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Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 1996
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Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle: Seventh Revised Edition, 1996
Index
A
Acclimatization, 8, 9
Achromotrichia, 63
Age
cow, and birth weight, 40–41
and energy requirements for maintenance, 8
and feed intake, 86
and malnutrition, 49
and milk production, 45
at puberty, 46, 47, 67
Agricultural and Food Research Council (AFRC), 5, 35, 55
Agricultural Research Council (ARC), 5, 8
Alkali, 143–144
Alkali disease, 68
Aluminum, 55
Amino acids
and BCP synthesis, 18
gestation and, 42, 43
nutrient interactions, 60, 79–80
requirements, 18, 31–32, 120–121
supply, 126–127
Ammonia, 144
Anabolic agents, 24, 25, 26, 27–29, 87, 88, 92
Anemia, 65, 68, 80
Angus, 6, 7, 8, 25, 34, 40, 63, 105
Antibiotics, 80
Arsenic, 55
Ayrshire, 6, 7
B
B vitamins, 60, 75, 80, 99
Bacteria
microbial protein synthesis, 16–18
Barley, 146
Beef cows
age, 40–41
diet evaluation, 110, 111
dietary energy concentration, 92–93
energy and protein requirements, 45
energy reserves, 111–112
equations, 92–94
feed intake, 41
milk production, 43–46
nutrient requirements, 56, 110
Beef Improvement Federation, 25
Behavioral modification, 9
ß-carotene, 75
Blind staggers, 68
Body composition
body weight and, 23–26
breed and, 29
computation, 34–35
diet composition and, 29
and feed intake, 85–86
growth stage and, 24
marbling categories, 26
Body condition
calf birth weight and, 41
computation, 334–5
empty body chemical composition and, 36
and energy and protein requirements, 29, 33–34
and energy reserves, 36
and reproduction, 33
scores, 33–35
Body temperature
and energy requirements for maintenance, 8–9
heat production (HE), 3, 8–9
lower critical temperature (LCT), 9, 10
microbial fermentation and, 3
upper critical temperature (UCT), 9
zone of thermoneutrality, 9
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Body weight.
See also Weight gain;
Weight loss
and body composition, 23–26
empty (EBW), 6, 22–23, 25, 33, 35
and energy reserves, 36
equivalent shrunk (EQSBW), 19, 26, 27, 29
initial, and dry matter intake, 89–90
mature, 47
and nutrient requirements, 104
at puberty, 47
shrunk (SBW), 22, 23, 26
standard reference (SRW), 26, 29
surface area and, 9
systems, 24–27, 29
and water intake, 81
Boran, 6
Bos indicus breeds
birth weights, 40
energy and protein requirements, 31, 32
maintenance energy requirements, 6, 7
puberty, 47
Bos taurus breeds
birth weights, 40
energy and protein requirement system, 29
maintenance energy requirements, 7
puberty, 47
Bovine somatotropin, 31
Brahman, 7, 90
Braunvieh, 6
Breeding herd replacements
body weight, 26, 47
energy and protein requirements, 32–33
nutrient requirements, 108
Breeding performance.
See also Reproduction
calving interval, 48
conception rates, 33, 67
condition and, 48
determinants, 46–49, 64, 66, 67
energy requirements for, 5
feeding and, 46
females, 47–48
heifer development and, 46–47
males, 48–49
maturity and, 46
rebreeding, 41, 48
reproducing females, 47–48
weight and, 27, 47–48
Breeds.
