National Academies Press: OpenBook
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9786.
×

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants

Volume 4

SUBCOMMITTEE ON SPACECRAFT MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE CONCENTRATIONS

COMMITTEE ON TOXICOLOGY

BOARD ON ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AND TOXICOLOGY

COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
WASHINGTON, D.C.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9786.
×

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C. 20418

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

The project was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Grant No. NAGW-2239. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the view of the organizations or agencies that provided support for this project.

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 95-73151

International Standard Book Number 0-309-06795-2

Additional copies of this report are available from:
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2101 Constitution Ave., NW Box 285 Washington, DC 20055 800-624-6242 202-334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area) http://www.nap.edu

Copyright 2000 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9786.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

National Academy of Sciences

National Academy of Engineering

Institute of Medicine

National Research Council

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9786.
×
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9786.
×

Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations

DONALD E. GARDNER (Chair), Consultant,

Raleigh, North Carolina

JOSEPH V. BRADY,

The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland

RICHARD J. BULL,

Washington State University, Pullman, Washington

GARY P. CARLSON,

Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

CHARLES E. FEIGLEY,

University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina

MARY E. GAULDEN,

University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas

WILLIAM E. HALPERIN,

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio

E. MARSHALL JOHNSON,

Thomas Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

RALPH L. KODELL,

National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, Arkansas

ROBERT SNYDER,

Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, New Jersey

BERNARD M. WAGNER,

Bernard M. Wagner Associates, Millburn, New Jersey

G. DONALD WHEDON, Consultant,

Clearwater Beach, Florida

GAROLD S. YOST,

University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

Staff

LEE R. PAULSON, Project Director

SUSAN N.J. PANG, Program Officer

RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Editor

LUCY V. FUSCO, Project Assistant

Sponsor: National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9786.
×
This page in the original is blank.
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9786.
×

Committee on Toxicology

BAILUS WALKER, JR. (Chair),

Howard University Medical Center, Washington, D.C.

MELVIN E. ANDERSEN,

Colorado State University, Denver, Colorado

GERMAINE M. BUCK,

State University of New York at Buffalo

GARY P. CARLSON,

Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana

JACK H. DEAN,

Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Malverne, Pennsylvania

ROBERT E. FORSTER II,

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

PAUL M.D. FOSTER,

Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

DAVID W. GAYLOR,

U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas

JUDITH A. GRAHAM,

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

SIDNEY GREEN,

Howard University, Washington, D.C.

