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Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×

II. Doing It with the Internet

Collaborative Engineering Using the Internet

Ram Sriram

Advanced Technology Center, Lockheed Martin

This presentation focused on the multidisciplinary collaborative engineering design environment with reference to capturing the engineering design decision process using MECE (Multimedia Engineering Collaborative Environment) tools available on engineering workstations. Sriram first described the product development process—design, analysis, marketing, prototyping, manufacture, supplier relationships, and maintenance. The concept of a “virtual corporation” and the value of Internet standards and protocols to achieve collaboration among companies were highlighted. The issues of “electronic commerce” and “agile manufacturing” were introduced, and the tools needed in a collaborative environment, including on-line catalogs, so-called smart yellow pages, procurement assistants, contracting assistants, product object databases, and cost monitors were described.

Sriram described MECE as an application and environment layer product overlying service and network platform layers. A video was shown to demonstrate MECE integrated tools, including authoring, indexing, searching, navigation, media generators, analyzers, design tools, asynchronous communications, and realtime conferencing. MECE, which is three years old and has been used on three projects, is still in the prototype stage. It is being converted to conform to WWW protocols. MECE offers ease of documentation and keyword index archiving of the engineering decision process. A search can be conducted to locate relevant information for understanding the decision process. Decision templates are used. Annotation of documents is pencil-sketch oriented (ability to insert sketches and notes) for ease of use. MECE notebooks are saved at the personal, workgroup, and project level. MECE is currently being used in the AIMSnet manufacturing demonstration project supported by DARPA. MECE may be a way to reduce project design costs and to shorten the time needed to generate new designs because it provides rapid access to earlier design decisions and case-based reasoning principles. MECE provides higher bandwidth communication among geographically dispersed design teams and operates through standard Internet protocols.

Discussion

Wiederhold asked how the security of the system can be assured. Although firewalls protect security, they prevent sharing. This problem can be corrected by

Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×

using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which can be used to share information across firewalls.

Sriram said that hypertext markup language (html) is very limited for this purpose. However, he said, they are considering encryption for security. Navigational and search tools are important parts of the system and must be considered in any security approach since virtual enterprises need these tools to find each other and to exchange information. Electronic commerce faces the same issues in general.

Internet-Based Technology Development UsingComputational and Experimental Prototyping

Robert W. Dutton, James D. Plummer, and Paul Losleben

Stanford University

Dutton presented an overall vision of an Internet-based paradigm shift to 21st century integrated circuit (IC) prototyping. The motivation for improved access to materials databases, simulation capabilities, and fabrication facilities is to reduce the time and cost needed to market products. Quality is sometimes compromised by time and cost constraints. He quoted his co-author Losleben about the importance of a “saddlepoint” among cost, time, and quality.

There is concern that very large-scale integration (VLSI) will hit a dead end in 10 or 20 years because of fundamental (atomic scale) limitations, such as the light wavelength used for integrated circuit device patterning. The question then arises: Can materials science develop innovative processes to address the fundamental problems associated with making device features so small that they approach atomic scale. Simulation tools and modeling can eliminate the “cut-and-try ” approach to prototyping and fabrication, in that modeling may be used to overcome existing gaps in knowledge of materials science and processing and be applied to materials behavior at atomic scale. Many simulations require High-Performance Computing (HPC) and communications access. In fact, early attempts at large-scale simulation and modeling failed because of lack of computing power. Access to high-power computational resources, which often are geographically dispersed, can be gained by collaborators via the Internet but will require a large bandwidth.

It is becoming increasingly difficult for individual institutions to conduct all of their research autonomously. On-line access to databases, HPC resources, libraries, laboratory equipment, and people will enable researchers to develop concepts even when they lack in-house resources. There are already examples of such collaboration between university and industry. Stanford University researchers, for example, are fabricating IC devices using equipment located at MIT and are inspecting the results of their experiments utilizing remote

Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×

microscopy. Such collaboration provides a means to reduce the costs associated with purchasing and maintaining expensive or unique laboratory equipment. Remote simulation can be seen on the Internet at http://tcad.Stanford.edu/speedie.html.

