TABLE 1. Invasive taxa that evolved after intertaxon hybridization
|
Derived taxon
|
Parent taxa
|
Family
|
Habit of hybrid lineage
|
Site of taxon's origin
|
Evidence beyond morphology
|
Reference
|
How stabilized?
|
Invasiveness
|
Occurs in human disturbed areas?
|
|
Amelanchier erecta
|
A. humulis × A. “clade B”
|
Rosaceae
|
Shrub
|
N. America
|
n
|
Campbell et al. (1997)
|
Agamospermy
|
Highly invasive relative to congeners
|
Yes
|
|
Bromus hordeaceus
|
B. arvensis and B. scoparius
|
Poaceae
|
Annual herb
|
Europe
|
c, i, n
|
Ainouche and Bayer (1996)
|
Allopolyploid
|
Aggressive ruderal
|
Yes
|
|
Cardamine insueta
|
C. rivularis × C. amara
|
Brassicaceae
|
Perennial herb
|
Europe
|
c, n, o
|
Urbanska et al. (1997)
|
Allopolyploid
|
Successfully colonizing disturbed sites
|
Yes
|
|
Cardamine schulzii
|
C. rivularis × C. amara
|
Brassicaceae
|
Perennial herb
|
Europe
|
c, n, o
|
Urbanska et al. (1997)
|
Allopolyploid
|
Successfully colonizing disturbed sites
|
Yes
|
|
Circaea × intermedia
|
C. alpina × C. lutetiana
|
Onagraceae
|
Perennial herb
|
Europe
|
as, s
|
Stace (1975)
|
Clonal growth
|
Sometimes a weed, often occurs in absence of one or both parents
|
Yes
|
|
Fallopia × bohemica
|
F. japonica * × F. sachalinensis*
|
Polygonaceae
|
Shrub
|
Europe
|
c, n, s
|
Bailey et al. (1995)
|
Clonal growth
|
Noxious weed
|
Yes
|
|
Glyceria × pedicillata
|
G. fluitans × G. notata
|
Poaceae
|
Perennial herb
|
Europe
|
s
|
Stace (1975), (1991)
|
Clonal growth
|
“Example of a successful … sterile hybrid”
|
Yes
|
|
Helianthus annuus spp. texanus
|
H. annuus* × H. debilis spp. cucumerifolius
|
Asteraceae
|
Annual herb
|
N. America
|
c, n, o
|
Rieseberg (1990)
|
Recombinant
|
Weed of disturbed areas
|
Yes
|
|
Mentha × verticillata
|
M. aquatica × M. arvensis
|
Lamiaceae
|
Perennial herb
|
Europe
|
s
|
Stace (1991)
|
Clonal growth
|
Often in the absence of either parent
|
Yes
|
|
Nasturtium sterile
|
N. microphyllum × N. officinale
|
Brassicaceae
|
Perennial herb
|
Europe
|
c
|
Bleeker et al. (1997)
|
Recombinant
|
Disturbed area weeds
|
Yes
|
|
Oenothera glazioviana (O. erythrosepala, O. lamarckiana)
|
O. hookeri* × O. biennis*
|
Onagraceae
|
Biennial herb
|
Europe
|
as, c
|
Cleland (1972)
|
Permanent translocation heterozygosity
|
Weed
|
Yes
|
|
Senecio squalidus
|
S. aethensis* × S. chrysanthemumifolius*
|
Asteraceae
|
Perennial herb
|
Europe
|
i, o
|
Abbott and Milne (1995); Abbott et al. (2000)
|
Recombinant
|
Rapidly spreading
|
Yes
|
|
Senecio vulgaris var. hibernicus
|
S. v. var. vulgaris × S. squalidus*
|
Asteraceae
|
Annual herb
|
Europe
|
as, c, i
|
Abbott (1992)
|
Recombinant
|
Rapidly becoming ubiquitous
|
Yes
|
|
Sorghum almum
|
S. propinquum* × S. bicolor*
|
Poaceae
|
Perennial herb
|
S. America
|
c, n
|
Paterson et al. (1995)
|
Allopolyploid
|
Weed
|
Yes
|
|
Spartina anglica
|
S. alterniflora* × S. maritima
|
Poaceae
|
Perennial herb
|
Europe
|
C, i
|
Gray et al. (1991)
|
Allopolyploid, clonal growth
|
Noxious weed
|
Yes
|
|
Stachys × ambigua
|
S. palustris × S. sylvatica
|
Lamiaceae
|
Perennial herb
|
Europe
|
C, s
|
Stace (1975)
|
Clonal growth
|
Weed
|
Yes
|
|
Tragopogon mirus
|
T. dubius* × T. porrifolius*
|
Asteraceae
|
Biennial herb
|
N. America
|
c, i, n, o
|
Novak et al. (1991)
|
Allopolyploid
|
Substantial increase in range and numbers
|
Yes
|
|
Tragopogon miscellus
|
T. dubius * × T. pratensis*
|
Asteraceae
|
Biennial herb
|
N. America
|
c, i, n, o
|
Novak et al. (1991)
|
Allopolyploid
|
Substantial increase in range and numbers
|
Yes
|
|
as, Artificial synthesis; c, cytological; i, isozymes; n, nuclearDNA; o, organelle DNA; s, full or partial sterility.
* Signifies non-natives.
|
