999 Ain't No Place Anybody Would Want to Be: Conditions of Confinement. 1999 Annual Report. Washington, DC: Coalition for Juvenile Justice.

Coates, R.B., and J. Gehm 1989 An empirical assessment. Mediation and Criminal Justice, M. Wright and B. Galaway, eds. London: Sage.

Coe, C. 1999 Psychosocial processes and psychoneuroimmunology within a lifespan perspective. Pp. 201-219 in Developmental Health and the Wealth of Nations: Social, Biological, and Educational Dynamics, D. Keating and C. Hertzman, eds. New York: Guilford Press.

Cohen, A. 1955 Delinquent Boys. New York: Free Press of Glencoe.

Cohen, J., and J.A. Canela-Cacho 1994 Incarceration and violent crime: 1965-1988. Understanding and Prevention Violence, Volume 4, Consequences and Controls, A.J. Reiss Jr. and J.A. Roth, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Cohen, L.E., and K.C. Land 1987 Age structure and crime: Symmetry versus asymmetry and the projection of crime rates through the 1990s. American Sociological Review 52: 170-183.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Cohen, L.E., and J.R. Kluegel 1979 Selecting delinquents for adjudication. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 16: 143-163.

Cohen, M.A. 1998 The monetary value of saving a high-risk youth. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 14(1): 5-33.

Cohen, P., and J. Cohen 1996 Life Values and Adolescent Mental Health. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.

Cohn, L.D., S. MacFarlane, C. Yanez, and W.K. Imai 1995 Risk perception: Differences between adolescents and adults. Health Psychology 14(3): 217-222.

Coie, J.D., and K.A. Dodge 1998 Aggression and antisocial behavior. Pp. 779-862 in Handbook of Child Psychology, Volume 3: Social, Emotional, and Personality Development, 5th edition, W. Damon and N. Eisenberg, eds. New York: Wiley & Sons.

Coleman, J.S. 1990 Foundations of Social Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group 1999a Initial impact of the Fast Track prevention trial for conduct problems I: The high-risk sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67(5): 631-647.

1999b Initial impact of the Fast Track prevention trial for conduct problems II: Classroom effects. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 67(5): 648-657.

Conley, D.J. 1994 Adding color to a black and white picture: Using qualitative data to explain racial disproportionality in the juvenile justice system . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 31(2): 135-148.

Connell, J.P., A.C. Kubisch, L.B. Schorr, and C.H. Weiss, eds 1995 New Approaches to Evaluating Community Initiatives: Concepts, Methods, and Contexts. Washington, DC: The Aspen Institute.

Conseur, A., F.P. Rivara, R. Barnoski, and I. Emanuel 1997 Maternal and perinatal risk factors for later delinquency. Pediatrics 99(6): 785-790.

Conway, A., and C. Bogdan 1977 Sexual delinquency: The persistence of the double standard. Crime and Delinquency 23: 131-135.

Cook, P.J. 1987 Robbery violence. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 78: 357-376.

Cook, P.J., and J.H. Laub 1998 The unprecedented epidemic in youth violence. Pp. 27-64 in Youth Violence, Crime and Justice, vol. 24, M. Tonry and M.H. Moore, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Cooper, J., and D. Mackie 1986 Video games and aggression in children. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 16: 726-744.

Cottle, T. 1975 A case of suspension. National Elementary Principal 55: 4-9.

Covington, S. 1998 The relational theory of women's psychological development: Implications for the criminal justice system. Female Offenders: Critical Perspectives and Effective Interventions , R.T. Zaplin, ed. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen Publishers.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Crick, N.R., and J.K. Grotpeter 1995 Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment . Child Development 66: 710-722.

Criminal Justice Policy Council 1997 Determinate Sentencing: Examining the Growing Use of the Tougher Juvenile Incarceration Penalty. Austin, TX: Criminal Justice Policy Council.

1999 Average Length of Stay in the Texas Youth Commission for Violent Juveniles, Fiscal Years 1995 and 1999. Online. Available: http://www.cjpc.state.tx.us.

Crocker, J., and B. Major 1989 Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review 96: 608-630.

Crocker, J., B. Major, and C. Steele 1998 Social stigma. Pp. 504-553 in The Handbook of Social Psychology, 4th edition, D.T. Gilbert, S.T. Fiske, and L. Gardner, eds. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.

Crockett, L.J., D.J. Eggebeen, and A.J. Hawkins 1993 Father's presence and young children's behavioral and cognitive adjustment. Journal of Family Issues 14(3): 355-377.

Crouch, B. 1993 Is incarceration really worse? Analysis of offenders' preferences for prisons over probation. Justice Quarterly 10: 67-88.

Curry, G.D., and I.A. Spergel 1988 Gang homicide, delinquency, and community. Criminology 26(3): 381-405.

Datesman, S., and F. Scarpitti 1977 Unequal protection for males and females in the juvenile court. Juvenile Delinquency: Little Brother Grows Up, T.N. Ferdinand, ed. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Davis, D.L., G.J. Bean, J.E. Schumacher, and T.L. Stringer 1991 Prevalence of emotional disorders in a juvenile justice institutional population. American Journal of Forensic Psychology 9: 5-17.

Davis, M., and E.K. Emory 1995 Sex differences in neonatal stress reactivity. Child Development 66: 14-27.

Dawson, R.O. 1990 The future of juvenile justice: Is it time to abolish the system? Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 81: 136-155.

2000 Judicial waiver in practice and theory. In The Changing Borders of Juvenile Justice: Transfer of Adolescents to the Criminal Court, J. Fagan and F.E. Zimring, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Deci, E.L. 1971 Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 18: 105-155.

Decker, S.H., and B. Van Winkle 1996 Life in the Gang: Family, Friends, and Violence. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

DeComo, R.E. 1998 Estimating the prevalence of juvenile custody by race and gender. Crime and Delinquency 44(4): 489-506.

Dedel, K. 1997 Assessing the Education of Incarcerated Youth. San Francisco, CA: National Council on Crime and Delinquency.

DeFrances, C.J., and G. Steadman 1998 Prosecutors in State Courts, 1996, July, Bureau of Justice Statistics. NCJ 170092. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Deschenes, E.P., P.W. Greenwood, and G. Marshall 1996 The Nokomis Challenge Program Evaluation. Santa Monica, CA: The RAND Corporation.

Devine, P., K. Coolbaugh, and S. Jenkins 1998 Disproportionate minority confinement: Lessons learned from five states. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, December, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Dicken, C., R. Bryson, and N. Kass 1977 Companionship therapy: A replication in experimental community psychology . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 45: 637-646.

DiPietro, J.A., D.M. Hodgson, K. Costigan, S. Hilton, and T.R. Johnson 1996 Fetal neurobehavioral development. Child Development 67: 2553-2567.

Dishion, T.J., and D.W. Andrews 1995 Preventing escalation in problem behaviors with high-risk young adolescents: Immediate and 1-year outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63(4): 538-548.

Dishion, T.J., D.W. Andrews, K. Kavanagh, and L.H. Soberman 1996 Preventive interventions for high-risk youth: The Adolescent Transitions Program. Pp. 184-214 in Preventing Childhood Disorders, Substance Abuse, and Delinquency, R.D. Peters and R.J. McMahon, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Dishion, T.J., D. Capaldi, K.M. Spracklen, K.M. Spracklen, and F. Li 1995 Peer ecology of male adolescent drug use. Development and Psychopathology 7: 803-824.

Dishion, T.J., J.M. Eddy, E. Haas, F. Li, and K. Spracklen 1997 Friendships and violent behavior during adolescence. Social Development 6: 207-223.

Dishion, T.J., J. McCord, and F. Poulin 1999 When interventions harm: Peer groups and problem behavior. American Psychologist 54(9): 755-764.

Dishion, T.J., K.M. Spracklen, D.W. Andrews, and G.R. Patterson 1996 Deviancy training in male adolescent friendships. Behavior Therapy 27: 373-390.

Dodge, K.A., J.E. Bates, and G.S. Pettit 1990 Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science 250: 1678-1683.

Dodge, K., J.E. Lochman, J.D. Harnish, and J.E. Bates 1997 Reactive and proactive aggression in school children and psychiatrically impaired chronically assaultive youth. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 106(1): 37-51.

Dornbusch, S.M., J.M. Carlsmith, S.J. Bushwall, P.L. Ritter, H. Leiderman, A.H. Hastorf, and R.T. Gross 1985 Single parents, extended households, and the control of adolescents . Child Development 56: 326-341.

Drillien, C.M., A.J.M. Thomson, and K. Burgoyne 1980 Low birthweight children at early school-age: A longitudinal study . Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 22: 26-47.

Dryfoos, J. 1990 Adolescents at Risk: Prevalence and Prevention. New York: Oxford University Press.

Eggert, L.L., E.A. Thompson, J.R. Herting, L.J. Nicholas, and B.G. Dicker 1994 Preventing adolescent drug abuse and high school dropout through an intensive school-based social network development program. American Journal of Health Promotion 8: 202-215.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Eisenberg, N., and P.H. Mussen 1989 The Roots of Prosocial Behavior in Children. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Elder, G.H., Jr. 1986 Military times and turning points in men's lives. Developmental Psychology 22: 233-245.

Elliott, D.S. 1994a Longitudinal research in criminology: Promise and practice. Pp. 189-201 in Cross-National Longitudinal Research on Human Development and Criminal Behavior, E.G.M. Weitekamp and H.-J. Kerner, eds. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

1994b Serious violent offenders: Onset, developmental course, and termination . Criminology 32(1): 1-21.

1995 Lies, Damn Lies, and Arrest Statistics: The Sutherland Award Presentation . Boulder: University of Colorado.

1999 Alternative Perspectives on Trends. Paper presented to the National Research Council Panel on Juvenile Crime: Prevention, Treatment, and Control, Washington, DC, June 29 .

Elliott, D.S., and S.S. Ageton 1980 Reconciling race and class differences in self-reported and official estimates of delinquency. American Sociological Review 45: 95-110.

Elliott, D.S., and S. Menard 1996 Delinquent friends and delinquent behavior. Delinquency and Crime, J.D. Hawkins, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Elliott, D.S., and H.L. Voss 1974 Delinquency and Dropout. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

Elliott, D.S., F.W. Dunford, and B. Knowles 1978 Diversion: A Study of Alternative Processing Practices: An Overview of Initial Study Findings. Boulder: Behavioral Research Institute, University of Colorado.

Elliott, D.S., D. Huizinga, and S.S. Ageton 1985 Explaining Delinquency and Drug Use. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Elliott, D., W.J. Wilson, D. Huizinga, R. Sampson, A. Eddiot, and B. Rankin 1996 The effects of neighborhood disadvantage on adolescent development . Journal of Crime and Delinquency 33: 389-426.

Emory, E.K., and J.R. Noonan 1984 Fetal cardiac responding: A correlate of birthweight and newborn behavior. Child Development 55: 1651-1657.

Emory, E.K., R. Patillo, E. Archibold, M. Bayorh, and R. Sung 1999 Neurobehavioral effects of low-level lead exposure in human neonates . Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology 188: S2-S11.

Emory, E., L.J. Schlackman, and K. Fiano 1996 Drug-hormone interactions on neurobehavioral responses in human neonates . Infant Behavior and Development 19: 312-221.

Ennett, S.T., N.S. Tobler, C.L. Ringwalt, and R.L. Flewelling 1997 How effective is drug abuse resistance education?: A meta-analysis of project DARE outcome evaluations. Pp. 60-67 in Drug Use and Drug Policy, M. McShane and F.P. Williams, eds. New York: Garland Publishing.

Ensminger, M.E., S.G. Kellam, and B.R. Rubin 1983 School and family origins of delinquency: Comparisons by sex. Pp. 73-97 in Prospective Studies of Crime and Delinquency, K.T. Van Dusen and S.A. Mednick, eds. Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Eppright, T.D., J.H. Kashani, B.D. Robison, and J.C. Reid 1993 Comorbidity of conduct disorder and personality disorders in an incarcerated juvenile population. American Journal of Psychiatry 150: 1233-1236.

Eron, L.D., and L.R. Huesmann 1986 The role of television in the development of prosocial and antisocial behavior. Pp. 285-314 in Development of Antisocial and Prosocial Behavior, D. Olweus, J. Block, and M. Radke-Yarrow, eds. New York: Academic Press.

Esbensen, F.-A., and D.W. Osgood 1999 Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT): Results from the national evaluation. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 36(2): 194-225.

Esbensen, F., D. Huizinga, and A.W. Weiher 1993 Gang and non-gang youth: Differences in explanatory factors. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 9(2): 94-116.

Fagan, J. 1995 Separating the men from the boys: The comparative advantage of juvenile versus criminal court sanctions on recidivism among adolescent felony offenders. Pp. 238-261 in A Sourcebook: Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders, J.C. Howell, B. Krisberg, J.D. Hawkins, and J.J. Wilson, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Fagan, J., and M. Guggenheim 1996 Preventive detention and the judicial prediction of dangerousness for juveniles: A natural experiment. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86(2): 415-448.

Fagan, J.A., and C. Reinarman 1991 The social context of intensive supervision: Organizational and ecological influences on community treatment of violent adolescents. Pp. 341-394 in Intensive Interventions With High-Risk Youths: Promising Approaches in Juvenile Probation and Parole, T.L. Armstrong, ed. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Fagan, J., and D.L. Wilkinson 1998 Guns, youth violence, and social identity. Pp. 105-188 in Youth Violence: Crime and Justice, Vol. 24, M. Tonry and M.H. Moore, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Fagan, J., M. Forst, and T.S. Vivona 1987a Racial determinants of the judicial transfer decision: Prosecuting violent youth in criminal court. Crime and Delinquency 33(2): 259-286.

Fagan, J., E. Slaughter, and E. Hartstone 1987b Blind justice?: The impact of race on the juvenile justice process . Crime and Delinquency 33(2): 224-258.

Farrell, A.D., and S.E. Bruce 1997 Impact of exposure to community violence on violent behavior and emotional distress among urban adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology 26: 2-14.

Farrell, A.D., and A.L. Meyer 1997 The effectiveness of a school based curriculum for reducing violence among urban sixth grade students. American Journal of Public Health 87(6): 979-984.

Farrell, R., and V.L. Swigert 1978 Prior offense as a self-fulfilling prophecy. Law and Society Review 12: 437-453.

Farrington, D.P. 1983 Offending from 10 to 25 years of age. Pp. 17-37 in Prospective Studies of Crime and Delinquency, K.T. VanDusen and S.A. Mednick, eds. Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff.

1985 Predicting self-reported and official delinquency. Pp. 105-173 in Predictions in Criminology, D.P. Farrington and R. Tarling, eds. New York: State University of New York Press.