See also specific breeds
and birth weights, 40, 115
British, 22, 23, 24, 33, 34, 35
and energy requirements, 6–7, 22, 29
European, 32, 33, 34, 35
and maintenance, 6
maintenance requirement multipliers, 115
milk production, 115
and nutrient utilization, 57
and protein requirements, 29
and puberty, 47
Bromine, 55
Brown Swiss, 7, 42
Bulls
breeding performance, 48–49
diet evaluation, 107
nutrient requirements, 106
C
Cadmium, 55
California Net Energy System, 5
Calcium
deficiency, 55–56
functions and biodistribution, 55
nutrient interactions, 55, 57, 66, 67, 76, 77
requirements, 54, 55, 104, 118
sources, 56
toxicity, 56
Calves
birth-weight determinants, 40–41, 115
body weight and composition, 23
dry matter intake, 97–98
milk consumption, 44–45
neonatal mortality, 47
nutrient requirements, 56, 57, 58, 63, 64–65, 98
stocker, 17
stressed, 97–98, 99
twins, 41
weaning weight, 48, 58
Carbohydrates, 17, 18, 57, 79, 121, 122
Casein, 31
Charolais, 6–7, 63
Chianina, 6, 7
Chlorine
deficiency, 60
functions and biodistribution, 60
requirements, 60, 98
sources, 60
toxicity, 60
Choline
deficiency, 80
sources and functions, 80
Chromium, 61
Cimaterol, 31
Clover, and sweet clover disease, 78
Cobalt
deficiency, 62
functions and biodistribution, 61–62
nutrient interactions, 79
requirements, 62
sources, 62
toxicity, 62
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Cold stress, 3, 9–10, 41, 85, 86–87
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), 5, 8, 10, 12, 24, 26, 33, 34, 35
Compudose, 27
Condition. See Body condition
Conversion of MP to NP, 19
Copper
deficiency, 63
functions and biodistribution, 62
nutrient interactions, 61, 63, 65, 66–67
requirements, 62–63, 99
sources, 63
toxicity, 64
Corn, 20, 61, 66, 69, 75, 78, 98, 145
Cross breeds
Angus (Braunvieh, 6
Angus (Hereford, 7, 46
Angus (Holstein, 7
Charolais (Hereford, 7
dairy (beef, 45
Hereford (Friesian, 7
Friesian (Hereford, 6
Simmental (Hereford, 7
White Shorthorn (Galloway, 7
Crude protein, 16
D
Dairy cows, energy requirements, 5, 12, 32, 33
Dexter, 7
Dicoumarol, 78
Diets
all-forage, 91, 92, 93, 94–95
and calcium absorption, 55
digestibility, 19
evaluation of, 102–105
finishing, 17, 18, 20, 105
gestation, 19
high-concentrate, 28, 55, 59, 60, 76
high-grain, 17, 18, 20, 22–23
high-quality forage, 22–23
low-protein, high-forage, 18, 20
maintenance, 105
two-phase feeding programs, 22–23
Digestible energy (DE), 3
Digestible nutrients
microbial protein synthesis and, 16–18
total, 3
Digestibility.
See also specific nutrients
and calcium, 56
protein, 18
Dry matter intake.
See also Feed intake
anabolic agents and, 28
calves, 97–98
energy and, 85
ionophores and, 28
prediction of, 119
protein requirements and, 19
E
Energy
balance, 33
content of milk, 46
deficiency, 41, 97–98
defined, 3
digestibility and calcium, 56
digestible (DE), 3
excess intakes, 32
fecal (FE), 3
feeding systems, 5
gaseous (GE), 3
gross (E), 3
heat production (HE), 3, 4, 5–6, 9
intake (IE), 4
metabolizable (ME), 3–4, 5–6, 22, 29, 42–43, 46
net (NE), 3–4, 5, 10, 23, 24, 26, 29, 30, 43, 45, 88, 92–93, 104, 126, 129–130
protein intake and, 19–20
from protein fermentation, 18
reserves, 33–36, 111–112, 117–118
retained (RE), 3, 4, 5, 22
supply, 119
units, 3–5
urinary (UE), 3
utilization efficiency, 42–43, 46
values of feeds, 3–5, 28
and weight gain, 12, 22
Energy requirements
body temperature and, 8–9
breed and, 6–7, 29
for breeding herd replacements, 32–33
compensatory gain and, 11–12
calculations, 114–116
diet composition and intake and, 29
dry matter intake as a function of, 88–89
example, 27
for gestation, 42–43
for growing cattle, 22–32, 116–117
for lactation, 4–5, 45
for maintenance, 5–11, 29, 43, 114–116
nutrients and, 46
physiological state and, 10–11
for pregnancy, 4–5
previous plane of nutrition and, 11–12, 29
for reproduction, 5
season and, 8
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sex and, 5, 7–8
temperature (environmental) and, 9–10
validation studies, 19–20, 29
for weight gain, 23
weight loss and, 12
Environmental conditions.
See also Cold stress;
Heat stress
and energy requirements, 8–10, 33
and feed intake, 86–87
and gestation, 41
and water intake, 81
Equations. See Models and equations
Estradiol benzoate, 27
Estrogenic implants. See Anabolic agents
Ethylenediamine dihydroiodide (EDDI), 64
F
Fasting heat production (FHP), 5, 6, 7–8
Fasting metabolism (FM), 5
Fatty acids
ionophores and, 28
nutrient interactions, 57, 67, 77
polyunsaturated, 77
volatile, 28
Feed intake.