The expanding use of electronic libraries on the Internet for data on devices and materials will help in promoting collaboration. There has also been some progress in developing electronic journals. Losleben said he has had some success in urging the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) to adopt electronic publication, but more needs to be done. The advent of electronic publishing will enable researchers to obtain information more quickly by utilizing better browsing tools. In addition, electronic publishing is likely to be more cost-effective than the distribution of printed materials. Electronic publishing is likely to become widespread in microelectronics as the problems associated with paper management and costs increase, and librarians become comfortable with electronic dissemination.

Dutton concluded that technological developments in the 21 st century will offer new opportunities for innovative use of the Internet for collaborative research, including distributed prototyping and access to hierarchical design tools with atomic-level models. However, in order for such developments to succeed, the broad involvement of industry, academia, and government is required.

Discussion

Rumble asked how intermediate simulation results were handled when a lack of computing power prevented completion of a simulation. Dutton responded that it may be possible to save portions of the intermediate data and use simulation to assemble the rest of the answer at a later time.

Computational Electronics HubA Network-Based Simulation Laboratory

Nirav Kapadia, Jose A.B. Fortes, and Mark Lundstrom

Purdue University

This presentation, given by Lundstrom, focused on the development of a computational laboratory consisting of a WWW-accessible collection of simulation tools and related information. This laboratory has a universally accessible interface. In other words, it is directly accessible from a Macintosh, a PC, or a Unix-based computer. The laboratory's architecture is designed to produce logical resource organization and management as well as wide applicability (e.g., collaborative research, education, technology transfer).

Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×

Users connect directly to the user interface, which connects to the “lab engine.” This unique feature makes it possible to choose the most appropriate tool to solve the user's problem. The tools are process, device, and circuit simulation software at Purdue University, the University of Illinois, the University of Maryland, and expandable to other simulator locations as needed. The resources include servers, workstations, the MasPar (Massively Parallel Computer) connected to Purdue, and member centers, including those with supercomputing facilities.

Lundstrom gave two real-time, World Wide Web-accessed demonstrations. Universal accessibility was shown, using a Macintosh and a Netscape browser addressing the computational laboratory Web site: http://jacoby.ecn.purdue. edu.8000/. Access control was demonstrated by showing both browser functionality and customization.

Job control was highlighted via the lab engine and its ability to do hyperlink mapping. Sequential reproduction of WWW pages was shown. Upon entering the URL address, the home page is displayed. Next, the user is guided to the directory. Next, authorized users may click onto various options. The user checks onto the Index of Laboratories containing a brief description of the use of each one. Continuing to move to the desired program (lab), the user clicks onto the Heterostructure lab. Once here, the user can choose among six simulators or equation solvers. In this demonstration, the user moved to a computational program called “Fish1d,” a Poisson equation-solver modified to handle semiconductor heterostructures. The user can view a detailed description of the solver or view an instruction manual on using Fish1d. The user then moves to step 1 to create an input file. A useful feature here is the ability to modify an already existing file rather than creating a new file, which would involve much more input by the user. Next, the user clicks step 2 to submit the file. The user can click step 3 to view the output or turn to other activities while the calculation is in progress. When the calculation is finished, the user is notified. In this example, the user viewed a graphical output of a static band diagram of heterojunction bipolar transistors. The processes were shown in a flow chart. Examples of logical indexing and installing a program were also shown. These operations were simplified by the use of a high-level language.

The advantages of this type of laboratory include access via standard WWW browsers, centralized access to distributed depositories, on-line help, information exchange, user-preferred/affordable client platforms, user-transparent high-performance computing, and user-transparent software management/upgrade.

A second demonstration was given to illustrate on-demand high-performance computing and resource management. Implementation of these features involved user interface modification and resource management issues. The user specified a problem, which the lab engine split into 10 components that were then sent to 10 different workstations. The lab engine collected and plotted the results and presented them to the user.

The current status of the Computational Electronics Hub includes “proof-of concept” implementation, access via standard browsers, (virtual) logical

Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×

organization of tools, access control, job control (batch programs), and some on-demand computing support. Due to the success of this project, there is continuing work in progress focusing on more-on-demand computing support, logical organization of network resources, dynamic resource management, and leveraging existing technologies.

Discussion

One participant asked how the user can ensure that the answers are not “garbage” generated by an inappropriate or limited simulation. Lundstrom answered that the user can query the program for information describing the appropriateness of the technique.

Baskes asked if there was legal liability if a product that was based on the laboratory's computations suffered a catastrophic failure. Lundstrom replied that there is a liability disclaimer in the program code. Rumble said that any company building any product had a responsibility to exercise good judgment, and that Purdue University could hardly be held liable in any circumstances.