1986a Age and crime. Crime and Justice: An Annual Review of Research 7: 29-90.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

1986b Stepping stones to adult criminal careers. Pp. 359-384 in Development of Antisocial and Prosocial Behavior, D. Olweus, J. Blockland, and M.R. Yarrow, eds. New York: Academic Press.

1987 Early precursors of frequent offending. Pp. 27-50 in From Children to Citizens (Vol. III). Families, Schools and Delinquency Prevention., J.Q. Wilson and G.C. Loury, eds. New York: Springer-Verlag.

1989 Early predictors of adolescent aggression and adult violence. Violence and Victims 4: 79-100.

1991 Childhood aggression and adult violence: Early precursors and life outcomes. Pp. 5-29 in Development and Treatment of Childhood Aggression, D.J. Pepler and K.H. Rubin, eds. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

1998 Predictors, causes, and correlates of male youth violence. Pp. 421-475 in Youth Violence, Crime and Justice, vol. 24, M. Tonry and M.H. Moore, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Farrington, D.P., and J.D. Hawkins 1991 Predicting participation, early onset, and later persistence in officially recorded offending. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health 1: 1-33.

Farrington, D.P., and R. Loeber 1999 Transatlantic replicability of risk factors in the development of delinquency. Pp. 299-329 in Historical and Geographical Influences on Psychopathology, P. Cohen, C. Slomkowski, and L.N. Robins, eds. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Farrington, D.P., and D.J. West 1995 Effects of marriage, separation, and children on offending by adult males. Current Perspectives on Aging and the Life Cycle. Vol. 4: Delinquency and Disrepute in the Life Course, Z.B. Smith and J. Hagan, eds. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Farrington, D.P., and P.-O.H. Wikstrom 1994 Criminal careers in London and Stockholm: A cross-national comparative study. Pp. 65-89 in Cross-National Longitudinal Research on Human Development and Criminal Behavior, E.G.M. Weitekamp and H.-J. Kerner, eds. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Farrington, D.P., R. Loeber, M. Stouthamer-Loeber, W.B. Van Kammen, and L. Schmidt 1996 Self-reported delinquency and a combined delinquency seriousness scale based on boys, mothers, and teachers: Concurrent and predictive validity for African-Americans and Caucasians. Criminology 34(4): 493-517.

Farrington, D.P., R. Loeber, and M. Stouthamer-Loeber in press How can the relationship between race and violence be explained? Violent Crimes: The Nexus of Ethnicity, Race, and Class, D.F. Hawkins, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Federal Bureau of Investigation 1971 Crime in the United States 1970. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1972 Crime in the United States 1971. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1973 Crime in the United States 1972. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1974 Crime in the United States 1973. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1975 Crime in the United States 1974. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1976 Crime in the United States 1975. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1977 Crime in the United States 1976. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1978 Crime in the United States 1977. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1979 Crime in the United States 1978. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1980 Crime in the United States 1979. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1981 Crime in the United States 1980. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1982 Crime in the United States 1981. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

1983 Crime in the United States 1982. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1984 Crime in the United States 1983. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1985 Crime in the United States 1984. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1986 Crime in the United States 1985. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1987 Crime in the United States 1986. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1988 Crime in the United States 1987. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1989 Crime in the United States 1988. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1990 Crime in the United States 1989. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1991 Crime in the United States 1990. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1992 Crime in the United States 1991. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1993 Crime in the United States 1992. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1994 Crime in the United States 1993. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1995 Crime in the United States 1994. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1996 Crime in the United States 1995. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1997 Crime in the United States 1996. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1998 Crime in the United States 1997. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1999 Crime in the United States 1998. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Feld, B.C. 1993 Justice for Children: The Right to Counsel and the Juvenile Courts . Boston: North-eastern University Press.

1995 The social context of juvenile justice administration: Racial disparities in an urban juvenile court. Pp. 66-97 in Minorities in Juvenile Justice, K.K. Leonard, C.E. Pope, and W.H. Feherherm, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

1997 Abolish the juvenile court: Youthfulness, criminal responsibility, and sentencing policy. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 88(1): 68-136.

1999 Bad Kids: Race and the Transformation of the Juvenile Court. New York: Oxford University Press.

Feldman, R.A. 1992 The St. Louis experiment: Effective treatment of antisocial youths in prosocial peer groups. Pp. 233-252 in Preventing Antisocial Behavior: Interventions From Birth Through Adolescence, J. McCord and R.E. Tremblay, eds. New York: Guilford Press.

Feldman, R.A., T.E. Caplinger, and J.S. Wodarski 1983 The St. Louis Conundrum: The Effective Treatment of Antisocial Youths . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Fergusson, D.M., and L.J. Horwood 1995 Predictive validity of categorically and dimensionally scored measures of disruptive behavior adjustment and juvenile offending. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 34: 477-485.

Fergusson, D.M., and M.T. Lynskey 1997 Early reading difficulties and later conduct problems. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry:899-908.

Feyerherm, W. 1981 Juvenile court dispositions of status offenders: An analysis of case decisions. Race, Crime, and Criminal Justice, R.L. McNeely and C.E. Pope, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Field, T., S. Widmayer, M.A. Greenberg, and S. Stoller 1982 Effects of parent training on teenage mothers and their infants. Pediatrics 69: 703-707.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Figueira-McDonough, J. 1986 School context, gender, and delinquency. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 15: 79-98.

Finkelhor, D., G. Hotaling, and A. Sedlak 1990 Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children in America: Numbers and Characteristics. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice.

Fo, W.S., and C.R. O'Donnell 1974 The Buddy System: Relationship and contingency conditions in a community intervention program for youth with nonprofessionals as behavior change agents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2: 163-169.

Fox, J.A. 1978 Forecasting Crime Data: An Econometric Analysis. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

1996 Trends in Juvenile Violence: A Report to the United States Attorney General on Current and Future Rates of Juvenile Offending, March. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice.

Frazier, C.E., and D.M. Bishop 1985 The pretrial detention of juveniles and its impact on case dispositions . The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 76(4): 1132-1152.

1995 Reflections on race effects in juvenile justice. Pp. 16-46 in Minorities in Justice, K.K. Leonard, C.E. Pope, and W.H. Feyerherm, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Frazier, C.E., and J.K. Cochran 1986a Detention of juveniles: Its effects on subsequent juvenile court processing decisions, Youth and Society 17(3): 286-305.

1986b Official intervention, diversion from the juvenile justice system, and dynamics of human services work: Effects of a reform goal based on labeling theory. Crime & Delinquency 32(2): 157-176.

Freeman, R. 1992 Crime and the economic status of disadvantaged young men. Urban Labor Markets and Job Opportunities, G. Peterson and W. Vroman, eds. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.

Friedlander, D., and P. Robins 1994 Estimating the Effect of Employment and Training Programs: An Assessment of Some Nonexperimental Techniques. Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation Working Paper (February) . New York: Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation.

Friedrich, R.J. 1980 Police use of force: Individuals, situations, and organizations. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 452: 82-97.

Furano, K., P.A. Roaf, M.B. Styles, and A.Y. Branch 1993 Big Brothers/Big Sisters: A Study of Program Practices. Philadelphia: Public/Private Ventures.

Furstenberg, F.F., J. Brooks-Gunn, and S.P. Morgan 1987 Adolescent Mothers in Later Life. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Furstenburg, F.F., T.D. Cook, J. Eccles, G.H. Elder, Jr., and A. Sameroff 1999 Managing to Make It: Urban Families and Adolescent Success. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Gallagher, C.A. 1999 Juvenile Offenders in Residential Placement, 1997. OJJDP Fact Sheet, #96, March, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Gamoran, A. 1992 The variable effects of high school tracking. American Sociological Review 57: 812-828.

Gendreau, P., and R.R. Ross 1979 Effective correctional treatment: Bibliotherapy for cynics. Crime and Delinquency 25(4): 463-489.

Gibbons, D., and M.J. Griswold 1957 Sex differences among juvenile court referrals. Sociology and Social Research 42: 106-110.

Gittelman, R., S. Mannuzza, R. Shenker, and N. Bonagura 1985 Hyperactive boys almost grown up. Archives of General Psychiatry 42: 937-947.

Glueck, S., and E.T. Glueck 1950 Unraveling Juvenile Delinquency. New York: Commonwealth Fund.

Gold, M., and D. Mann 1972 Delinquency as defense. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 42(3): 463-479.

Goldfarb, W. 1945 Psychological privation in infancy and subsequent adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 15: 247-255.

Goldstein, J. 1960 Police discretion not to invoke the criminal process: Low visibility decisions in the administration of justice. Yale Law Journal 69(March): 543-594.

Goodenough, F.L. 1931 Anger in Young Children. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

Goodman, G. 1972 Companionship Therapy: Studies in Structured Intimacy. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Gorman-Smith, D., P.H. Tolan, and D. Henry 1999 The relation of community and family to risk among urban-poor adolescents . Pp. 349-367 in Historical and Geographical Influences on Psychopathology, P. Cohen, C. Slomkowski, and L.N. Robins, eds. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Gottschalk, R., W.S. Davidson II, J. Mayer, and L.K. Gensheimer 1987 Behavioral approaches with juvenile offenders: A meta-analysis of long-term treatment efficacy. Pp. 399-423 in Behavioral Approaches to Crime and Delinquency, E.K. Morris and C.J. Braukmann, eds. New York: Plenum Press.

Gottfredson, D.C. 1986 An empirical test of school-based environmental and individual interventions to reduce the risk of delinquent behavior. Criminology 24: 705-731.

1987 An evaluation of an organization development approach to reducing school disorder. Evaluation Review 11: 739-763.

1997 School-based crime prevention. Pp. 5-1-5-74 in Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising, L.W. Sherman, D.C. Gottfredson, D. MacKenzie, J. Eck, P. Reuter, and S. Bushway, eds. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice.

Gottfredson, D.C., and G.D. Gottfredson 1992 Theory-guided investigation: Three field experiments. Pp. 311-329 in Preventing Antisocial Behavior: Interventions From Birth Through Adolescence, J. McCord and R.E. Tremblay, eds. New York: Guilford Press.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Gottfredson, D.C., G.D. Gottfredson, and S. Skroban 1998 Can prevention work where it is needed most? Evaluation Review 22(3): 315-340.

Gottfredson, G.D. 1987 Peer group interventions to reduce the risk of delinquent behavior: A selective review and a new evaluation. Criminology 25: 671-714.

Gragg, F. 1986 Juveniles in Adult Court: A Review of Transfers at the Habitual Serious and Violent Juvenile Offender Program Sites, American Institutes for Research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Graham, S. 1997 Using attribution theory to understand academic and social motivations in African American youth. Educational Psychologist 31: 167-180.

Granovetter, M. 1974 Getting a Job: A Study of Contacts and Careers. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Greenberg, M.T., and C.A. Kusché 1996 The PATHS Project: Preventive Intervention for Children. Final report to the National Institute of Mental Health, Grant No. R01MH42131.

1998 Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies. Book ten in Blueprints for Preventing Violence, D.S. Elliott, ed. Boulder, CO: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado .

Greene, Peters and Associates 1998 Guiding Principles for Promising Female Programming: An Inventory of Best Practices. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Available online: http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org/pubs/principles/contents.html.

Greenfeld, L.A. 1999 Juvenile Offending as Reported by Victims of Violence. Unpublished paper presented at the NRC Workshop on Racial Disparity in the Juvenile Justice System, Washington, DC, 99.

Greenfeld, L.A., and M.W. Zawitz 1995 Weapons Offenses and Offenders. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice.

Greenwood, P., A. Lipson, A. Abrahamse, and F. Zimring 1983 Youth Crime and Juvenile Justice in California: A Report to the Legislature . Santa Monica, CA: Rand.

Greenwood, P.W., E.P. Deschenes, and J. Adams 1993 Chronic Juvenile Offenders: Final Results From the Skillman Aftercare Experiment. MR-220-SKF. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.

Griffin, P., P. Torbet, and L. Szymanski 1998 Trying Juveniles As Adults in Criminal Courts: An Analysis of State Transfer Provisions, December. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Grisso, T. 1980 Juveniles' capacities to waive Miranda rights: An empirical analysis. California Law Review 68(6): 1134-1166.

1981 Juveniles' Waiver of Rights: Legal and Psychological Competence. New York: Plenum Press.

1997 The competence of adolescents as trial defendants. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 3(1): 3-32.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Grogger, J. 1995 The effects of arrest on the employment and earnings of young men . Quarterly Journal of Economics 110: 51-72.

1997 Incarceration-related costs of early childbearing. In Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy, R. A. Maynard, ed. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.

Grossman, D.C., H.J. Neckerman, T.D. Koepsell, L. Ping-Yu, K.N. Asher, K. Beland, K. Frey, and F.R. Rivera 1997 Effectiveness of a violence prevention curriculum among children in elementary school: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 277(20): 1605-1611.

Hagan, J. 1991 Destiny and drift: Subcultural preferences status attainments and the risks and rewards of youth. American Sociological Review 56: 567-582.

1993 The social embeddedness of crime and unemployment. Criminology 31(4): 465-491.

Hagan, J., and H. Foster 2000 Making corporate and criminal America less violent: Public norms and structural reforms. Contemporary Sociology 29(1): 44-53.

Hagan, J., and B. McCarthy 1997 Mean Streets: Youth Crime and Homelessness. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Hagan, J., and A. Palloni 1990 The social reproduction of a criminal class in working class London, circa 1950-80. American Journal of Sociology 96: 265-99.

Haller, M.H. 1989 Bootlegging: The business and politics of violence. Pp. 146-162 in Violence in America, Volume 1: The History of Crime, T.R. Gurr, ed. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Hamparian, D., M.J. Leiber, R. Morton, and Community Research Associates 1997 Disproportionate Confinement of Minority Juveniles in Secure Facilities: 1996 National Report, December, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention State Relations and Assistance Division. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Hansen, W.B., and J.W. Graham 1991 Preventing alcohol, marijuana, and cigarette use among adolescents: Peer pressure resistance training versus establishing conservative norms. Preventive Medicine 20: 414-430.

Hare, R.D., L.M. McPherson, and A.E. Forth 1988 Male psychopaths and their criminal careers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56(5): 710-714.

Hart, T.C., and B.A. Reaves 1999 Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties, 1996, October, Bureau of Justice Statistics. NCJ 176981. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Hawkins, D.F. 1998 The nations within: Race, class, region, and American lethal violence . Colorado Law Review 69(4): 905-926.