See also Dry matter intake
all-forage diets, 92, 94–95
anabolic agents and, 27–28, 92
energy concentraton, 92
environmental factors, 10, 86–87
forage allowance and, 92
growing and finishing cattle, 88–90
and lactation, 41
management and dietary factors, 87–88
nutrient defieciencies and, 60
physiological factors, 85–86
predictions, 88–94
and reproduction, 41, 46–47
stress and, 97–98
validation of the beef cow equation, 93
water intake and, 80–81
Feedlot cattle
intake, 89–90
potassium requirements, 59
Feeds.
See also Diet;
Forage;
Grain
biological values, 129
composition values, 127–130, 134–143
energy and nutrient values of, 3–5, 28, 121, 126
roughages, 142–144
processing treatments, 88, 133, 142
step-up rations, 18
urea, 18, 20
Finaplix, 27
Finishing
diets, 17, 18, 20, 104, 105
feed intake predictions for, 88–92
nutrient requirements, 55, 103, 104
Fluorine, 55
Foot rot, 64
Forages
allowances, 87, 92
ensiled, 18
green, 87
nutrients, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 63, 65, 66
protein degradation, 18
Forplix, 27
Frame-size system, 25
Friesian, 6, 7, 8, 45
G
Gain. See Weight gain
Gelbvieh, 7
Gestation.
See also Pregnancy
diets, 19
energy requirements for, 42–43
fetal growth determinants, 41
heat production during, 10
nutrient requirements, 40–43, 56, 58
placenta functions, 42
protein requirements for, 43
temperature (environmental) and, 41
Glucose, 42
Glutathione peroxidase, 67, 68, 78
Goitrogenic substances, 64
Grains.
See also specific grains
BCP synthesis from, 17
nutrients, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 65, 66, 69
processing, 144–145
protein degradation, 18
Grass tetany, 56–57, 59
Growth.
See also Body weight;
Maintenance;
Weight gain
amino acid requirements, 120
calculation of requirements, 116–117
energy and protein requirements, 22–32, 116
fetal, 41
feed intake predictions for, 88–92
nutrient requirements, 60, 103, 104
replacement heifers, 116–117
stage of, 24
trials, 32
Gut fill, 27
H
Heat stress, 10, 41, 86–87
Heifers
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body weight and composition, 25, 26, 47, 116–117
diet evaluation, 108, 109
energy and protein requirements, 27, 32
growth rate, 32–33, 116–117
mammary development, 32
pregnant, 108–109
puberty, 32, 46
feeding effects, 46–47
nutrient requirements, 108
Hereford, 6, 7, 8, 10, 34, 40, 42, 58
Holstein, 6, 7, 10, 23, 25, 45
Hypomagnesemic tetany, 56–57
I
Implants
growth-promoting, 27–29, 87
Implus, 27
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, 98
Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), 19, 24–25, 33, 34, 35
Iodine
deficiency, 64
functions and biodistribution, 64
requirements, 64
sources, 64
toxicity, 64–65
Ionophores, 28–29, 57, 59, 87–88, 91–92
Iron
deficiency, 65
functions and biodistribution, 65
nutrient interactions, 67
requirements, 65, 99
sources, 65
toxicity, 65
J
Jersey, 6–7, 77–78
L
Lactation.
See also Milk production
amino acid requirements, 120
assessment of, 43
and body weight, 48
calculation of requirements, 117, 120
energy requirements for, 4–5, 10, 45
and feed intake, 85
mineral requirements for, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 64
protein requirements for, 19, 45
Laidlomycin propionate, 28, 87, 91–92
Lasalocid, 28, 59, 87, 91–92
Lead, 55
Legumes, 56, 57, 62, 63, 69
Limousin, 6
Lipids, 17–18, 33
M
Magnesium
activity and, 11
deficiency, 56–57
functions and biodistribution, 56
nutrient interactions, 56, 57
requirements, 56
sources, 57
toxicity, 57
Maine Anjou, 7
Maintenance
activity and, 11
age differences, 8
amino acid requirements, 120
body temperature and, 8–9
breed differences, 6–7, 115
diet evaluation, 103–104, 105
equations, 114–116
energy requirements for, 5–11, 29, 43, 114–116
microbial, 17
nutrient interactions, 57
nutrient requirements, 55, 57–58, 103, 104
physiological state and, 10–11
protein requirements for, 19, 31–32, 116
seasonal effects, 8
sex differences, 7–8
temperature effects, 8–10
Malnutrition, 46, 49
Manganese
deficiency, 66
functions and biodistribution, 65
requirements, 65–66
sources, 66
toxicity, 66
Marbling
average score, 26
body fat and, 26
Measurement
calorimetric methods, 5
comparative slaughter methods, 5–6, 7–8, 10, 22, 28, 32, 55
energy requirements for maintenance, 5–6
growth trials, 32
long-term feeding trials, 5
metabolism trials, 31–32
milk production, 44–45
nitrogen balance studies, 19
Meat Animal Research Center, 26–27
Melengestrerol acetate (MGA), 27
Mercury, 55
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Microbial protein
conversion to net protein, 19–20
bacterial (microbial) crude (BCP), 16–17, 19
markers, 17
synthesis, 16–19, 79–80
Milk composition, 44, 45–46
Milk production
age and, 45
assessment of, 43–46
breed differences, 115
efficiency of energy use from, 12
feed intake and, 41
measures of, 44
nutrient intake and, 60
Minerals.