WILLIAM E. HALPERIN,

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio

CHARLES H. HOBBS,

Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico

FLORENCE K. KINOSHITA,

Hercules Incorporated, Wilmington, Delaware

MICHAEL J. KOSNETT,

University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado

MORTON LIPPMANN,

New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, New York

THOMAS E. MCKONE,

University of California, Berkeley, California

ERNEST E. MCCONNELL,

ToxPath, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina

DAVID H. MOORE,

Battelle Memorial Institute, Bel Air, Maryland

GÜNTER OBERDÖRSTER,

University of Rochester, Rochester, New York

JOHN L. O'DONOGHUE,

Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, New York

GEORGE M. RUSCH,

AlliedSignal, Inc., Morristown, New Jersey

MARY E. VORE,

University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky

ANNETTA P. WATSON,

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9786.
×

COT Staff

KULBIR S. BAKSHI, Program Director

SUSAN N.J. PANG, Program Officer

ABIGAIL STACK, Program Officer

RUTH E. CROSSGROVE, Publications Manager

KATHRINE J. IVERSON, Manager,

Toxicology Information Center

LUCY V. FUSCO, Project Assistant

LEAH PROBST, Project Assistant

EVELYN SIMEON, Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9786.
×

Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology

GORDON ORIANS (Chair),

University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

DONALD MATTISON (Vice Chair),

March of Dimes, White Plains, New York

DAVID ALLEN,

University of Texas, Austin, Texas

INGRID C. BURKE,

Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado

WILLIAM L. CHAMEIDES,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia

JOHN DOULL,

University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas

CHRISTOPHER B. FIELD,

Carnegie Institute of Washington, Stanford, California

JOHN GERHART,

University of California, Berkeley, California

J. PAUL GILMAN,

Celera Genomics, Rockville, Maryland

BRUCE D. HAMMOCK,

University of California, Davis, California

MARK HARWELL,

University of Miami, Miami, Florida

ROGENE HENDERSON,

Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico

CAROL HENRY,

Chemical Manufacturers Association, Arlington, Virginia

BARBARA HULKA,

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

JAMES F. KITCHELL,

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

DANIEL KREWSKI,

University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario

JAMES A. MACMAHON,

Utah State University, Logan, Utah

MARIO J. MOLINA,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts

CHARLES O'MELIA,

Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland

WILLEM F. PASSCHIER,

Health Council of the Netherlands

KIRK SMITH,

University of California, Berkeley, California

MARGARET STRAND,

Oppenheimer Wolff Donnelly & Bayh, LLP, Washington, D.C.

TERRY F. YOSIE,

Chemical Manufacturers Association, Arlington, Virginia

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9786.
×

Senior BEST Staff

JAMES J. REISA, Director

DAVID J. POLICANSKY, Associate Director and Senior Program Director for Applied Ecology

CAROL A. MACZKA, Senior Program Director for Toxicology and Risk Assessment

RAYMOND A. WASSEL, Senior Program Director for Environmental Sciences and Engineering

KULBIR BAKSHI, Program Director for Toxicology

LEE R. PAULSON, Program Director for Resource Management

ROBERTA WEDGE, Program Director for Risk Analysis

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9786.
×

Commission on Life Sciences

MICHAEL T. CLEGG (Chair),

University of California, Riverside, California

PAUL BERG (Vice Chair),

Stanford University, Stanford, California

FREDERICK R. ANDERSON,

Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft, Washington, D.C.

JOANNA BURGER,

Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey

JAMES E. CLEAVER,

University of California, San Francisco, California

DAVID EISENBERG,

University of California, Los Angeles, California

JOHN EMMERSON,

Fishers, Indiana

NEAL FIRST,

University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

DAVID J. GALAS,

Keck Graduate Institute of Applied Life Science, Claremont, California

DAVID V. GOEDDEL,

Tularik, Inc., South San Francisco, California

ARTURO GOMEZ-POMPA,

University of California, Riverside, California

COREY S. GOODMAN,

University of California, Berkeley, California

JON W. GORDON,

Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York

DAVID G. HOEL,

Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina

BARBARA S. HULKA,

University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina

CYNTHIA KENYON,

University of California, San Francisco, California

BRUCE R. LEVIN,

Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia

DAVID LIVINGSTON,

Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts

DONALD R. MATTISON,

March of Dimes, White Plains, New York

ELLIOT M. MEYEROWITZ,

California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California

ROBERT T. PAINE,

University of Washington, Seattle, Washington

RONALD R. SEDEROFF,

North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina

ROBERT R. SOKAL,

State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York

CHARLES F. STEVENS,

The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California

SHIRLEY M. TILGHMAN,

Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey

RAYMOND L. WHITE,

University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9786.
×

CLS Staff

WARREN R. MUIR, Executive Director

JACQUELINE K. PRINCE, Financial Officer

BARBARA B. SMITH, Administrative Associate

Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9786.
×

Other Reports of the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology

Waste Incineration and Public Health (1999)

Hormonally Active Agents in the Environment (1999)

Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter: II. Evaluating Research Progress and Updating the Portfolio (1999)

Ozone-Forming Potential of Reformulated Gasoline (1999)

Risk-Based Waste Classification in California (1999)

Arsenic in Drinking Water (1999)

Research Priorities for Airborne Particulate Matter: I. Immediate Priorities and a Long-Range Research Portfolio (1998)

Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area (1998)

The National Research Council's Committee on Toxicology: The First 50 Years (1997)

Toxicologic Assessment of the Army's Zinc Cadmium Sulfide Dispersion Tests (1997)

Carcinogens and Anticarcinogens in the Human Diet (1996)

Upstream: Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest (1996)

Science and the Endangered Species Act (1995)

Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries (1995)