Hawkins, D.F., J.H. Laub, and J.L. Lauritsen 1998 Race, ethnicity, and serious juvenile offending. Pp. 30-46 in Serious & Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions , R. Loeber and D. Farrington, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Hawkins, J.D. 1997 Preventing Violence, Alcohol Misuses, and Teen Pregnancy Using the Social Development Strategy: Results from a Twelve-Year Field Experiment . 12th International Workshop on Research into Juvenile Criminology, Leeuwenhorst, The Netherlands,

Hawkins, J.D., M.W. Arthur, and R.F. Catalano 1995 Preventing substance abuse. Pp. 343-427 in Building a Safer Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention: Volume 19, Crime and Justice: A Review of the Research, M. Tonry and D.P. Farrington, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Hawkins, J.D., M.W. Arthur, and J.J. Olson 1997 Community interventions to reduce risk and enhance protection against antisocial behavior. Pp. 365-374 in Handbook of Antisocial Behaviors, D.S. Stoff, J. Breling, and J.D. Masters, eds. New York: NIMH/John Wiley.

Hawkins, J.D., R.F. Catalano, and D.D. Brewer 1995 Preventing serious, violent, and chronic juvenile offending: Effective strategies from conception to age 6. Pp. 47-60 in A Sourcebook: Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders, J.C. Howell, B. Krisberg, J.D. Hawkins, and J.J. Wilson, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Hawkins, J.D., R.F. Catalano, R. Kosterman, R.D. Abbott, and K.G. Hill 1999 Preventing adolescent health-risk behaviors by strengthening protection during childhood. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 153(3): 226-234.

Hawkins, J.D., R.F. Catalano, J.M. Morrison, J. O'Donnell, R.D. Abbott, and L.E. Day 1992 The Seattle Social Development Project: Effects of the first four years on protective factors and problem behaviors. Pp. 139-161 in Preventing Antisocial Behavior: Interventions From Birth Through Adolescence, J. McCord and R.E. Tremblay, eds. New York: Guilford.

Hawkins, J.D., D.P. Farrington, and R.F. Catalano 1998a Reducing violence through the schools. Violence in American Schools: A New Perspective, D.S. Elliott, B.A. Hamburg, and K.R. Williams, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Hawkins, J.D., T. Herrenkohl, D.P. Farrington, D. Brewer, R.F. Catalano, and T.W. Harachi 1998b A review of predictors of youth violence. Pp. 106-146 in Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions, R. Loeber and D.P. Farrington, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Hayden, D., and D. Ward 1996 Faces behind the figures: Interviews with children excluded from primary school. Children & Society 10(4): 255-266.

Hechtman, L., G. Weiss, T. Perlman, and R. Amsel 1984 Hyperactives as young adults: Initial predictors of adult outcome . Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry 23: 250-260.

Helmer, J. 1975 Drugs and Minority Oppression. New York: The Seabury Press.

Hemenway, D., D. Prothrow-Smith, J.M. Bergstein, R. Ander, and B.P. Kennedy 1996 Gun carrying among adolescents. Law and Contemporary Problems 59(1): 39-53.

Henggeler, S.W. 1999 Multisystemic therapy. Paradigm 2(4): 12-13.

Henggeler, S.W., G.B. Melton, L.A. Smith, S.K. Schoenwald, and J.H. Hanley 1993 Family preservation using multisystemic treatment: Long-term follow-up to a clinical trial with serious juvenile offenders. Journal of Child and Family Studies 2(4): 283-293.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Hindelang, M.J., T. Hirschi, and J.G. Weis 1981 Measuring Delinquency. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Hirschi, T. 1969 Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Hoge, R.D., D.A. Andrews, and A.W. Leschied 1994 Tests of three hypotheses regarding predictors of delinquency. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 22: 547-559.

Hollander, H.E., and F.D. Turner 1985 Characteristics of incarcerated delinquents: Relationship between development disorders, environmental and family factors, and patterns of offense and recidivism. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 24: 221-226.

Hollister, R.G., and J. Hill 1995 Problems in the evaluation of community-wide initiatives. Pp. 127-172 in New Approaches to Evaluating Community Initiatives: Concepts, Methods, and Contexts, J.P. Connell, A.C. Kubisch, L.B. Schorr, and C.H. Weiss, eds. Washington, D.C.: The Aspen Institute.

Honig, A.S. 1977 The Children's Center and the Family Development Research Program. Pp. 81-99 in Infant Education: A Guide for Helping Handicapped Children in the First Three Years, B.M. Caldwell and D.J. Stedman, eds. New York: Walker & Co.

Honig, A.S., and J.R. Lally 1982 The Family Development Research Program: Retrospective review. Early Child Development and Care 10: 41-62.

Hope, T. 1995 Community crime prevention. Pp. 21-89 in Building a Safer Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention , M. Tonry and D.P. Farrington, eds. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Hopkins, D.D., J.A. Grant-Worley, and D.W. Fleming 1995 Fatal and nonfatal suicide attempts among adolescents—Oregon, 1988-1993. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 44(16): 312-315, 321.

Horney, J., D.W. Osgood, and I.H. Marshall 1995 Criminal careers in the short-term: Intra-individual variability in crime and its relation to local life circumstances. American Sociological Review 60: 655-673.

Horowitz, R. 1987 Community tolerance of gang violence. Social Problems 34(5): 437-450.

Horowitz, R., and Pottieger 1991 Gender bias in juvenile justice handling of seriously crime-involved youths. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 28: 75-100.

Houghtalin, M., and G.L. Mays 1991 Criminal dispositions of New Mexico juveniles transferred to adult court. Crime and Delinquency 37(3): 393-407.

Hudley, C., and S. Graham 1993 An attributional intervention to reduce peer-directed aggression among African-American boys. Child Development 64: 124-138.

Huesmann, L.R. 1988 An information processing model for the development of aggression . Aggressive Behavior 14(1): 13-24.

Huesmann, L.R., L.D. Eron, M.M. Lefkowitz, and L.O. Walder 1984 Stability of aggression over time and generations. Developmental Psychology 20: 1120-1134.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Huff, C.R. 1998 Comparing the Criminal Behavior of Youth Gangs and At-Risk Youths , National Institute of Justice. NCJ 172852. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Available online: http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/172852.pdf.

Huizinga, D., and D.S. Elliott 1986 Reassessing the reliability and validity of self-reported data. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 2(4): 293-327.

1987 Juvenile offenders: Prevalence, offender incidence, and arrest rates by race. Crime and Delinquency 33(2): 206-223.

Huizinga, D., and C. Jakob-Chien 1998 The contemporaneous co-occurrence of serious and violent offending and other problem behavior. Pp. 47-67 in Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions, R. Loeber and D.P. Farrington, eds. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Human Rights Watch 1995 Children in Confinement in Louisiana. New York: Human Rights Watch.

Hunt, G., S. Riegel, T. Morales, and D. Waldorf 1993 Changes in prison culture: Prison gangs and the case of the “Pepsi Generation”. Social Problems 40: 398-409.

Hurst, H. 1985 Confidentiality of Juvenile Justice Records and Proceedings: A Legacy Under Siege. Pittsburgh, PA: National Center for Juvenile Justice.

Huston, A., and J.C. Wright 1998 Television and the informational and educational needs of children . Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences: Children and Television 557(May): 9-23.

Institute of Medicine 1990 Broadening the Base of Treatment for Alcohol Problems. Committee for the Study of Treatment and Rehabilitation Services for Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, Division of Mental Health and Behavioral Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

1994 Reducing Risks for Mental Disorders: Frontiers for Preventive Intervention Research. Committee on Prevention of Mental Disorders, P.J. Mrazek and R.J. Haggerty, eds. Division of Biobehavioral Sciences and Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

1996 Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment. Committee to Study Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, K. Stratton, C. Howe, and F. Battaglia, eds. Division of Biobehavioral Sciences and Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

1997 Dispelling the Myths About Addiction: Strategies to Increase Understanding and Strengthen Research. Committee to Identify Strategies to Raise the Profile of Substance Abuse and Alcoholism Research, Division of Neuroscience and Behavioral Health and Division of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Irwin, J., and J. Austin 1994 It's About Time. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

Jackson, K.T. 1985 Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.

Jensen, E.L., and L.K. Metsger 1994 A test of the deterrent effect of legislative waiver on violent juvenile crime. Crime and Delinquency 40(1): 96-104.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Jensen, G.F. 1972 Parents, peers, and delinquent action: A test of the differential association perspective. American Journal of Sociology 78: 562-575.

Jeter, H.R. 1922 The Chicago Juvenile Court. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Jimerson, S., E. Carlson, E. Rotert, B. Egeland, and A.L. Sroufe 1997 A prospective, longitudinal study of the correlates and consequences of early grade retention. Journal of Social Psychology 35(1): 3-25.

Johnson, B.D., E.D. Wish, J. Schmeidler, and D. Huizinga 1991 Concentration of delinquent offending: Serious drug involvement and high delinquency rates. Journal of Drug Issues 21: 205-291.

1993 Concentration of delinquent offending: Serious drug involvement and high delinquency rates. Pp. 1-25 in Drugs and Crime, R. Dembo, ed. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.

Johnson, C.A., M.A. Pentz, M.D. Weber, J.H. Dwyer, N.A. Baer, D.P. MacKinnon, W.B. Hansen, and B.R. Flay 1990 Relative effectiveness of comprehensive community programming for drug abuse prevention with high-risk and low-risk adolescents. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 58: 447-456.

Johnson, D.L., and T. Walker 1987 Primary prevention of behavior problems in Mexican American children . American Journal of Community Psychology 15(4): 375-385.

Johnson, D.R., and L.K. Scheuble 1991 Gender bias in the disposition of juvenile court referrals: The effects of time and location. Criminology 29(4): 677-699.

Johnson, R. 1987 Mother's versus father's role in causing delinquency. Adolescence 22: 305-315.

Johnston, L.D., P.M. O'Malley, and J.G. Bachman 1998 National Survey Results on Drug Use From The Monitoring the Future Study, 1975-1997, Volume 1, Secondary School Students, National Institute on Drug Abuse. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Jones, M.B., and D.R. Offord 1989 Reduction of antisocial behavior in poor children by nonschool skill development. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 30(5): 737-750.

Jordan, B.K., W.E. Schlenger, J.A. Fairbank, and J.M. Caddell 1996 Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among incarcerated women. Archives of General Psychiatry 53(6): 513-519.

Juby, H., and D.P. Farrington 2001 Disentangling the link between disrupted families and delinquency . British Journal of Criminology 41: 22-40.

Kachur, S.P., L.B. Potter, and S.P.P.K.E. James 1995 Suicide in the United States, 1980-1992. Atlanta, GA: National Center for Injury Prevention and Control.

Kaeser, S. 1979 Suspensions in school discipline. Education and Urban Society 11: 465-484.

Kammer, J.J., K.I. Minor, and J.B. Wells 1997 An outcome study of the Diversion Plus program for juvenile offenders . Federal Probation 61(2): 51-56.

Kandel, D.B. 1980 Drug and drinking behavior among youth. Annual Review of Sociology 6: 235-285.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Kandel, D.B., and K. Andrews 1987 Process of adolescent socialization by parents and peers. The International Journal of the Addictions 22: 319-342.

Kandel, D.B., R.C. Kessler, and R.Z. Margulies 1978 Antecedents of adolescent initiation into stages of drug use: A developmental analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 7(1): 13-40.

Kandel, E., P.A. Brennan, S.A. Mednick, and N.M. Michelson 1989 Minor physical abnormalities and recidivistic adult violent criminal behavior. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia 79: 103-107.

Kandel, E., and S.A. Mednick 1991 Perinatal complications predict violent offending. Criminology 29: 519-520.

Kaplan, H.B., and R.J. Johnson 1991 Negative social sanctions and juvenile delinquency: Effects of labeling in a model of deviant behavior. Social Science Quarterly 72(1): 97-122.

Karoly, L.A., P.W. Greenwood, S.S. Everingham, J. Hoube, M.R. Kilburn, C.P. Rydell, M. Sanders, and J. Chiesa 1998 Investing in Our Children: What We Know and Don't Know About the Costs and Benefits of Early Childhood Interventions . Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation. Online at http://www.rand.org/publications/MR/MR898 (3/25/99).

Karr-Morse, R., and M.S. Wiley 1997 Ghosts From the Nursery: Tracing the Roots of Violence. New York: Grove Atlantic.

Katz, L.F., J.R. Kling, and J.B. Liebman 2000 Moving to Opportunity in Boston: Early Results of a Randomized Mobility Experiment. Working Paper #441, Industrial Relations Section, Princeton University . [Online.] Available: http://www.irs.princeton.edu/pubs/working_papers.html Accessed October 10,2000.

Kaufman, J.G., and C.S. Widom 1999 Childhood victimization, running away, and delinquency. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 36(4): 347-370.

Kazdin, A.E. 1997 Parent management training: Evidence, outcomes, and issues. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36(10): 1349-1356.

Kellam, S.G., X. Ling, R. Merisca, C.H. Brown, and N. Ialongo 1998 The effect of the level of aggression in the first grade classroom on the course and malleability of aggressive behavior into middle school. Development and Psychopathology 10: 165-185.

Kelley, B.T., D. Huizinga, T. Thornberry, and R. Loeber 1997 Epidemiology of serious violence. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. Washington, DC: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice.

Kelly, D.H. 1971 School failure, academic self-evaluation, and school avoidance and deviant behavior. Youth and Society 2: 489-502.

Kenney, D.J., and T.S. Watson 1996 Reducing fear in the schools: Managing conflict through student problem solving. Education and Urban Society 28: 436-455.

Kerr, M., R.E. Tremblay, L. Pagani-Kurtz, and F. Vitaro 1997 Boys' behavioral inhibition and the risk of later delinquency. Archives of General Psychiatry 54(9): 809-816.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Keyes, L.C. 1992 Strategies and Saints: Fighting Drugs in Public Housing. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute Press.

Kilgore, S.B. 1991 The organizational context of tracking in schools. American Sociological Review 56: 189-203.

Kinder, K., C. Veneziano, M. Fichter, and H. Azuma 1995 A comparison of the dispositions of juvenile offenders certified as adults with juvenile offenders not certified. Juvenile and Family Court Journal 46: 37-42.

Kitzman, H., D.L. Olds, C.R. Henderson, C. Hanks, R. Cole, R. Tatelbaum, K.M. McConnochie, K. Sidora, D.W. Luckey, D. Shaver, K. Engelhardt, D. James, and K. Barnard 1997 Effect of prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses on pregnancy outcomes, childhood injuries, and repeated childbearing: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 278(8): 644-652.

Klein, M.W. 1971 Street Gangs and Street Workers. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

1995 The American Street Gang: Its Nature, Prevalence, and Control. New York: Oxford University Press.

Klein, N.C., J.F. Alexander, and B.V. Parsons 1977 Impact of family systems intervention on recidivism and sibling delinquency: A model of primary prevention and program evaluation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 45: 469-477.

Kochanska, G., T.L. Tjebkes, and D.R. Forman 1998 Children's emerging regulation of conduct: Restraint, compliance, and internalization from infancy to the second year. Child Development 69(5): 1378-1389.

Kolvin, I., R.F. Garside, A.R. Nicole, A. MacMillen, F. Wolstenhome, and I.M. Leitch 1981 Help Starts Here. New York: Tavistock.