See also individual minerals
macrominerals, 54, 55–61
maximum tolerable concentrations, 54–55
microminerals, 54, 61–69
requirements, 54
stress and, 98–99
supplementation, 54–55
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, 5
Models and equations
amino acid requirements, 120
amino acid supply, 126–127
carbohydrate and protein escape, 122
development of the model, 113
dry matter intake predictions, 119
energy and protein requirements, 113
energy and protein reserves, 34–35, 117–118
fecal output, 125–126
feed composition values, 127–130
feed intake predictions, 88–94
feed nutrient and energy values, 126
growth requirements, 116–117
intestinal digestibilities and absorption, 124–125
lactation requirements, 117
maintenance requirements, 114–116
metabolizable protein, 126
microbial composition, 124
microbial yields, 123–124
mineral and vitamin rquirements, 118
net energy values, 88–89, 126, 129–130
nutrient supply, 119–126
pH adjustments for degradation of available fiber, 122
pregnancy requirements, 117
replacement heifer growth requirements, 116–117
ruminal escape of carbohydrate and protein, 122–123
validation of, 90–91
water for feedlot steers, 81–82
weight and rate of gain, 32–33
Molybdenum
functions and biodistribution, 66
nutrient interactions, 62, 63
sources, 67
toxicity, 67
utilization determinants, 66
Monensin, 28, 59, 80, 87, 91–92, 94
N
Niacin
deficiency, 80
requirements, 99
sources and functions, 79–80
Nickel, 67
Nitrogen
balance studies, 19, 31
content of gravid uterine tissues, 43
nonprotein (NPN), 18
nutrient interactions, 57, 79
recycling, 18
water intake and, 81
Nutrients
interrelationships, 55
ionophores and, 28
total digestible (TDN), 3, 16–17, 18
Nutrition status
and energy requirements, 11–12, 22, 29
and protein requirements, 22, 29
O
Oats, 146
Oilseed meals, 56, 58, 59, 63
Osteomalacia, 56
P
Peptides, and BCP synthesis, 18
pH, rumen, 17, 104
Phospholipids, 23
Phosphorus
deficiency, 58
functions and biodistribution, 57
nutrient interactions, 56, 66, 76, 77
requirements, 57–58, 104, 118
sources, 58–59
Photoperiod, and feed intake, 87
Physiological state
adaptation, 9
and energy requirements for maintenance, 10–11
Pica, 59
Polioencephalomalacia, 79
Potassium
deficiency, 59
functions and biodistribution, 59
nutrient interactions, 57
requirements, 59, 98
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sources, 59
toxicity, 59
Pregnancy
amino acid requirements, 120
calculation of requirements, 117
energy expenditures, 42
energy requirements for, 4–5
and feed intake, 85
nutrient needs, 40, 108
protein requirements for, 19, 43
rates, 46
weight gain, 33
Progesterone, 27
Protein.
See also Microbial protein;
Nitrogen
absorbed, 16
bacterial true (BTP), 17
biological value of, 19
crude, 16
deficiency, 41, 87–88
degraded intake (DIP), 16, 17, 20
digestibility, 3, 18, 56
intake, 121
metabolizable (MP), 16, 19, 104, 120, 126
net, 19, 32, 43
reserves, 33–36, 117–118
rumen degradation, 18, 20, 122
supply, 120
supplementation, 19–20
tissue sunthesis, 31
undegraded intake (UIP), 16, 18, 19, 20, 98
Protein requirements
amino acids, 31–32
breed and, 29
for breeding herd replacements, 32–33
calves, 98
diet composition and intake and, 29
example, 27
for gestation, 43
for growing cattle, 22–32, 116
for lactation, 19, 45
for maintenance, 19, 31–32
previous plane of nutrition and, 29
stress and, 98
validation studies, 19–20
R
Ralgro, 27
Red Danish, 42
Red Poll, 7
Reproduction.