Biologic Markers (5 reports, 1989-1995)

Review of EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (3 reports, 1994-1995)

Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)

Ranking Hazardous Waste Sites for Remedial Action (1994)

Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children (1993)

Issues in Risk Assessment (1993)

Setting Priorities for Land Conservation (1993)

Protecting Visibility in National Parks and Wilderness Areas (1993)

Dolphins and the Tuna Industry (1992)

Hazardous Materials on the Public Lands (1992)

Science and the National Parks (1992)

Animals as Sentinels of Environmental Health Hazards (1991)

Assessment of the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Studies Program, Volumes I-IV (1991-1993)

Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants (1991)

Monitoring Human Tissues for Toxic Substances (1991)

Rethinking the Ozone Problem in Urban and Regional Air Pollution (1991)

Decline of the Sea Turtles (1990)

Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academy Press

(800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313

www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9786.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9786.
×

Preface

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is aware of the potential toxicological hazards to crew members that might be associated with prolonged spacecraft missions. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the atmosphere within spacecraft, some contamination of the air appears inevitable. NASA has measured numerous airborne contaminants during space missions. As the missions increase in duration and complexity, ensuring the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment becomes increasingly difficult.

As part of its efforts to promote safe conditions aboard spacecraft, NASA requested the National Research Council (NRC) to develop guidelines for establishing spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants, and to review SMACs for various spacecraft contaminants to determine whether NASA's recommended exposure limits are consistent with the guidelines recommended by the subcommittee. In response to this request, the NRC first developed criteria and methods for preparing SMACs for spacecraft contaminants, published in its 1992 report Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. Since then, the NRC's Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations has been reviewing NASA's documentation of chemical-specific SMACs. This report is the fourth volume in the series Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. The first volume was published in 1994 and the second and third in 1996.

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their technical expertise and diverse perspectives in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee for reviewing NRC and Institute of Medicine reports. The purpose of that independent review was to provide candid and critical comments to assist the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9786.
×

protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals, who are neither officials nor employees of the NRC, for their participation in the review of this report: Rogene Henderson, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute; Loren Koller, Oregon State University; and George Rusch, AlliedSignal, Inc.

The individuals listed above have provided many constructive comments and suggestions. It must be emphasized, however, that responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the NRC.

The subcommittee gratefully acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by the following personnel from NASA and its contractors: John James, Martin Coleman, Jay Perry, Kenneth Mitchell (all from NASA), King Lit Wong (U.S. Department of Commerce, Patent and Trademark Office), Hector Garcia, Chiu Wing Lam, and Ragupathy Ramanathan (all from Wyle Laboratories). Lucy Fusco was the senior project assistant. Ruth Crossgrove edited the report. The subcommittee particularly acknowledges Lee Paulson, project director for the subcommittee, and Susan Pang, program officer, for bringing the report to completion.

Donald E. Gardner, Chair

Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations

Bailus Walker, Chair

Committee on Toxicology

Page xviii Cite
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Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants

Volume 4

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2000. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9786.
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The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is aware of the potential toxicological hazards to crew members that might be associated with prolonged spacecraft missions. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the atmosphere within spacecraft, some contamination of the air appears inevitable. NASA has measured numerous airborne contaminants during space missions. As the missions increase in duration and complexity, ensuring the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment becomes increasingly difficult.

As part of its efforts to promote safe conditions aboard spacecraft, NASA requested the National Research Council (NRC) to develop guidelines for establishing spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants, and to review SMACs for various spacecraft contaminants to determine whether NASA's recommended exposure limits are consistent with the guidelines recommended by the subcommittee. In response to this request, the NRC first developed criteria and methods for preparing SMACs for spacecraft contaminants, published in its 1992 report Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. Since then, the NRC's Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations has been reviewing NASA's documentation of chemical-specific SMACs. This report is the fourth volume in the series Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. The first volume was published in 1994 and the second and third in 1996.

Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4 has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their technical expertise and diverse perspectives in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee for reviewing NRC and Institute of Medicine reports. The purpose of that Independent review was to provide candid and critical comments to assist the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.

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