Kolvin, I., F.J.W. Miller, D.M. Scott, S.R.M. Gatzanis, and M. Fleeting 1990 Continuities of Deprivation? The Newcastle Thousand-Family Survey . Aldershot, England: Avebury.

Kopp, C.B., and J.B. Krakow 1983 The developmentalist and the study of biological risk: A view of the past with an eye toward the future. Child Development 54: 1086-1108.

Korbin, J., and C.J. Coulton 1997 Understanding the Neighborhood Context for Children and Families. New York: Russell Sage Foundation Press.

Kovacs, M. 1996 Presentation and course of major depressive disorder during childhood and later years of the life span. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 35: 705-715.

Kramer, J.H., and D.J. Steffensmeier 1978 The differential detention/jailing of juveniles: A comparison of detention and nondetention courts. Peperdine Law Review 5(3): 795-807.

Krisberg, B., and J.C. Howell 1998 The impact of the juvenile justice system and prospects for graduated sanctions in a comprehensive strategy. Pp. 346-366 in Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions, R. Loeber and D.P. Farrington, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Krisberg, B., and I. Schwartz 1983 Rethinking juvenile justice. Crime and Delinquency (July): 333-364.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Kruglanski, A.W., I. Friedman, and G. Zeevi 1971 The effects of extrinsic incentives on some qualitative aspects of task performance. Journal of Personality 39: 606-617.

Lab, S.P., and R.B. Allen 1984 Self-report and official measures: A further examination of the validity issue. Journal of Criminal Justice 12: 445-455.

Lab, S.P., and J.T. Whitehead 1990 From ‘nothing works' to ‘the appropriate works': The latest stop on the search for the secular grail. Criminology 28(3): 405-417.

Lahey, B.B., I.D. Waldman, and K. McBurnett 1999 Annotation: The development of antisocial behavior, an integrative causal model. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 40(5): 669-682.

Lally, J.R., and A.S. Honig 1977 The Family Development Research Program: A program for prenatal, infant and early childhood enrichment. Pp. 147-194 in The Preschool in Action: Exploring Early Childhood Programs, M.C. Day & R.D. Parker, eds. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.

Lally, J.R., P.L. Mangione, and A.S. Honig 1988 The Syracuse University Family Development Research Program: Long-range impact of an early intervention with low-income children and their families. Pp. 79-104 in Advances in Applied Developmental Psychology. Parent Education As Early Childhood Intervention: Emerging Directions in Theory, Research, and Practice, D.R. Powell, ed. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.

Land, K., P.L. McCall, and L.E. Cohen 1990 Structural covariates of homicide rates: Are there any invariances across time and social space. American Journal of Sociology 95: 922-963.

Land, K.C., P.L. McCall, J.R. Williams, and M. Ezell 1992 Intensive supervision of status offenders: Evidence on continuity of treatment effects for juveniles and a ““Hawthorne Effect”” for counselors. Pp. 339-349 in Preventing Antisocial Behavior: Interventions From Birth Through Adolescence, J. McCord and R. Tremblay, eds. New York: Guilford.

1998 Alternatives to Detention Study: Final Report, Administrative Office of the Courts, Juvenile Services Division. Raleigh, NC: North Carolina Administrative Office of the Courts.

Land, K.C., P.L. McCall, and J.R. Williams 1990 Something that works in juvenile justice: An evaluation of the North Carolina court counselors' intensive protective supervision randomized experimental project, 1987-1989. Evaluation Review 14(6): 574-606.

Lander, B. 1954 Toward an Understanding of Juvenile Delinquency. New York: Columbia University Press.

Lane, R. 1986 Roots of Violence in Black Philadelphia 1860-1900. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Langan, P.A., and D.P. Farrington 1998 Crime and Justice in the United States and in England and Wales, 1981-96, October. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. Online at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/abstract/cjusew96.htm (3/25/99).

Larson, R., and C. Lampman-Petraitis 1989 Daily emotional states as reported by children and adolescents. Child Development 60: 1250-1260.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Larson, R., and M. Richards 1994 Family emotions: Do young adolescents and their parents experience the same states? Journal of Research on Adolescence 4(4): 567-583.

Larson, R., M. Csikszemtmihalyi, and R. Graef 1980 Mood variability and the psychosocial adjustment of adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 9(6): 469-490.

Larzelere, R.E., and G.R. Patterson 1990 Parental management: Mediator of the effect of socioeconomic status on early delinquency. Criminology 28(2): 301-323.

Lasley, J.R. 1996 Using Traffic Barriers to Design Out Crime: A Program Evaluation of LAPD's Operation Cul-De-Sac. Report to the National Institute of Justice. California State University, Fullerton.

Laub, J.H., and R.J. Sampson 1988 Unraveling families and delinquency: A reanalysis of the Gluecks' data. Criminology 26(3): 355-380.

1995 The long-term effects of punitive discipline. Pp. 247-258 in Coercion and Punishment in Long-Term Perspectives, J. McCord, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Laub, J.H., D.S. Nagin, and et al. 1998 Trajectories of change in criminal offending: Good marriages and the desistance process. American Sociological Review 63(2): 225-238.

Lawrence, R. 1983 The role of legal counsel in juveniles' understanding of their rights. Juvenile and Family Court Journal 34: 49-58.

Leonard, K.K., and H. Sontheimer 1995 The role of race in juvenile justice in Pennsylvania. Pp. 98-127 in Minorities in Juvenile Justice, K.K. Leonard, C.E. Pope, and W.H. Feyerherm, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Lepper, M.R., S. Sethi, D. Dialdin, and M. Drake 1997 Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation: A developmental perspective. Developmental Psychopathology: Perspectives on Adjustment, Risk, and Disorder, S.S. Luthar, J.A. Burack, D. Cicchetti, and J.R. Weisz, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Lepper, M.R. 1983 Social-control processes and the internalization of social values: An attributional perspective. Pp. 294-330 in Social Cognition and Social Development, E.T. Higgins, D.N. Ruble, and W.W. Hartup, eds. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Lerman, P. 1977 Discussion of differential selection of juveniles for detention. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 14(2): 166-172.

Lester, B.M., E.K. Emory, S. Hoffman, and D.V. Eitzman 1976 A multivariate study of the effects of high-risk factors on performance on the Brazelton Neonatal Assessment Scale. Child Development 47: 515-517.

Levitt, S.D. 1998 Juvenile crime and punishment. Journal of Political Economy 106(6): 1156-1185.

Lewis, D.O., J.H. Pincus, R. Lovely, E. Spitzer, and E. Moy 1987 Biopsychosocial characteristics of matched samples of delinquents and non-delinquents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 26: 744-752.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Lewis, D.O., S.S. Shanok, R.J. Cohen, M. Kligfeld, and G. Frisone 1980 Race bias in the diagnosis and disposition of violent adolescents . American Journal of Psychiatry 137(10): 1211-1216.

Lincoln, S.B. 1976 Juvenile referral and recidivism. Pp. 321-328 in Back on the Street: Diversion of Juvenile Offenders, R.M. Carter and M.W. Klein, eds. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

Lipsey, M.W. 1992 Juvenile delinquency treatment: A meta-analytic inquiry into the variability of effects. Meta-Analysis of Explanation: A Casebook, T. Cook and et al., eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation Press.

1995 What do we learn from 400 research studies on the effectiveness of treatment with juvenile delinquents. Pp. 63-78 in What Works: Reducing Reoffending: Guidelines From Research and Practice , J. McGuire, ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

Lipsey, M.W., and D.B. Wilson 1998 Effective intervention for serious juvenile offenders: A synthesis of research. Pp. 313-345 in Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions, R. Loeber and D.P. Farrington, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Lipsey, M.W., and J.H. Derzon 1998 Predictors of violent or serious delinquency in adolescence and early adulthood: A synthesis of longitudinal research. Pp. 86-105 in Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions, R. Loeber and D. Farrington, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Liska, A.E., and M.D. Reed 1985 Ties to conventional institutions and delinquency: Estimating reciprocal effects. American Sociological Review 50(August): 547-560.

Liska, A.E., and M. Tausig 1979 Theoretical interpretations of social class and racial differentials in legal decisionmaking for juveniles. Sociological Quarterly 20(2): 197-207.

Lockwood, D., A.E. Pottieger, and J.A. Inciardi 1995 Crack use, crime by crack users, and ethnicity. Ethnicity, Race, and Crime: Perspectives Across Time and Place., D.F. Hawkins, ed. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Loeber, R. 1988 Behavioral precursors and accelerators of delinquency. Pp. 51-67 in Explaining Delinquency, W. Buikhuisen and S.A. Mednick, eds. Leiden, Holland: Brill.

Loeber, R., and D. Hay 1997 Key issues in the development of aggression and violence from childhood to early adulthood. Annual Review of Psychology 48: 371-410.

Loeber, R., and K. Keenan 1994 Interaction between conduct disorder and its comorbid conditions: Effects of age and gender. Clinical Psychology Review 14: 497-523.

Loeber, R., and M. Stouthamer-Loeber 1986 Family factors as correlates and predictors of juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. Pp. 29-149 in Crime and Justice, M. Tonry, N. Morris, et al., eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Loeber, R., D.P. Farrington, M. Stouthamer-Loeber, and Van Kammen 1998a Antisocial Behavior and Mental Health Problems: Explanatory Factors in Childhood and Adolescence. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Loeber, R., D.P. Farrington, and D.A. Waschbusch 1998b Serious and violent juvenile offenders. Pp. 13-29 in Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions, R. Loeber and D.P. Farrington, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Loeber, R., D.P. Farrington, M. Stouthamer-Loeber, T.E. Moffitt, and A. Caspi 1998c The development of male offending: Key findings from the first decade of the Pittsburgh Youth Study. Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention 7(2): 141-172.

Loftin, C. 1986 The validity of robbery-murder classifications in Baltimore. Violence and Victims 1: 191-204.

Loney, J., J. Kramer, and R.S. Milich 1982 The hyperactive child grows up: Predictors of symptoms, delinquency, and achievement at follow-up. Pp. 381-415 in Psychosocial Aspects of Drug Treatment for Hyperactivity, K.D. Gadow and J. Loney, eds. Boulder, CO: Westview.

Lundman, R.J. 1993 Prevention and Control of Delinquency. New York: Oxford University Press.

Lundman, R.J., E. Sykes, and J.P. Clark 1978 Police control of juveniles: A replication. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 15(January): 74-91.

Luntz, B., and C.S. Widom 1994 Antisocial personality disorder in abused and neglected children grown up. American Journal of Psychiatry 151: 670-674.

Lynam, D., T.E. Moffitt, and M. Stouthamer-Loeber 1993 Explaining the relationship between IQ and delinquency: Class, race, test motivation, school failure, or self control? Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102: 187-196.

Macallair, D., and M. Males 1998 The Impact of Juvenile Curfew Laws in California. Justice Policy Institute, San Francisco, Calif. Available online: http://www.cjcj.org/curfew.html [1998 June 25].

Maccoby, E.E. 1958 Effects upon children of their mothers' outside employment. National Manpower Council, Work in the Lives of Married Women. New York: Columbia University Press.

1964 Effects of the mass media. Pp. 323-348 in Review of Child Development Research, M.L. Hoffman and L.W. Hoffman, eds. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.

1980 Social Development. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

MacKenzie, D.L. 1997 Criminal justice and crime prevention. Pp. 9, 1-9, 76 in Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising, L.W. Sherman, D. Gottfredson, D. MacKenzie, J. Eck, P. Reuter, S. Bushway, and University of Maryland Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice , eds. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Magnusson, D., and L.R. Bergman 1990 A pattern approach to the study of pathways from childhood to adulthood . Pp. 101-115 in Straight and Devious Pathways From Childhood to Adulthood, L. Robins and M. Rutter, eds. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Maguin, E., and R. Loeber 1996 Academic performance and delinquency. Pp. 145-264 in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Volume 20, M. Tonry, ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Maguire, K., and A.L. Pastore, eds. 1999 Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics, 1994-1998 Annual Editions (on CD Rom). NCJ-178912. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice.

1998 Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 1998. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, DC: USGPO, 1999

Maltz, M.D. 1999 Bridging Gaps in Police Crime Data. Bureau of Justice Statistics NCJ 176365. September. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Mannuzza, S., R.G. Klein, A. Bessler, P. Malloy, and M. LaPadula 1993 Adult outcome of hyperactive boys. Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry 50: 565-576.

Mannuzza, S., R.G. Klein, N. Bonagura, P. Malloy, T.L. Giampino, and D.A. Addalli 1991 Hyperactive boys almost grown up. Replications of psychiatric status . Archives of General Psychiatry 48: 77-84.

Marshall, T.F., and S. Merry 1990 Crime and Accountability: Victim Offender Mediation in Practice. London: The Home Office.

Massey, D.S. 2000 Residential segregation and neighborhood conditions in U.S. metropolitan areas. America Becoming: Racial Trends and Their Consequence, National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.

Massey, D.S., and N.A. Denton 1993 American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Mastrofski, S.D., W.E. Worden, and J.B. Snipes 1995 Law enforcement in a time of community policing. Criminology 33(November): 539-563.

Matsueda, R.L., and K. Heimer 1987 Race, family structure, and delinquency: A test of differential association and social control theories. American Sociological Review 52(December): 826-840.

Mauer, M. 1997 Americans Behind Bars: U.S. and International Use of Incarceration, 1995. Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project.

Maughan, B., and M. Lindelow 1997 Secular change in psychosocial risks: The case of teenage motherhood . Psychological Medicine 27: 1129-1144.

Maxfield, M.G. 1989 Circumstances in supplementary homicide reports: Variety and validity . Criminology 26(4): 123-155.

1999 The National Incidence-Based Reporting System: Research and policy applications. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 15(2): 119-149.

Maxfield, M.G., and C.S. Widom 1996 The cycle of violence: Revisited 6 years later. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 150: 390-395.

Maxfield, M.G., B.L. Weiler, and C.S. Widom 2000 Comparing self-reports and official records of arrests. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 16(1): 87-110.

Maxson, C.L., M.A. Gordon, and M.W. Klein 1985 Differences between gang and non-gang homicides. Criminology 23: 209-222.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Mayer, J.P., L.K. Gensheimer, W.S. Davidson II, and R. Gottschalk 1986 Social learning treatment within juvenile justice: A meta-analysis of the impact in the natural environment. Pp. 24-38 in Youth Violence Program and Prospects, S.J. Apter and A. Goldstein, eds. Elmsford: Pergamon Press.

Mayer, G.R., T.W. Butterworth, M. Nafpaktitis, and B. Sulzer-Azaroff 1983 Preventing school vandalism and improving discipline: A three-year study. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis 16: 355-369.

Mayhew, P., and P. White 1997 The 1996 International Crime Victimisation Survey. Research Findings, No. 57. London: Home Office Research and Statistics Directorate.