Sonwalkar suggested that academic institutions might fail to maintain the system because of lack of continuity in funding. Lundstrom said that the educational value of the laboratory to students would help to assure continued funding by academic institutions.

National Collaboratories in the Department of Energy

Stewart Loken

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Loken described a program called DOE 2000, which is expected to start in 1997. Initiated by the Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research and Defense Programs, the project will permit better utilization of DOE's national laboratories. The first component of the program is an Advanced Computational Testing and Simulation (ACTS) tool set, which will be used to develop tools to support computational modeling. The second component will be “national collaboratories” that will allow scientists at the national laboratories, in industries, and at universities to work together on unique facilities at DOE laboratories. Available facilities for such collaboration will include transmission electron microscopy at Argonne National Laboratory, nuclear magnetic resonance equipment at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), and the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. A “collaboratory ” is the use of computing and telecommunications to support collaborative science and to permit access to, and control of, remote experimental facilities.

Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×

DOE has already supported research and development in the technologies needed to create collaboratories. These include network video conferencing and a protocol for remote instrument control. In addition, DOE has established a set of prototype collaboratories to demonstrate the value of this approach. These prototypes range from large-scale fusion experiments to small laboratory setups.

“CAVEs” (collaboratories audiovisual environments) will allow remote users to connect with virtual reality tools. CAVES will include video conferencing, white board tools, data display, and control panels utilizing commercial software (such as LAB VIEW), but much of the commercial software remains to be developed.

The architecture of the system will allow it to operate both open and classified programs. Security devices will be installed to protect classified data, instruments, and facilities. Identification of users as well as their qualifications for operating equipment remotely will be part of the architecture.

A key need for this system is a reliable high-performance (high bandwidth) network infrastructure. Otherwise, expensive experiments could be at risk because of lost or out-of-synch packets of commands.

Discussion

Baskes asked why different laboratories would be motivated to work together. Loken responded that materials research problems are becoming too large to solve in isolation, and resolving them requires costly or unique facilities. Synchrotrons are such a facility. Video conferencing enhances communication, while diminished funding requires it.

A participant asked if a technician or postdoctoral student will need to be on site at the facility to assist the scientist operating it remotely. Loken answered yes. The decrease in travel expense may not be a large savings, but the savings arising from increased efficiency in the use of the facility will be.

Baglin asked why real-time discussions are important. “I don't even go next door to discuss micrographs,” he said. Loken said that Baglin was in the minority, and that collaboratories would help scientists is choosing the right collaborators. “Zealots ” should be picked as collaborators, he added.

Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×

Telepresence for In-Situ Microscopy

Bahrin Parvin

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Parvin demonstrated remote operation over the Internet of the 1.5 MeV transmission electron microscope located at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and presented the developments necessary to achieve this capability. The capability includes on-line quantitative analysis. The issues that needed to be addressed were the appropriate man/machine interface, latency correction over the wide-area network, computational requirements, the computational platform, system scaling, and protecting the instrument from misuse.

A diagram of the man/machine interface showed the remote operator making coarse adjustments (e.g., searching for the area of interest), while fine adjustments (e.g., tracking, autofocus) were done automatically through software on a local area network. Computational requirements that were met to make the system work included tracking, autofocus, compression, object detection, and servo loop control. Parvin said the design of the computational platform was not optimized because of time and cost constraints. He used three work stations that interface with the local area network: a PC-based server for functionality control and a Sun Microsystems video server, which interfaces with a Digital Equipment Corporation server used for stage and motion control.

Parvin then showed vugraphs illustrating the functionality of compression and autofocusing, tracking (shape features and drift correction), detection, and servo loop control. Although functional, the system will be further developed to enhance its applicability. There are plans to improve tracking in the presence of bend contours, incorporate security architecture into the system to provide authentication, and provide expanded scaling capability for multiple users.

Parvin's demonstration of real-time operation of the microscope over the Internet utilized a pure lead inclusion in an aluminum matrix. He demonstrated the system's ability to scan the specimen and to view the change in the equilibrium shape of the lead inclusion as the specimen was heated. He particularly made note of the autotracking software which allowed the lead inclusion to remain in the field of view. The magnification was at 625,000X, and the temperature was displayed on the screen. The demonstration clearly indicated that a remote operator could conduct a dynamic experiment by using the system.