See also Breeding;
Gestation;
Lactation;
Pregnancy
body condition and, 33
feed intake and, 41, 46–47
nutrient deficiencies and, 64
ovulation, 33
postpartum anestrous, 48
Revalor, 27
Rickets, 55–56, 77
Roughage, nutritive value of, 17–19, 85–86, 142–144
Rumen
microbial population, 16
microbial protein synthesis, 16–19
pH, 17, 104
protein degradation, 17
S
Salinomycin, 28
Season
and energy requirements for maintenance, 8
and feed intake, 87
Selenium
deficiency, 68
functions and biodistribution, 67
nutrient interactions, 77
requirements, 67–68, 99
sources, 68
toxicity, 68
Sex
and body composition, 23–24, 27
and energy requirements for breeding, 5
and energy requirements for maintenance, 6–8
and feed intake, 86
Simmental, 6–7, 8, 62–63
Sodium
deficiency, 60
functions and biodistribution, 60
requirements, 60, 98
sources, 60
toxicity, 60
Sodium hydroxide, 114
Sorghum, 61, 145–146
Standard reference weights, 26
Stressed cattle.
See also Cold stress;
Heat stress
energy deficiency, 97–98
mineral requirements, 61, 98–99
protein requirements, 98
suggested nutrient concentrations for, 99
vitamin requirements, 75, 99
Strontium, 55
Subcommittee on Nitrogen Usage in Ruminants, 16, 17
Sulfur
deficiency, 61
functions and biodistribution, 60
nutrient interactions, 62, 66, 67, 77
requirements, 60–61
sources, 61
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toxicity, 61
Sweet clover disease syndrome, 78
Synovex, 27
T
Temperature. See Body temperature;
Environmental temperature;
Heat stress;
Cold stress
Tetany, 56–57, 59, 77
Thiamin
deficiency, 79
sources and functions, 79
Total digestible nutrients (TDN), 3
Trenbolone acetate, 27
U
University of California, 22
Urea, 18, 20, 144
U.S. Department of Agriculture, weight system, 25–26
V
Validation
energy requirement systems, 29, 31
feed intake predictions, 90–91
protein requirement systems, 19–20, 29, 31
Vitamin A
deficiency, 76
sources and functions, 75–76
toxicity, 76
Vitamin B12
deficiency, 79
nutrient interactions, 61–62
sources and functions, 78–79
Vitamin D
calcium and, 55
deficiency, 77
nutrient interactions, 56
sources and functions, 76–77, 99
toxicity, 77
Vitamin E
deficiency, 78
nutrient interactions, 67
sources and functions, 77–78
stability, 78
toxicity, 78
Vitamin K
deficiency, 78
sources and functions, 78
toxicity, 78
Vitamins.
See also specific vitamins
fat-soluble, 75–78
stress and, 99
water-soluble, 78–80
W
Water
calculation, 81–82
intake, 81
losses, 81
requirements, 80–82
restriction, 81
saline water intoxication, 60
Weight gain
anabolic agents and, 27–28
calcium content of, 55
compensatory, 11–12
composition of, 22, 24, 26, 29
empty body, 12, 22
energy content of, 12, 22, 26
energy required for, 23
growth stage and, 22–24
net energy for, 22
protein requirements for, 19
rates, 20, 22–24
shrunk, 23
Weight loss, energy from, 12
Wheat, 146
White Fulani, 46
White muscle disease, 67, 68, 78
Z
Zeranol, 27
Zinc
deficiency, 69
functions and biodistribution, 68
requirements, 69, 99
sources, 69
toxicity, 69
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Other Titles in the Series
Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals, Fourth Rev. Ed., 1995
0–309–05126–6
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, Ninth Rev. Ed., 1994
0–309–04892–3
Nutrient Requirements of Fish, 1993
0–309–04891–5
Nutrient Requirements of Horses, Fifth Rev. Ed., 1989
0–309–03989–4
Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, Sixth Rev. Ed., Update 1989
0–309–03826-X
Nutrient Requirements of Swine, Ninth Rev. Ed., 1988
0–309–03779–4
Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Rev. Ed., 1986
0–309–03682–8
Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, Sixth Rev. Ed., 1985
0–309–03596–1
Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, Rev. Ed., 1985
0–309–03496–5
Nutrient Requirements of Mink and Foxes, Rev. Ed., 1982
0–309–03325-X
Nutrient Requirements of Goats, 1981
0–309–03185–0
Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates, 1978
0–309–02786–1
Nutrient Requirements of Rabbits, Second Rev. Ed., 1977
0–309–02607–5
Related Publications
Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals, 1994
0–309–04997–0
Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals, 1987
0–309–03695-X
Vitamin Tolerance of Animals, 1987
0–309–03728-X