Maynard, R.A. 1997 Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy. Washington, DC: Urban Institute Press.

McBride, D.C., C.J. VanderWaal, Y.M. Terry, and H. VanBuren 1999 Breaking the Cycle of Drug Use Among Juvenile Offenders, November, National Institute of Justice. NCJ 179273. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Online only. Available: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/179273.htm (Accessed 1/12/00).

McCarthy, B.R., and B.L. Smith 1986 The conceptualization of discrimination in the juvenile justice process: The impact of administrative factors and screening decisions on juvenile court dispositions. Criminology 24(1): 41-64.

McCord, J. 1978 A thirty-year follow-up of treatment effects. American Psychologist 33: 284-289.

1979 Some child-rearing antecedents of criminal behavior in adult men. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37: 1477-1486.

1981 Consideration of some effects of a counseling program. Pp. 394-405 in New Directions in Rehabilitation of Criminal Offenders, S.E. Martin, L.B. Sechrest, and R. Redner, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

1982 A longitudinal view of the relationship between paternal absence and crime. Pp. 113-128 in Abnormal Offenders, Delinquency and the Criminal Justice System, J. Gunn and D.P. Farrington, eds. Chichester, England: Wiley.

1983 A forty year perspective on effects of child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect 7: 265-270.

1990 Getting a Handle on Co-offending and Criminal Careers. Paper presented at the Criminal Careers and the Control of Crime Conference, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, July 26-27.

1991 The cycle of crime and socialization practices. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 82(1): 211-228.

1992 The Cambridge-Somerville Study: A pioneering longitudinal experimental study of delinquency prevention. Pp. 196-206 in Preventing Antisocial Behavior: Interventions from Birth through Adolescence, J. McCord and R.E. Tremblay, eds. New York: Guilford Press.

1997a He did it because he wanted to... Pp. 1-43 in Motivation and Delinquency, Volume 44 of the Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, D.W. Osgood, ed. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

1997b On discipline. Psychological Inquiry 8(3): 215-217.

1997c Placing American urban violence in context. Pp. 78-115 in Violence and Childhood in the Inner City, J. McCord, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.

1999 Understanding childhood and subsequent crime. Aggressive Behavior 25(4): 241-253.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

2000 Developmental trajectories and intentional actions. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 16(2): 237-253.

2001 Alcohol and dangerousness. Pp. 195-215 in Clinical Assessment of Dangerousness: Empirical Contributions, G.F. Pinard and L. Pagani, eds. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

McCord, J., and K. Conway 2000 Unpacking Age, Co-offending, and Crime Relationships. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, San Francisco, CA, November 15-18.

McCord, J., and M. Ensminger 1997 Multiple risks and comorbidity in an African American population. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health 7: 339-352.

In press Racial discrimination and violence: A longitudinal perspective. Violent Crimes: The Nexus of Ethnicity, Race, and Class, D. Hawkins, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.

McCord, J., R.E. Tremblay, F. Vitaro, and L. Desmarais-Gervais 1994 Boys' disruptive behavior, school adjustment, and delinquency: The Montreal Prevention Experiment. International Journal of Behavioral Development 17: 739-752.

McFadden, A., G. March, B. Price, and Y. Hwang 1992 A study of race and gender bias in the punishment of school children . Education and Treatment of Children 15: 140-146.

McLloyd, V.C. 1990 The impact of economic hardship on black families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and socioemotional development. Child Development 61: 311-346.

McManus, M., N.E. Alessi, W.L. Grapentine, and A. Brickman 1984a Psychiatric disturbance in serious delinquents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 23: 602-615.

McManus, M., A. Brickman, N.E. Alessi, and W.L. Grapentine 1984b Borderline personality in serious delinquents. Comprehensive Psychiatry 25: 446-454.

McPartland, J.M., and S.M. Nettles 1991 Using community adults as advocates or mentors for at-risk middle school students: A two-year evaluation of Project RAISE. American Journal of Education 99: 568-586.

Mecartney, C.A., M.B. Styles, and K.V. Morrow 1994 Building Relationships with Youth in Program Settings: Findings from Two Pilot Programs. Philadelphia: Public/Private Ventures.

Messner, S.F., L.E. Raffalovich, and R. McMillan 2000 Macroeconomic deprivation and changes in juvenile arrest rates, 1968-1998: A national time-series analysis. Seventieth Annual Meeting of the Eastern Sociological Society, Baltimore, MD, March 2-5.

Miethe, T.D., and C.A. Moore 1986 Racial differences in criminal processing: The consequences of model selection on conclusions about differential treatment. Sociological Quarterly 27(2): 217-237.

Miller, M.L., J.A. Chiles, and V.E. Barnes 1982 Suicide attempters within a delinquent population. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 50: 491-498.

Miller, P., and N. Eisenberg 1988 The relation of empathy to aggression and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin 103: 324-344.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Miller, W.B. 1982 Gangs, groups, and youth crime. Pp. 311-328 in Juvenile Delinquency: A Book of Readings, R. Giallarnbardo, ed. New York: John Wiley and Sons.

Minor, K.L., and H.P. Elrod 1990 The effects of a multi-faceted intervention on the offense activities of juvenile probationers. Journal of Offender Counseling, Service and Rehabilitation 15(2): 87-108.

Mischel, W., Y. Shoda, and M.L. Rodriguez 1989 Delay of gratification in children. Science 244: 933-938.

Moffitt, T.E. 1990 The neuropsychology of delinquency: A critical review of theory and research. Pp. 99-169 in Crime and Justice, Volume 12, N. Morris and M. Tonry, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

1993 Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy. Psychological Review 100(4): 674-701.

1997 Neuropsychology, antisocial behavior, and neighborhood context. Pp. 116-170 in Violence and Childhood in the Inner City, J. McCord, ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Moffitt, T.E., D. Lynam, and P.A. Silva 1994 Neuropsychological tests predict persistent male delinquency. Criminology 32: 101-124.

Moore, J. 1978 Homeboys. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

1991 Going Down to the Barrio: Homeboys and Homegirls in Change. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Moore, M.H. 1995 Public health and criminal justice approaches to prevention. Pp. 237-262 in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research. Building a Safer Society: Strategic Approaches to Crime Prevention., M. Tonry and D.P. Farrington, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Moore, M.H., and S. Wakeling 1997 Juvenile justice: Shoring up the foundations. Pp. 253-301 in Crime and Justice, Vol. 22, M. Tonry, ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Morrison, G.M., and B. D'Incau 1997 The web of zero-tolerance: Characteristics of students who are recommended for expulsion from school. Education and Treatment of Children 20(3): 316-335.

Nagin, D.S., G. Pogarsky, and D.P. Farrington 1997 Adolescent mothers and the criminal behavior of their children. Law and Society Review 31(1): 137-162.

Nagin, D., and R.E. Tremblay 1999 Trajectories of boys' physical aggression, opposition, and hyperactivity on the path to physically violent and non-violent juvenile delinquency. Child Development 70(5): 1181-1196.

National Institute of Drug Abuse 1991 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Population Estimates., National Institute of Drug Abuse. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

National Institute of Justice 1999 1998 Annual Report on Drug Use Among Adult and Juvenile Arrestees , April. NCJ 175656. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

National Research Council 1982 Neither Angels Nor Thieves: Studies in Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders, J.F. Handler and J. Zatz, eds. Panel on the Deinstitutionalization of Children and Youth Assembly of Behavioral and Social Sciences. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

1986 Criminal Careers and Career Criminals, A. Blumstein, J. Cohen, J.A. Roth, and C.A. Visher, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

1993a Losing Generations: Adolescents in High Risk Settings. Panel on High Risk Youth, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

1993b Understanding and Preventing Violence. Panel on the Understanding and Control of Violent Behavior. A.J. Reiss, Jr., and J.A. Roth, eds. Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

1998 Violence in Families: Assessing Prevention and Treatment Programs , R. Chalk and P.A. King, eds. Committee on the Assessment of Family Violence Interventions, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education and Institute of Medicine. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

National Youth Gang Center 1997 The 1995 National Youth Gang Survey, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Needels, K. 1996 Go directly to jail and do not collect? A long-term study of recidivism, employment, and earnings patterns among prisons releasees. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 33: 471-496.

Neimeyer, M., and D. Shichor 1996 A preliminary study of a large victim offender reconciliation program . Federal Probation 60(3): 30-34.

The New York Times 1998 Louisiana boys' prison is epitome of neglect and abuse. By F. Butterfield. The New York Times July 15.

Oakes, J. 1987 Tracking in secondary schools: A contextualist perspective. Educational Psychologist 22: 129-153.

Obeidallah, D.A., and F.J. Earls 1999 Adolescent girls: The role of depression in the development of delinquency . NIJ Research Preview, July, National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

O'Donnell, C.R., T. Lydgate, and W.S.O. Fo 1979 The buddy system: Review and follow-up. Child Behavior Therapy 1(2): 161-169.

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention 1997 OJJDP Guide to Good Juvenile Detention Practice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention 1998 Guide for implementing the balanced and restorative justice model . OJJDP Report, December, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs. NCJ 167887. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice.

Offord, D.R. 1982 Family backgrounds of male and female delinquents. Pp. 129-151 in Abnormal Offenders: Delinquency and the Criminal Justice System, J. Gunn and D.P. Farrington, eds. Chichester, England: Wiley.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Offord, D.R., R.J. Adler, and M.H. Boyle 1986 Prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of conduct disorder. American Journal of Social Psychiatry 4 (272-278).

Olds, D.L. 1998 Prenatal and infancy home visitation by nurses. Book seven in Blueprints for Violence Prevention, D.S. Elliott, ed. Boulder, CO: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado .

Olds, D.L., J. Eckenrode, C.R. Jr. Henderson, H. Kitzman, J. Powers, R. Cole, K. Sidora, P. Morris, L.M. Pettitt, and D. Luckey 1997a Long-term effects of home visitation on maternal life course and child abuse and neglect: Fifteen-year follow-up of a randomized trial . Journal of the American Medical Association 278: 637-643.

Olds, D.L., H. Kitzman, R. Cole, and J. Robinson 1997b Theoretical foundations of a program of home visitation for pregnant women and parents of young children. Journal of Community Psychology 25: 9-25.

Olds, D., C.R. Henderson, Jr., R. Cole, J. Eckenrode, H. Kitzman, D. Luckey, L. Pettitt, K. Sidora, P. Morris, and J. Powers 1998 Long-term effects of Nurse Home Visitation on children's criminal and antisocial behavior: 15-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 280(14): 1238-1244.

Olweus, D. 1991 Bully/victim problems among school children: Basic facts and effects of a school-based intervention program. The Development and Treatment of Childhood Aggression, D.J. Pepler and K.H. Rubin, eds. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

1992 Bullying among school children: Intervention and prevention. Aggression and Violence Throughout the Life Span, R.D. Peters, R.J. McMahon, and V.L. Quinsey, eds. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.

Olweus, D., and F.D. Alsaker 1991 Assessing change in a cohort-longitudinal study with hierarchical data. Problems and Methods in Longitudinal Research: Stability and Change , D. Magnusson, L.R. Bergman, G. Rudinger, and B. Torestad, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Osofsky, J.D., S. Wewers, D.M. Hann, and A.C. Fick 1993 Chronic community violence: What is happening to our children. Psychiatry 56: 36-45.

Padilla, F.M. 1992 The Gang as an American Enterprise. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Pajer, K.A. 1998 What happens to “bad” girls? A review of the adult outcomes of antisocial adolescent girls . American Journal of Psychiatry 155(7): 862-870.

Palmer, T. 1975 Martinson revisited. Journal of Research and Crime and Delinquency 12(2): 133-152.

Parent, D.G., V. Lieter, S. Kennedy, L. Livens, D. Wentworth, and S. Wilcox 1994 Conditions of Confinement: Juvenile Detention and Corrections Facilities , Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. NCJ 145793 . Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Patterson, G.R. 1976 The aggressive child: Victim and architect of a coercive system. Pp. 267-316 in Behavior Modification and Families: Vol. 1. Theory and Research, E.J. Marsh, L.C. Handy, and L.A. Hamerlynck, eds. New York: Brunner/Mazel.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

1995 Coercion as a basis for early age of onset for arrest. Pp. 81-105 in Coercion and Punishment in Long-Term Perspectives, J. McCord, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Patterson, G.R., and K. Yoerger 1997 A developmental model for late-onset delinquency. Pp. 119-177 in Motivation and Delinquency, D.W. Osgood, ed. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.

Patterson, G.R., D. Capaldi, and L. Bank 1991 An early starter model for predicting delinquency. Pp. 139-168 in The Development and Treatment of Childhood Aggression, D.J. Pepler and K.H. Rubin, eds. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Patterson, G.R., T.J. Dishion, and L. Bank 1984 Family interaction: A process model of deviancy training. Aggressive Behavior 10: 253-267.

Patterson, G.R., J.B. Reid, R.R. Jones, and R.E. Conger 1975 A Social Learning Approach to Family Intervention: Families With Aggressive Children, Volume 1. Eugene, OR: Castalia Publishing Company.

Pawlak, E.J. 1977 Differential selection of juveniles for detention. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 14(2): 152-165.

Pentz, M.A., B.R. Brannon, V.L. Charlin, E.J. Barrett, D.P. MacKinnon, and B.R. Flay 1989a The power of policy: The relationship of smoking policy to adolescent smoking. American Journal of Public Health 79: 857-862.

Pentz, M.A., J.H. Dwyer, D.P. MacKinnon, B.R. Flay, W.B. Hansen, E.Y.I. Wang, and C.A. Johnson 1989b A multi-community trial for primary prevention of adolescent drug abuse: Effects on drug use prevalence. Journal of the American Medical Association 261: 3529-3266.

Pentz, M.A., D.P. MacKinnon, B.R. Flay, W.B. Hansen, C.A. Johnson, and J.H. Dwyer 1989c Primary prevention of chronic diseases in adolescence: effects of the Midwestern Prevention Project on tobacco use. American Journal of Epidemiology 130: 713-724.

Pepler, D.J., and W.M. Craig 1995 A peek behind the fence: Naturalistic observations of aggressive children with remote audiovisual recording. Developmental Psychology 31: 548-553.

Perry, C.L., S.H. Kelder, and K.-I. Klepp 1994 Community-wide cardiovascular disease prevention in young people: Long-term outcomes of the Class of 1989 Study. European Journal of Public Health 4: 188-194.

Perry, C.L., C.L. Williams, S. Veblen-Mortenson, T.L. Toomey, K.A. Komro, P.S. Anstien, P.G. McGovern, J.R. Finnegan, J.L. Forster, A.C. Wagenaar, and M. Wolfson 1996 Project Northland: Outcomes of a community-wide alcohol use prevention program during early adolescence. American Journal of Public Health 86(7): 956-965.