Discussion

One participant asked how much of the software had to be written as opposed to incorporating some commercially available packages. Parvin's answer was that all of the software had been written as part of the project.

Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×

Another participant asked how much bandwidth was needed to operate the experiment. Parvin said bandwidth requirements were minimal because the computationally intensive functions are located at the site of the microscope. A T1 (high-speed data line connection which operates at 1.45 Mb/sec) line is fine.

Department of Defense High-Performance ComputingModernization Program

Larry Davis

User Technology Associates

Davis said that high-performance computing (HPC) is essential to enhance computational materials science simulation capabilities transmitted through the Internet. The goals of the HPC program are to acquire the best of commercially available HPC capabilities; develop appropriate software tools and programming environments; expand and train the DOD HPC user base; link users and computer sites via high speed networks; and exploit knowledge, algorithms, and software tools of the national HPC infrastructure. In general, there are a variety of problems that can now be addressed using these capabilities—for example, in modeling flow over the entire surface of an aircraft, accuracy in materials science simulations, and the speed of response thus achieved in enabling control of experiments and testing.

Davis described the Department of Defense (DOD) HPC Modernization Program, which has been established to address the HPC requirements of the DOD science and technology, and developmental test and evaluation, programs. The program has four components: (1) major shared resource centers (MSRC), which are large, centralized, computing centers that can provide complete HPC environments for the DOD-user community; (2) distributed centers, which address critical HPC requirements that cannot be met at the MSRCs, including real-time requirements and taking advantage of specialized expertise in specific DOD organizations; (3) the defense research and engineering network, which provides robust network connectivity among all DOD user sites and shared resource center sites; and (4) the common HPC software support initiative (CHSSI), which is intended to develop core software to enable the application of scaleable HPC technology in each of DOD's ten computational technology areas (CTA). Acquisitions are underway to provision the resource centers and to finalize the defense research and engineering network, and the CHSSI applications software development projects are getting under way.

This coordinated and sustained initiative is based on user requirements. One of the most critical program activities has been constant dialogue with the DOD's HPC user community via a rigorous requirements analysis process that includes periodic validation of these requirements to provide accurate, timely data upon which to base decisions. A key feature of the process is a set of visits by

Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×

members of the requirements-working-group to DOD user sites to discuss requirements and provide information to individual personnel. Since there are approximately 60 laboratory and test center locations with 4,000 users, this process resulted in an extensive database on user requirements.

Davis emphasized the importance of utilization of scaleable HPC for simulations in chemistry and materials science. A variety of materials that are important to the DOD mission are being studied through extensive use of simulation and modeling with HPC capabilities. They include non-linear optical materials, metallics and intermetallics, fluids and lubricants, energetic materials, composites, semiconductors, superconductors, clusters, and optimization techniques on large systems and process control. About 50 materials modeling and simulation projects are being conducted to develop new materials for use in electronics, optical computing, advanced sensors, aircraft engines and structures, semiconductor lasers, laser protection systems, and advanced rocket engine components.

The capabilities being provided by the HPC Modernization Program are essential for enhancing simulation tools for new materials design and Internet tools that provide virtual materials development and processing. This will enable DOD to reduce the costs of developing new materials.

Discussion

During the discussion, Davis noted that the HPC is free to DOD users and to researchers with DOD technology and developmental test and evaluation contracts. Pu asked how the trend in the clustering of commercial computers to enhance computing power would affect the HPCMP. Davis said that middle-ground capabilities are met by such computing facilities but that the most computationally intensive applications still require scaleable HPC capabilities. Baskes then mentioned the problem of allocation of resources, which will in the future take into account the true need for high-power computing resources to solve problems of high importance. Rumble then asked whether peer review should be used to determine priority in the use of high-power computing resources. Davis indicated that the work performed is primarily basic research whose results are being published in the open literature and thus are the basis for peer review. DOD is developing a prioritization/allocation process that will include both a technical peer review and an assessment of the importance of a project to the DOD mission. Hurd asked if these resources were available to the intelligence community, and Davis indicated that they were not. Hurd also suggested that there is not enough interaction with DOE except in the area of structural mechanics.

Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×

Enhancing Communications with StakeholdersUsing the Net to Attract Support

Louis T. Manzione

Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies

Manzione began his presentation on the premise that specialty materials are critical to the success of many products and systems. While the technical aspects of creating useful new materials had been amply addressed in the workshop (and in industry as well), the commercial risks associated with bringing these materials to market are often overlooked. The result is that new materials that could differentiate products are never offered because the sellers of the materials are unable to limit the commercial risks.