Petersen, R.D., and J. Hagan 1984 Changing conceptions of race: Towards an account of anomalous findings of sentencing research. American Sociological Review 49(1): 56-70.

Peterson, R.D., L.J. Krivo, and M.A. Harris 2000 Disadvantage and neighborhood crime: Do local institutions matter? Journal of Research in Crime and Deliquency 31(1): 31-63.

Petersilia, J. 1997 Probation in the United States: Practices and challenges. National Institute of Justice Journal September: 2-8.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Petersilia, J., and E.P. Deschenes 1994 Perceptions of punishment: Inmates and staff rank the severity of prison versus intermediate sanctions. Prison Journal 74: 306-328.

Petersilia, J., and S. Turner 1993 Intensive probation and parole. Pp. 281-335 in Crime and Justice, vol. 17, M. Tonry, ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Pettit, G.S., J.E. Bates, K.A. Dodge, and D.W. Meece 1999 The impact of after-school peer contact on early adolescent externalizing problems is moderated by parental monitoring, perceived neighborhood safety, and prior adjustment. Child Development 70(3): 768-778.

Petrosino, A., C. Turpin-Petrosino, and J.O. Finckenauer 2000 Well-meaning programs can have harmful effects! Lessons from experiments of programs such as Scared Straight. Crime & Delinquency 46(3): 354-379.

Pfeiffer, C. 1998 Juvenile crime and juvenile violence in European countries. Pp. 255-328 in Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, Vol. 23, M. Tonry, ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Piliavin, I., and S. Briar 1964 Police encounters with juveniles. American Journal of Sociology 70: 206-214.

Pinderhughes, H. 1997 Race in the Hood: Conflict and Violence Among Urban Youth. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Pinderhughes, H. 1999 Presentation to the Panel on Juvenile Crime: Treatment, Prevention, and Control. Racial Disparity Workshop. Washington, D.C., 99.

Platt, A. 1977 The Child Savers: The Invention of Delinquency. 2nd edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Podkopacz, M.R., and B.C. Feld 1995 Judicial waiver policy and practice: Persistence, seriousness, and race. Law and Inequality 14: 74-178.

Podkopacz, M.R., and B.C. Feld 1996 The end of the line: An empirical study of judicial waiver. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 86(2): 449-492.

Pogrebin, M.R., E.D. Poole, and R.M. Regoli 1984 Constructing and implementing a model juvenile diversion program. Youth and Society 15(3): 305-324.

Polk, K. 1975 Schools and the delinquency experience. Criminal Justice and Behavior 2: 315-338.

Pope, C.E., and W.H. Feyerherm 1982 Gender bias in juvenile court dispositions. Social Service Research 6: 1-16.

Poorjak, H., and C. Bockelman 1973 The impact of community volunteers on delinquency prevention. Sociology and Sociological Research 57: 335-341.

Poulos, T.M., and S. Orchowsky 1994 Serious juvenile offenders: Predicting the probability of transfer to criminal court. Crime and Delinquency 40(1): 3-17.

Poupart, L.M. 1995 Juvenile justice processing of American Indian youths: Disparity in one rural county. Minorities in Juvenile Justice, K.K. Leonard, C.E. Pope, and W.H. Feyerherm, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Power, T.G., and M.L. Chapieski 1986 Childrearing and impulse control in toddlers: A naturalistic investigation. Developmental Psychology 22(2): 271-275.

Poyner, B., and B. Webb 1987 Successful Crime Prevention: Case Studies. London: Tavistock Institute of Human Relations.

Pulkkinen, L., and R.E. Tremblay 1992 Patterns of boys' social adjustment in two cultures and at different ages: A longitudinal perspective. International Journal of Behavioral Development 15(4): 527-553.

Pumariega, A.J., L. Atkins, and et al. 1996 Psychopathology and symptomatology in incarcerated versus hospitalized youth. The 8th Annual Research Conference Proceedings: A System of Care for Children's Mental Health: Expanding the Research Base., Tampa, Florida, University of Florida, Florida Mental Health Institute, Research and Training Center for Children's Mental Health.

Quadrel, M.J., B. Fischhoff, and W. Davis 1993 Adolescent (in)vulnerability. American Psychologist 48(2): 102-116.

Quinton, D., A. Pickles, et al. 1993 Partners, peers and pathways: Assortative pairing and continuities in conduct disorder. Development and Psychopathology 5: 763-783.

Quinton, D., and M. Rutter 1988 Parenting Breakdown: The Making and Breaking of Intergenerational Links. Aldershot, England: Avebury.

Radecki, C.M., and J. Jaccard 1995 Perceptions of knowledge, actual knowledge, and information search behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 31: 107-118.

Raine, A., P. Brennan, and S.A. Mednick 1994 Birth complications combined with early maternal rejection at age 1 year predispose to violent crime at age 18 years. Archives of General Psychiatry 53: 544-549.

1997 Interaction between birth complications and early maternal rejection in predisposing individuals to adult violence: Specificity to serious, early-onset violence. American Journal of Psychiatry 154: 1265-1271.

Rausch, S. 1983 Court processing versus diversion of status offenders: A test of deterrence and labeling theories. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 20: 39-54.

Rebach, H. 1992 Alcohol and drug use among American minorities. Drugs and Society 6: 23-57.

Reiss, A.J. 1986 Co-offender influences on criminal careers. Pp. 121-160 in Criminal Careers and Career Criminals, Volume II, A. Blumstein, J. Cohen, J.A. Roth, and C.A. Visher, eds. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Reiss, A.J., Jr. 1988 Co-offending and criminal careers. Pp. 117-170 in Crime and Justice, vol. 7, N. Morris and M. Tonry, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Reiss, A.J., and D.P. Farrington 1991 Advancing knowledge about co-offending: Results from a prospective longitudinal survey of London males. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 82(2): 360-395.

Renouf, A.G., and S. Harter 1990 Low self-worth and anger as components of the depressive experience in young adolescents. Development and Psychopathology 2: 293-310.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Restoin, A., H. Montagner, D. Rodriguez, J.J. Girardot, D. Laurent, F. Kontar, V. Ullmann, C. Casagrande, and B. Talpain 1985 Chronologie des comportements de communication et profils de comportement chez le jeune enfant. Pp. 93-130 in Ethologie Et Developpement De L'Enfant, R.E. Tremblay, M.A. Provost, and F.F. Strayer, eds. Paris, France: Editions Stock/ Laurence Pernoud.

Rhodes, A.L., and A.J. Reiss 1969 Apathy, truancy, and delinquency as adaptations to school failure . Social Forces 48: 12-22.

Richman, N., J. Stevenson, and P.J. Graham 1982 Preschool to School: A Behavioral Study. London: Academic Press.

Richters, J.E., and J.E. Martinez 1993 The NIMH Community Violence Project: Children as victims of and witnesses to violence. Psychiatry 56: 7-21.

Roberts, D.J. 1997 Implementing the National Incident-Based Reporting System: A Project Status Report, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Robin Hood Foundation 1996 Kids Having Kids: A Special Report on the Cost of Adolescent Childbearing . New York: Robin Hood Foundation.

Robins, L.N. 1974 Deviant Children Grown Up. Huntington, NY: Krieger

Robins, L.N. 1978 Sturdy childhood predictors of adult antisocial behavior: Replications from longitudinal studies. Psychological Medicine 8: 611-622.

Robinson, C.D. 1993 The production of black violence in Chicago. Pp. 279-333 in Crime and Capitalism: Readings in Marxist Criminology, D.F. Greenberg, ed. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.

Roderick, M. 1994 Grade retention and school dropout: Investigating the association . American Educational Research Journal 31: 729-759.

Rojek, D.G., and M.L. Erickson 1982 Reforming the juvenile justice system: The diversion of status offenders . Law and Society Review 16(2): 241-264.

Roncek, D.W., and P. Maier 1991 Bars, blocks, and crime revisited: Linking the theory of routine activities to the empiricism of “hot spots.” Criminology 29: 725-753.

Rosenbaum, D.P., R.L. Flewelling, S.L. Bailey, C.L. Ringwalt, and D.L. Wilkinson 1994 Cops in the classroom: A longitudinal evaluation of drug abuse resistance education (DARE). Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 31: 3-31.

Rosenbaum, D.P., and G.S. Hanson 1998 Assessing the effects of school-based drug education: A six-year multilevel analysis of Project D.A.R.E. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35(4): 381-412.

Rosenbaum, D.P., D.A. Lewis, and J.A. Grant 1986 Neighborhood-based crime prevention: Assessing the efficacy of community organization in Chicago. Pp. 109-133 in Community Crime Prevention: Does It Work?, D.P. Rosenbaum, ed. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

Rosenbaum, J.E. 1976 The stratification of the socialization process. American Sociological Review 40: 48-54.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Rosenheim, M.K. 1983 Juvenile justice: Organization and process. Pp. 969-977 in Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice, Vol. 3, S. Kadish, ed. New York: Free Press.

Rotherman, M.J. 1982 Social skills training with underachievers, disruptive, and exceptional children. Psychology in the Schools 19: 532-539.

Rowe, D.C., and D.P. Farrington 1997 The familial transmission of criminal convictions. Criminology 35: 177-201.

Rowland, R.G. 1992 An evaluation of the effects of a mentoring program on at-risk students in selected elementary schools in the North East Independent School District (Doctoral dissertation, Texas A&M University). Dissertation Abstracts International 52(1A): 30.

Russell, K. 1998 The Color of Crime: Racial Hoaxes, White Fear, Black Protectionism, Police Harassment, and Other Macroaggressions. New York: New York University Press.

Rust, B. 1999 Juvenile jailhouse rocked. Advocasey Fall/Winter: 1-16. Annie E. Casey Foundation.

Rutter, M. 1983 School effects on pupil progress: Research findings and policy implications . Child Development 54: 1-19.

Rutter, M., and H. Giller 1983 Juvenile Delinquency: Trends and Perspectives. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin.

Rutter, M., H. Giller, and A. Hagell 1998 Antisocial Behavior by Young People. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Sameroff, A.J., and J.M. Chandler 1975 Reproductive risk and the continuum of caretaker casualty. Pp. 187-244 in Review of Child Development Research, F.D. Horowitz, E.M. Hetherington, S. ScarrSalapatek, and G. Siegel, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Sampson, R.J. 1986 The effects of urbanization and neighborhood characteristics on criminal victimization. Pp. 3-25 in Metropolitan Crime Problems, R.M. Figlio, S. Kakim, and G.F. Rengert, eds. New York: Criminal Justice Press.

1987 Urban black violence: The effect of male joblessness and family disruption . American Journal of Sociology 93(2): 348-382.

1992 Family management and child development: Insights from social disorganization theory. Pp. 63-93 in Facts, Frameworks, and Forecasts: Advances in Criminological Theory , J. McCord, ed. New Brunswick: Transaction Press.

1997 The embeddedness of child and adolescent development: A community-level perspective on urban violence. Violence and Childhood in the Inner City, J. McCord, ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Sampson, R.J., and J.B. Groves 1989 Community structure and crime: Testing social disorganization theory . American Journal of Sociology 94: 774-802.

Sampson, R.J., and J.L. Lauritsen 1997 Racial and ethnic disparities in crime and criminal justice in the United States. Pp. 311-374 in Ethnicity, Crime, and Immigration: Comparative and Cross-National Perspective, M. Tonry, ed. Volume 21 of Crime and Justice, A Review of Research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Sampson, R.J., and J.H. Laub 1990 Crime and deviance over the life course: The salience of adult social bonds. American Sociological Review 55: 609-627.

1993 Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points Through Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

1996 Socioeconomic achievement in the life course of disadvantaged men: Military service as a turning point, circa 1940-1965. American Sociological Review 61: 347-367.

Sampson, R.J., S.W. Raudenbush, and F. Earls 1997 Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science 277: 918-924.

Sand, E.A. 1966 Contribution a L'Etude Du Developpement De L'Enfant. Aspects Medico-Sociaux et Psychologiques. Bruxelles: Editions de l'Institut de sociologie de l'Unversite libre de Bruxelles.

Sanson, A., D. Smart, M. Prior, and F. Oberklaid 1993 Precursors of hyperactivity and aggression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 32: 1207-1216.

Sarnecki, J. 1986 Delinquent Networks. Stockholm: The National Council for Crime Prevention.

Satterfield, J.M., C.M. Hoppe, and A.M. Schell 1982 A prospective study of delinquency in 110 adolescent boys with attention deficit disorder and 88 normal adolescent boys. American Journal of Psychiatry 139: 795-798.

Schlossman, S. 1977 Love and the American Delinquent: The Theory and Practice of “Progressive” Juvenile Justice, 1825-1920. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

1983 Juvenile justice: History and philosophy. Pp. 961-969 in Encyclopedia of Crime and Justice, Vol. 3, S. Kadish, ed. New York: Free Press.

1989 The California Experience in American Juvenile Justice: Some Historical Perspectives, Bureau of Criminal Statistics and Special Services, Department of Justice. Sacramento, CA: State of California.

Schneider, A.L. 1984a Deinstitutionalization of status offenders: The impact on recidivism and secure confinement. Criminal Justice Abstracts 16: 410-432.

1984b Divesting status offenses from juvenile court jurisdiction. Crime and Delinquency 30(3): 347-370.

1986 Restitution and recidivism rates of juvenile offenders: Results from four experimental studies. Criminology 24(3): 533-552.

Schochet, P.Z., J. Burghardt, and S. Glazerman 2000 National Job Corps Study: The Short-Term Impacts of Job Corps on Participants' Employment and Related Outcomes. Executive Summary. Report submitted to the U.S. Department of Labor. Mathematica Policy Research, Princeton, NJ. [Online.] Available: http://www.mathematica-mpr.com/publications/publications.asp Accessed September 14, 2000.

Schuerman, L., and S. Kobrin 1986 Community careers in crime. Pp. 67-100 in Communities and Crime, A.J. Reiss and M. Tonry, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Schwartz, I.M. 1989 (In)Justice for Juveniles. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Schwartz, R., and J. Skolnick 1964 Two studies of legal stigma. Pp. 103-117 in The Other Side: Perspectives on Deviance, H. Becker, ed. New York: Free Press.

Schweinhart, L.J., and D.P. Weikart 1993 Success by empowerment: The High/Scope Perry Preschool study through age 27. Young Children 49(1): 54-58.

1997 Lasting Differences: The High/Scope Preschool Curriculum Comparison Study Through Age 23. Ypsilanti, Mich.: High/Scope Press.

Schweinhart, L.L., H.V. Barnes, and D.P. Weikart 1993 Significant Benefits. The High/Scope Perry School Study Through Age 27. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press.

Schweinhart, L.J., D.P. Weikart, and M.B. Larner 1986 Consequences of three preschool curriculum models through age 15. Early Childhood Research Quarterly 1: 15-45.

Sealock, M.D., and S.S. Simpson 1998 Unraveling bias in arrest decisions: The role of juvenile offender type-scripts. Justice Quarterly 15(3): 427-457.

Sealock, M.D., D.C. Gottfredson, and C.A. Gallagher 1995 Addressing Drug Use and Recidivism in Delinquent Youth: An Examination of Residential and Aftercare Treatment Programs. Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Boston, MA,

1997 Drug treatment for juvenile offenders: Some good and bad news. The Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 34(2): 210-236.

Seguin, J.R., R.O. Pihl, P.W. Harden, R.E. Tremblay, and B. Boulerice 1995 Cognitive and neuropsychological characteristics of physically aggressive boys. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 104(4): 614-624.

Selner-O'Hagan, M.B., D.J. Kindlon, S.J. Buka, S.W. Raudenbush, and F.J. Earls 1998 Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Professions .

Serbin, L.A., J.M. Cooperman, P.L. Peters, P.M. Lehoux, D.M. Stack, and A.E. Schwartzman 1998 Intergenerational transfer of psychosocial risk in women with childhood histories of aggression, withdrawal, or aggression and withdrawal . Developmental Psychology 34(6): 1246-1262.

Shannon, L.W. 1986 Ecological effects of the hardening of the inner city. Pp. 27-53 in Metropolitan Crime Patterns, R.M. Figlio, S. Hakim, and G.F. Rengert, eds. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

1988 Criminal Career Continuity. New York: Human Sciences Press.

Shannon, L., J. McKim, J. Curry, and L. Haffner 1988 Criminal Career Continuity: Its Social Context. New York, N.Y.: Human Sciences Press, Inc.

Shaw, C.R. 1930 The Jack-Roller: A Delinquent Boy's Own Story. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Shaw, C.R., and H.D. McKay. 1969 Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas, revised edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Shaw, C., and H. McKay 1942 Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Shelden, R.G. 1999 Detention diversion advocacy: An evaluation. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, September, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Sheley, J.F., and J.D. Wright 1998 High school youths, weapons, and violence: A national survey. Research in Brief, October, National Institute of Justice. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Shelton, D. 1998 Estimates of Emotional Disorder in Detained and Committed Youth in the Maryland Juvenile Justice System. Baltimore: University of Maryland School of Nursing.

Shepard, L.A., and M.L. Smith 1990 Synthesis of research on grade retention. Educational Leadership 47: 84-88.

Sherman, L.W. 1997a Policing for crime prevention. In Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising, L.W. Sherman, D. Gottfredson, D. MacKenzie, J. Eck, P. Reuter, and S. Bushway. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1997b Family-based crime prevention. In Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising, L.W. Sherman, D. Gottfredson, D. MacKenzie, J. Eck, P. Reuter, and S. Bushway. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Short, J.F. 1997 Poverty, Ethnicity, and Violent Crime. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Short, J.F., Jr., and F.L. Strodtbeck

1965 Group Process and Gang Delinquency. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Sickmund, M., H. Snyder, and E. Poe-Yamagata 1997 Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1997 Update on Violence. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice.

Sickmund, M., A.L. Stahl, T.A. Finnegan, H.N. Snyder, and J.A. Butts 1998 Juvenile Court Statistics 1995. May, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Sigler, R.T., and G.B. Talley 1995 Drug Abuse Resistance Training program effectiveness. American Journal of Police

Simcha-Fagan, O., and J.E. Schwartz 1986 Neighborhood and delinquency: An assessment of contextual effects . Criminology 24(4): 667-699.

Simmons, R., L. Whitbeck, R. Conger, and K. Conger 1991 Parenting factors, social skills, and value commitments as precursors to school failure, involvement with deviant peers, and delinquent behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 20: 645-664.

Simons, R.L., C. Wu, R.D. Conger, and F.O. Lorenz 1994 Two routes to delinquency: Differences between early and late starters in the impact of parenting and deviant peers. Criminology 32: 247-275.

Singer, M., T.M. Anglin, L.Y. Song, and L. Lunghofer 1995 Adolescents' exposure to violence and associated symptoms of psychological trauma . Journal of the American Medical Association 273: 477-492.

Singer, S., and D. McDowall 1988 Criminalizing delinquency: The deterrent effects of the New York Juvenile Offender Law. Law and Society Review 22: 521-535.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Slaby, R.G. 1997 Development of psychological mediators of violence in urban youth . Pp. 171-206 in Violence and Childhood in the Inner City, J. McCord, ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Slavin, R.E. 1987 Ability grouping and student achievement in elementary schools: A best-evidence synthesis. Review of Educational Research 57: 293-336.

1990 Achievement Effects of Ability Grouping in Secondary Schools: A Best Evidence Synthesis. Madison: Wisconsin Center for Education Research.

Slicker, E.K., and D.J. Palmer 1993 Mentoring at-risk high school students: Evaluation of a school-based program. School Counselor 40: 327-334.

Smith, B. 1998 Children in custody: 20-year trends in juvenile detention, correctional, and shelter facilities. Crime and Delinquency 44(4): 526-543.

Smith, C., and T.P. Thornberry 1995 The relationship between childhood maltreatment and adolescent involvement in delinquency. Criminology 33: 451-481.

Smith, M.L., and L.A. Shepard 1987 What doesn't work: Explaining policies of retention in the early grades. Phi Delta Kappan 69: 129-134.

Smith, D.A., and C.A. Visher 1981 Street-level justice: Situational determinants of police arrest decisions . Social Problems 29(2): 167-177.

Smith, D.A., C.A. Visher, and L.A. Davidson 1984 Equity and discretionary justice: The influence of race on police arrest decisions. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 75(1): 234-249.

Snyder, H.N. 1998 Juvenile arrests 1997. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. December. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice.

1999a Juvenile arrests 1998. Juvenile Justice Bulletin. December. Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. NCJ 179064. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

1999b Juvenile Male and Female Arrest Rates: 1981-1997. Unpublished data. National Center for Juvenile Justice, Pittsburgh, PA.

Snyder, H.N., and T. Finnegan 1999 Easy Access to FBI Arrest Statistics 1994-1997 (data presentation package). Pittsburgh, PA: National Center for Juvenile Justice. [Online]. Available: http://www.ojjdp.ncjrs.org/facts/ezaccess.html#UCR Accessed June 19, 2000.

Snyder, H.N., and M. Sickmund 1999 Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1999 National Report, September, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. NCJ 178257. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Snyder, H.N., M. Sickmund, and E. Poe-Yamagata 1996 Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 1996 Update on Violence. Washington D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Program, U.S. Department of Justice.

Sontheimer, H., and L. Goodstein 1993 An evaluation of juvenile intensive aftercare probation: Aftercare versus system response effects. Justice Quarterly 10(2): 197-227.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Spencer, M.B. 1999 Social and cultural influences on school adjustment: The application of an identity-focused cultural ecological perspective. Educational Psychologist 34(1): 43-57.

Spergel, I.A. 1995 The Youth Gang Problem: A Community Approach. New York: Oxford University Press.

Spicer, J.W., and G.D. Hampe 1975 Kinship interaction after divorce. Journal of Marriage and the Family 37: 113-119.

Stahl, A.L., M. Sickmund, T.A. Finnegan, H.N. Snyder, R.S. Poole, and N. Tierney 1999 Juvenile Court Statistics 1996 . Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Stanton, M.D., and W.R. Shadish 1997 Outcome, attrition, and family-couples treatment for drug abuse: A meta-analysis and review of the controlled, comparative studies . Psychological Bulletin 122(2): 170-191.

Stattin, H., and I. Klackenberg-Larsson 1993 Early language and intelligence development and their relationship to future criminal behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 102(3): 369-378.

Stattin, H., and D. Magnusson 1989 The role of early aggressive behavior in the frequency, seriousness and types of later crime. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychiatry 57: 710-718.

Staub, E. 1979 Positive Social Behavior and Morality: Socialization and Development , Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press.

Steffensmeier, D., and M.D. Harer 1987 Is the crime rate really falling? Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 24: 23-48.

1999 Making sense of recent U.S. crime trends, 1980-96/8: Age-composition effects and other explanations. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 36 (3).

Steinberg, L. 1987 Single parents, stepparents, and the susceptibility of adolescents to antisocial peer pressure. Child Development 58: 269-275.

2000 Youth violence: Do parents and families make a difference? National Institute of Justice Journal April: 30-38.

Steiner, H., I.G. Garcia, and Z. Mathews 1997 Posttraumatic stress disorder in incarcerated juvenile delinquents . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36: 357-365.

Stern, M., J.E. Northman, and M.R. Van Slyck 1984 Father absence and adolescent problem behaviors: Alcohol consumption, drug use, and sexual activity. Adolescence 14: 301-312.

Stone, C. 1999 Race, crime, and the administration of justice: A summary of the available facts. National Institute of Justice Journal (April): 26-32.

Stone, W.L., R.D. Bendell, and T.M. Field 1988 The impact of socioeconomic status on teenage mothers and children who received early intervention. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 9: 391-408.

Strassberg, Z., K.A. Dodge, G. Pettit, and J.E. Bates 1994 Spanking in the home and children's subsequent aggression toward kindergarten peers. Development and Psychopathology 6(3): 445-461.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Strom, K.J. 2000 Profile of State Prisoners Under Age 18, Bureau of Justice Statistics. NCJ 176989. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Stuart, R.B., S. Jayaratne, and T. Tripodi 1976 Changing adolescent deviant behavior through reprogramming the behavior of parents and teachers: An experimental evaluation. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science 8: 132-144.

Sullivan, M. 1983 Youth crime: New York's two varieties. New York Affairs 8: 31-48.

1989 Getting Paid: Youth Crime and Employment in the Inner City. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

1996 Neighborhood social organization: A forgotten object of ethnographic study? Pp. 205-224 in Ethnography and Human Development, R. Jessor, A. Colby, and R.A. Schweder, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

1998 Evaluating the effects of community development corporations on conditions and perceptions of safety. Security Journal 11: 51-60.

1998 Integrating qualitative and quantitative methods in the study of developmental psychopathology in context. Development and Psychopathology 10: 377-393.

Suttles, G.D. 1968 The Social Order of the Slum: Ethnicity and Territory in the Inner City. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Tanenhaus, D. 2000 The evolution of waiver in the juvenile court. In The Changing Borders of Juvenile Justice: Transfer of Adolescents to the Criminal Court, J. Fagan and F.E. Zimring, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Teilmann, K., and P. Landry 1981 Gender bias in juvenile justice. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 18: 47-80.

Teplin, L.A., K.M. Abram, and G.M. McClelland 1996 Prevalence of psychiatric disorders among incarcerated women. I. Pretrial jail detainees. Archives of General Psychiatry 53: 505-512.

Thompson, P.M., J.N. Gledd, R.P. Woods, D. MacDonald, A.C. Evans, and A.W. Toga 2000 Growth patterns in the developing brain detected by using continuum mechanical tensor maps. Nature 404(6774): 190-193.

Thornberry, T.P. 1998 Membership in youth gangs and involvement in serious and violent offending. Pp. 147-166 in Serious & Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions , R. Loeber and D.P. Farrington, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Thornberry, T.P., D. Huizinga, and R. Loeber 1995 The prevention of serious delinquency and violence: Implications from the Program of Research on the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency . Pp. 213-237 in A Sourcebook: Serious, Violent, and Chronic Juvenile Offenders, J.C. Howell, B. Krisberg, J.D. Hawkins, and J.J. Wilson, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Thornberry, T.P., M.D. Krohn, A.J. Lizotte, and D. Chard-Wierschem 1993 The role of juvenile gangs in facilitating delinquent behavior. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 30(1): 55-87.

Thornberry, T.P., A. Lizotte, M. Krohn, M. Farnsworth, and S. Jang 1994 Delinquent peers, beliefs, and delinquent behavior: A longitudinal test of interactional theory. Criminology 32: 47-83.

Thornberry, T., and R.L. Christenson 1984 Unemployment and criminal involvement: An investigation of reciprocal causal structures. American Sociological Review 49: 398-411.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Thrasher, F.M. 1927 The Gang. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Tierney, J.P., and A.Y. Branch 1992 College Students as Mentors for At-Risk Youth: A Study of Six Campus Partners in Learning Programs. Philadelphia: Public/Private Ventures.

Tierney, J.P., J.B. Grossman, and N.L. Resch 1995 Making a Difference: An Impact Study of Big Brothers/Big Sisters. Philadelphia: Public/Private Ventures.

Timmons-Mitchell, J., C. Brown, S.C. Schulz, S.E. Webster, L.A. Underwood, and W.E. Semple 1997 Comparing the mental health needs of female and male incarcerated juvenile delinquents. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 15: 195-202.

Tittle, C.R., and D.J. Curran 1988 Contingencies for dispositional disparities in juvenile justice. Social Forces 67: 23-58.

Tolan, P., and N. Guerra 1998 What Works in Reducing Adolescent Violence: An Empirical Review of the Field. Boulder, CO: Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, University of Colorado .

Tonry, M.H. 1995 Malign Neglect: Race, Crime, and Punishment in America. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Tonry, M., L.E. Ohlin, and D.P. Farrington 1991 Human Development and Criminal Behavior: New Ways of Advancing Knowledge . New York: Springer-Verlag.

Torbet, P.Mc. 1996 Juvenile probation: The workhorse of the juvenile justice system. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, March, Office of Justice Programs, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.

Torbet, P., and L. Szymanski 1998 State Legislative Responses to Violent Juvenile Crime: 1996-97 Update . Juvenile Justice Bulletin, November, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Office of Justice Programs. Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Torbet, P., R. Gable, I.H. Hurst, I. Montgomery, L. Szymanski, and D. Thomas 1996 State Responses to Serious and Violent Juvenile Crime: Research Report . Washington, D.C.: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, U.S. Department of Justice.

Torbet, P. 1990 Organization and Administration of Juvenile Services: Probation, Aftercare, and Delinquent Institutions. Pittsburgh, PA: National Center for Juvenile Justice.

Towbin, A. 1978 Cerebral dysfunctions related to perinatal organic damage: Clinical neuropathologic correlations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 87(6): 617-635.

Tracy, P.E. 1987 Race and class differences in official and self-reported delinquency . Pp. 87-121 in From Boy to Man, From Delinquency to Crime, M.E. Wolfgang, T.P. Thornberry, and R.M. Figlio, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Tremblay, R.E. 1995 Kindergarten behavioral patterns, parental practices, and early adolescent antisocial behavior. Pp. 139-153 in Coercion and Punishment in Long Term Perspectives, J. McCord, ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

2000 The development of aggressive behavior during childhood: What have we learned in the past century? International Journal of Behavioral Development 24(2): 129-141.