Stakeholders in materials research include those conducting the research, those paying for the research, and those that use the new materials in products. This holds whether the work is in the private sector, academe, or government laboratory. The stakeholder group conducting the work has great interest in contacting potential sources of funding, such as business managers, venture capitalists, and government agencies, to demonstrate the merits of the work. Potential sources of funding are interested in seeing a wide range of funding options, the potential payoffs of each, and their technical and commercial risks. Another group of stakeholders consists of those who depend on new materials to differentiate their products from those of competitors. American industry relies heavily on extensive, quality high-communications among these three groups. Although the technical literature and trade publications have served this need, the information highway offers new opportunities for improving this communication. In addition, materials needs, and intentions to address these needs, can be communicated anonymously.

Foreign suppliers of specialty materials have long enjoyed the advantages of being a part of vertically integrated conglomerates where the end-user is a part of the conglomerate. This produces a large captive market for specialty products as well as insider information on the needs of fast-moving industries, such as microelectronics, photonics, and wireless communication. Hence, they are subject to fewer commercial risks than many U.S. materials companies. The information highway could help reduce the competitive advantage of foreign companies if U.S. suppliers and users could exchange pre-competitive information by using the Internet.

Manzione gave an example from the home products retail industry to indicate that such exchanges are practical and beneficial. Sales volume and price information are shared openly among all suppliers of a given product to a retail outlet. This exchange of information benefits both the retailer and the suppliers by quantifying the price sensitivity of the product, which can then be used to increase sales.

Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×
Discussion

Friday stated that manufacturers should post their materials needs on the Internet. Manzione responded that a manufacturer hesitates to post the types and amounts of materials it is interested in purchasing because competitors may then be able to determine what new products and markets the manufacturer has in mind. As an example, posting a need for a large volume of a specific material could indicate that a manufacturer is planning to enter a low-cost, high-volume product market.

Friday said that if needs could be posted anonymously, some manufacturers might post false needs to confuse the competition but that such deceptive tactics would be abandoned when other manufacturers posted their true needs. He saw a similarity here to game theory—a company can try to mislead others about its needs and solutions, but as use increases the system will stabilize to indicate real needs.

Losleben said that CommerceNet (a not-for-profit consortium conducting large-scale market trials of technologies to support electronic commerce via the Internet) has looked into the use of the Internet to exchange information between suppliers and manufacturers. He claimed that the only impediment is lack-of security on the Internet.

A workshop participant asked why professional conferences and other kinds of contacts are not sufficient to make materials researchers and suppliers aware of manufacturers' emerging needs. Manzione responded that the time scale is too long and the number of contacts is too small. The development time for many technology products is less than 12 months, so product developers cannot wait for an annual meeting to learn if their vendors can help them. Many innovations in materials come from small companies that may not have many contacts with large manufacturers. The Internet could serve as a way to draw the venture capital community into the materials community, thus empowering these smaller companies.

Baglin asked if industrial consortia such as Sematech help to serve the need for communications between manufacturers, materials suppliers, and materials researchers. Manzione answered that consortia of companies and universities with like interests do serve this need to some extent and could possibly do more. The problem is that companies may express their general concerns at these meetings but are unlikely to mention specific needs because of the presence of competitors.

Lance Davis stated that it appears that a company with a need for a new material will have to share the risks of bringing that material to market by investing in its development. Manzione agreed, but an impediment to this is that a materials vendor might want to sell a material used by one manufacturer to the manufacturer's competitors. Manzione then stated that, on the other hand, if a vendor was able to sell a material to any purchaser, the lower prices resulting from a larger volume of sales would benefit all those involved.

Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×

Knowles stated that professional societies may be able to act as moderators of needs and solutions posted on the WWW.

Kabacoff stated that the number of contracts that he gives to small producers of new materials has doubled, and that these companies are searching for markets. Thus, more brokers of information on new materials are needed.

Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×
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Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
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Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×
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Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
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Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
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Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×
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Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×
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Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×
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Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×
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Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×
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Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×
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Suggested Citation:"II. Doing it with the Internet." National Research Council. 1996. Materials and Processes Research and the Information Highway: Summary Record of a Workshop. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9770.
×
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