Tremblay, R.E., and W. Craig 1995 Developmental crime prevention. Pp. 151-236 in Building a Safer Society, Crime and Justice, Vol. 19, M. Tonry and D.P. Farrington, eds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Tremblay, R.E., B. Boulerice, P. Harden, P. McDuff, D. Perusse, R. Pihl, and M. Zoccolillo 1996a Do children in Canada become more aggressive as they approach adolescence? Pp. 127-137 in Growing Up in Canada: National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, Human Resources Development Canada and Statistics Canada, eds. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.

Tremblay, R.E., C. Japel, D. Perusse, M. Boivin, M. Zoccolillo, J. Montplaisir, and P. McDuff 1999a The search for age of “onset” of physical aggression: Rousseau and Bandura revisited. Criminal Behavior and Mental Health 9: 8-23.

Tremblay, R.E., D. LeMarquand, and F. Vitaro 1999b The prevention of ODD and CD. Pp. 525-555 in Handbook of Disruptive Behavior Disorders, H.C. Quay and A.E. Hogan, eds. New York: Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers.

Tremblay, R.E., B. Masse, D. Perron, M. LeBlanc, A.E. Schwartzman, and J.E. Ledingham 1992a Early disruptive behavior, poor school achievement, delinquent behavior and delinquent personality: Longitudinal analyses. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 60: 64-72.

Tremblay, R.E., L.C. Masse, L. Pagani, and F. Vitaro 1996b From childhood physical aggression to adolescent maladjustment: The Montreal prevention experiment. Pp. 268-298 in Preventing Childhood Disorders, Substance Abuse, and Delinquency, R.D. Peters and R.J. McMahon, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Tremblay, R.E., L. Pagani-Kurtz, L.C. Mâsse, F. Vitaro, and R.O. Pihl 1995 A bimodal preventive intervention for disruptive kindergarten boys: Its impact through mid-adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63(4): 560-568.

Tremblay, R.E., R. Pihl, F. Vitaro, and P. Dobkin 1994 Predicting early onset of male antisocial behavior from preschool behavior. Archives of General Psychiatry 51: 732-739.

Tremblay, R.E., F. Vitaro, L. Bertrand, M. LeBlanc, H. Beauchesne, H. Boileau, and L. David 1992b Parent and child training to prevent early onset of delinquency: The Montreal longitudinal experimental study. Pp. 117-138 in Preventing Antisocial Behavior: Interventions From Birth Through Adolescence, J. McCord and R.E. Tremblay, eds. New York: Guilford Press.

Ulmer, J.T., and J.H. Kramer 1996 Court communities under sentencing guidelines: Dilemmas of formal rationality and sentencing disparity. Criminology 34(3): 383-408.

Umbreit, M.S., and J. Greenwood 1998 National Survey of Victim Offender Mediation Programs in the U.S. St. Paul, MN: Center for Restorative Justice and Peacemaking, University of Minnesota . Online. Available: http://ssw.che.umn.edu/rjp/Resources/Documents/UmbGre97.PDF (Accessed 2/1/00).

Umbreit, M.S. 1990 The meaning of fairness to burglary victims. Criminal Justice, Restitution, and Reconciliation, B. Galaway and J. Hudson, eds. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Umbreit, M.S., and R.B. Coates 1992 Executive Summary: Victim Offender Mediation—An Analysis of Programs in our States of the U.S. St. Paul, MN: Center for Restorative Justice and Peacemaking, University of Minnesota . Online. Available: http://sss.che.umn.edu/rjp/Resources/Documents/umbcoa92.PDF (Accessed 2/1/00).

1993 Cross-site analysis of victim offender mediation in four states. Crime and Delinquency 39: 565-585

U.S. Census Bureau 1977 Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1977. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

1982 Preliminary Estimates of the Population of the United States, by Age, Sex, and Race: 1970 to 1981. Series P-25, No. 917. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Commerce.

1999 Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1999, 119th edition. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 1998 Trends in the Well-Being of America's Children and Youth, 1998. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

U.S. General Accounting Office 1995a Juvenile Justice: Juveniles Processed in the Criminal Court and Case Dispositions. GAO/GGD-95-170. U.S. Government Printing Office.

1995b Juvenile Justice: Representation Rates Varied as did Counsel's Impact on Court Outcomes. GAO/GGD-95-139. U.S. Government Printing Office.

1995c Juvenile Justice: Minimal Gender Bias Occurred in Processing Noncriminal Juveniles. GAO/GGD-95-56. Washington, DC: U.S. General Accounting Office.

Vandell, D.L., and J. Posner 1999 Conceptualization and measurement of children's after-school environments. Pp. 167-197 in Assessment of the Environment Across the Lifespan, S.L. Friedman and T.D. Wachs, eds. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.

Van Waters, M. 1927 The juvenile court from the child's viewpoint. Pp. 217-237 in The Child, The Clinic, and The Court, J. Addams, ed. New York: New Republic, Inc.

Vigil, J.D. 1988 Barrio Gangs. Austin: University of Texas Press.

Vigil, J.D., and S.C. Yun 1990 Vietnamese youth gangs in southern California. Pp. 146-162 in Gangs in America, R. Huff, ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Vitaro, F., R.E. Tremblay, and W.M. Bukowski in press Friends, friendships, and conduct disorders. Conduct Disorders in Childhood, J. Hill and B. Maughan, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Wade, R.C. 1972 Violence in the cities. Pp. 475-491 in Cities in American History, K.T. Jackson and S.K. Schultz, eds. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

Wakschlag, L.S., B.B. Lahey, R. Loeber, S.M. Green, R.A. Gordon, and B.L. Leventhal 1997 Maternal smoking during pregnancy and the risk of conduct disorder in boys. Archives of General Psychiatry 54(7): 670-676.

Wallace, R., and D. Wallace 1990 Origins of public health collapse in New York City: The dynamics of planned shrinkage, contagious urban decay and social disintegration . Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 66: 391-434.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Walker, S., C. Spohn, and M. DeLone 1996 The Color of Justice: Race, Ethnicity, and Crime in America. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Walmsley, R. 1999 World prison population list. Research Findings No. 88. London: Home Office Research, Development, and Statistics Directorate.

Ward, D., and C. Tittle 1993 Deterrence or labeling: The effects of informal sanctions. Deviant Behavior 14: 43-64.

Warner, B.D., and G.L. Pierce 1993 Reexamining social disorganization theory using calls to the police as a measure of crime. Criminology 31(4): 493-517.

Warr, M. 1993 Age, peers, and delinquency. Criminology 31: 17-40.

1998 Life-course transitions and desistance from crime. Criminology 36(2): 183-216.

The Washington Post 1999 Top juvenile officials ousted: Maryland probe shows teens abused at boot camps. By D. LeDuc. The Washington Post December 16: B1, B4.

Wasserman, G.A., and L. Miller 1998 The prevention of serious and violent juvenile offending. Pp. 197-247 in Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions, R. R. Loeber and D.P. Farrington, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

Webster-Stratton, C. 1998 Preventing conduct problems in Head Start children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 66(5): 715-730.

Weikart, D.P., and others 1970 Longitudinal Results of the Ypsilanti Perry Preschool Project. Final Report. Ypsilanti, MI: High/Scope Press.

Weinberg, K.M., and E.Z. Tronick 1997 Maternal depression and infant maladjustment: A failure of mutual regulation. The Handbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, J. Noshpitz, ed. New York: Wiley.

Weitekamp, E. G. M., H.-J. Kerner, and G. Trueg 1999 International Comparison of Juvenile Justice Systems. Paper prepared for the National Research Council Panel on Juvenile Crime: Prevention, Treatment, and Control.

Wells, L.E., and J.H. Rankin 1991 Families and delinquency: A meta-analysis of the impact of broken homes. Social Problems 38: 71-93.

Werner, E.E., J.M. Bierman, and F.E. French 1971 The Children of Kauai: A Longitudinal Study From the Prenatal Period to Age Ten. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

West, D.J., and D.P. Farrington 1977 The Delinquent Way of Life. London, England: Heinemann.

Westbury, B. 1994 The effect of elementary grade retention on subsequent school achievement and ability. Canadian Journal of Education 19: 241-250.

White, J.L., T.E. Moffitt, A. Caspi, D.J. Bartusch, D.J. Needles, and M. Stouthamer-Loeber 1994 Measuring impulsivity and examining its relationship to delinquency . Journal of Abnormal Psychology 103(2): 192-205.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

White, J.L., T.E. Moffitt, F. Earls, L. Robins, and P.A. Silva 1990 How early can we tell? Predictors of childhood conduct disorder and adolescent delinquency. Criminology 28: 507-533.

Whyte, W.F. 1943 Street Corner Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Widom, C.S. 1989 The cycle of violence. Science 244: 160-166.

Widom, C.S., and S. Morris 1997 Accuracy of adult recollections of childhood victimization: Part 2. Childhood sexual abuse. Psychological Assessment 9(1): 34-46.

Wilkinson, D.L., and J. Fagan 1996 The role of firearms in violence ‘scripts': The dynamics of gun events among adolescent males. Law and Contemporary Problems 59(Winter): 55-90.

Williams, J. 1989 Reducing the disproportionately high frequency of disciplinary actions against minority students: An assessment-based approach. Equity and Excellence 24: 31-37.

Wilson, B.J., D. Kinkel, D. Linz, J. Potter, E. Donnerstein, S.L. Smith, E. Blumenthal, and M. Berry 1998 Part 1. Violence in television programming overall: University of California, Santa Barbara study. Pp. 3-204 in National Television Violence Study, Part 2, University of California at Santa Barbara. Center for Communication and Social Policy, ed. Thousand Oaks, Ca: Sage.

Wilson, J.Q. 1995 Crime and public policy. Crime, J.Q. Wilson and J. Petersilia, eds. San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies Press.

Wilson, J.Q., and R.J. Herrnstein 1985 Crime and Human Nature. New York: Simon & Schuster.

Wilson, J.Q., and G.L. Kelling 1982 Broken windows. Atlantic Monthly 249(3): 29-38.

Wilson, W.J. 1985 The urban underclass in advanced industrial society. Pp. 129-160 in The New Urban Reality, P.E. Peterson, ed. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.

1987 The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner-City, the Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Winner, L., L. Lanza-Kaduce, D.M. Bishop, and C.E. Frazier 1997 The transfer of juveniles to criminal court: Reexamining recidivism over the long term. Crime and Delinquency 43(4): 548-563.

Wolfgang, M.E., M. Figlio, and T. Sellin 1972 Delinquency in a Birth Cohort. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Worden, R.E., and S.M. Myers 1999 Police Encounters With Juvenile Suspects. Unpublished paper Commissioned by the Panel of Juvenile Crime: Prevention, Treatment, and Control..

Wordes, M., and S.M. Jones 1998 Trends in juvenile detention and steps toward reform. Crime and Delinquency 44(4): 544-560.

Wordes, M., and T.S. Bynum 1995 Policing juveniles: Is there bias against youths of color? Pp. 47-65 in Minorities in Juvenile Justice, K.K. Leonard, C.E. Pope, and W.H. Feyerherm, eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×

Wu, S., R. Pink, R. Crain, and O. Moles 1982 Student suspension: A critical reappraisal. The Urban Review 14: 245-325.

Yamamoto, K., and D.A. Byrnes 1984 Classroom social status, ethnicity, and ratings of stressful events . Journal of Educational Research 77(5): 283-286.

Yin, R.K. 1989 Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Yoshikawa, H. 1994 Prevention as cumulative protection: Effects of early family support and education on chronic delinquency and its risks. Psychological Bulletin 115: 28-54.

1995 Long-term effects of early childhood programs on social outcomes and delinquency. The Future of Children 5(3): 51-76.

Zhang, L., J.W. Welte, and W.F. Wieczorek 1999 Youth gangs, drug use, and delinquency. Journal of Criminal Justice 27(2): 101-109.

Zimring, F.E. 1981 Kids, groups, and crime: Some implications of a well-known secret . Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 72: 867-885.

1982 The Changing Legal World of Adolescence. New York: Free Press.

1996 Kids, guns, and homicide: Policy notes on an age-specific epidemic . Law and Contemporary Problems 59(1): 25-37.

1998 American Youth Violence. New York: Oxford University Press.

Zingraff, M.T., J. Leiter, K.A. Myers, and M.C. Johnsen 1993 Child maltreatment and youthful problem behavior. Criminology 31: 173-202.

Zoccolillo, M., A. Pickles, D. Quinton, and M. Rutter 1992 The outcome of conduct disorder: Implications for defining adult personality disorder and conduct disorder. Psychological Medicine 22: 1-16.

Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 261
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 262
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 263
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 264
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 265
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 266
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 267
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 268
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 269
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 270
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 271
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 272
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 273
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 274
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 275
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 276
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 277
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 278
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 279
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 280
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 281
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 282
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 283
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 284
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 285
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 286
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 287
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 288
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 289
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 290
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 291
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 292
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 293
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 294
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 295
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 296
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 297
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 298
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 299
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 300
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 301
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 302
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 303
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 304
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 305
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 306
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 307
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 308
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 309
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 310
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 311
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 312
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 313
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council and Institute of Medicine. 2001. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9747.
×
Page 314
Next: Appendix A: Definition of Offenses Used in Uniform Crime Reporting »
Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice Get This Book
×
 Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice
Buy Hardback | $49.95 Buy Ebook | $39.99
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Even though youth crime rates have fallen since the mid-1990s, public fear and political rhetoric over the issue have heightened. The Columbine shootings and other sensational incidents add to the furor. Often overlooked are the underlying problems of child poverty, social disadvantage, and the pitfalls inherent to adolescent decisionmaking that contribute to youth crime. From a policy standpoint, adolescent offenders are caught in the crossfire between nurturance of youth and punishment of criminals, between rehabilitation and "get tough" pronouncements. In the midst of this emotional debate, the National Research Council's Panel on Juvenile Crime steps forward with an authoritative review of the best available data and analysis. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice presents recommendations for addressing the many aspects of America's youth crime problem.

This timely release discusses patterns and trends in crimes by children and adolescents—trends revealed by arrest data, victim reports, and other sources; youth crime within general crime; and race and sex disparities. The book explores desistance—the probability that delinquency or criminal activities decrease with age—and evaluates different approaches to predicting future crime rates.

Why do young people turn to delinquency? Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice presents what we know and what we urgently need to find out about contributing factors, ranging from prenatal care, differences in temperament, and family influences to the role of peer relationships, the impact of the school policies toward delinquency, and the broader influences of the neighborhood and community. Equally important, this book examines a range of solutions:

  • Prevention and intervention efforts directed to individuals, peer groups, and families, as well as day care-, school- and community-based initiatives.
  • Intervention within the juvenile justice system.
  • Role of the police.
  • Processing and detention of youth offenders.
  • Transferring youths to the adult judicial system.
  • Residential placement of juveniles.

The book includes background on the American juvenile court system, useful comparisons with the juvenile justice systems of other nations, and other important information for assessing this problem.

READ FREE ONLINE

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!