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D
Additional Resources
The following publications provide additional information on the
DOE complex and subsurface contamination research and develop-
ment. The DOE and EM web sites (www.doe.gov; www.em.doe.gov)
provide additional information and resources.
Closing the Circle on the Splitting of the Atom: The Environmen-
tal Legacy of Nuclear Weapons Production in the United States
and What the Department of Energy Is Doing About It. Washing-
ton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Environmental
Management. 1995.
The report describes the environmental legacy from the pro-
duction of nuclear weapons and the cleanup underway by DOE.
The report gives a detailed explanation of the nuclear production
process and includes information on the extent and types of con-
taminants produced by each of the steps in the process. The
report also describes the types of waste, cleanup actions, and
progress made at some DOE sites. The report contains many
photographs of the sites and past waste management practices. It
also contains a short section on the production of nuclear
weapons in other countries, and on environmental contamina-
tion in the former Soviet Union.
2. Bioremediation of Metals and Radionuclides: What It Is and
How It Works. LB N L-42595. ]. McCu I lough, T.C. Hazen, S.M.
Benson, F.B. Metting, and A.C. Palmisano. Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory. 1995.
This report explores the possibilities of using bioremediation
technology to clean up hazardous metal and radionuclide conta-
minants found in the DOE complex. Included in the report is an
overview of contamination problems at DOE facilities, a summa-
ry of some of the most commonly used bioremediation technolo-
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gies, a discussion of the chemical and physical properties of
metals and radionuclides found in contaminant mixtures at DOE
sites, an overview of the basic microbial processes that occur in
bioremediation, specific in situ bioremediation processes that
can be used on these contaminant mixtures, and a hypothetical
case study of a composite DOE site with contaminated ground-
water.
The 1996 Baseline Environmental Management Report.
DOE/EM-0290. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy,
Office of Envi ran mental Management. 1 996.
The report provides an estimate of life-cycle costs and sched-
ules for DOE's environmental cleanup mission. Although the cost
and schedule estimates in this report have been superseded by
the 1998 Paths to Closure Report, the descriptions of waste and
contamination problems at DOE sites are still among the most
comprehensive publ ished to date.
4. Linking Legacies: Connecting the Cold War Nuclear Weapons
Production Processes to Thei r Envi ran mental Consequences.
DOE/EM-03 1 9. Wash i ngton, D.C.: U .S. Department of Energy,
Office of Environmental Management. 1 997.
The report provides a detailed analysis of the sources of
waste and the contamination generated by the production of
nuclear weapons, giving specific environmental impacts of par-
ticular production activities, in effect "linking" two of DOE's
legacies nuclear weapons manufacturing and environmental
management. The report quantifies the current environmental
results of past weapons production activities and also contains
information on the mission and functions of nuclear weapons
facilities, the inventories of waste and materials remaining at
these facilities, and the extent and characteristics of contamina-
tion in and around these faci I ities.
5. Accelerating Cleanup: Paths to Closure. DOE/EM-0362.
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of
Envi ran mental Management. 1 998.
The report outlines DOE's cleanup plans based on site-devel-
oped, project-by-project forecasts of the scope, schedule, and
costs to complete the more than 300 projects in its cleanup pro-
gram. The forecasts provide information on technical activities,
budgets, worker health and safety, and risk. The report also pro-
vides a discussion of the Environmental Management program's
decision-making process and the relationship of the "Paths to
Closu re" plan to that process. I ncl uded in the report are sum-
maries of environmental management activities at specific sites,
which provide information on the type and extent of the contam-
S U B S U R F A C E S C ~ E N C E
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ination problem, end states, cost and completion dates, remedial
actions, and critical closure paths.
6. Groundwater/\/adose Zone I Integration Project Specification.
DOE/RL-98-48. Draft C. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of
Energy, Office of Environmental Management. 1998.
The report describes the Hanford Site's Groundwater/\/adose
Zone Integration Project, a science-based strategy established in
1997 to integrate all aspects of the remediation work at Hanford
with the ultimate goal of protecting the Columbia River, river-
dependent life, and users of the river's resources. Included in the
report is a detailed description of the environmental setting of
the Hanford Site, its climate and meteorology, geology, hydrolo-
gy, water quality, and ecology. Also included is a long-range plan
for remediation and closure for each of Hanford's main areas
(100, 200, and 300 areas). The report appendixes include
descriptions of technical elements, the operational history of
waste disposal at Hanford, federal and state laws and regula-
tions, current state of technical knowledge, and an applied sci-
ence and technology plan.
7. Environmental Management Research and Development
Program Plan: Solution-Based Investments in Science and
Tech nology. Wash i ngton, D.C.: U .S. Department of Energy,
Office of Envi ran mental Management. 1 998.
This program plan describes the investments that the
Environmental Management (EM) program will make in science
and technology to support the DOE cleanup mission. It also
describes EM's approach to planning and managing these invest-
ments. The plan incorporates what DOE terms "roadmapping" to
identify the science and technology areas that promise the great-
est return on investment by reducing cleanup project cost,
schedule, technical risk, and riskto workers, the public, and the
environment. The program plan describes EM's major problem
areas, including contaminated environmental soil and ground-
water, high-level radioactive waste, spent nuclear fuel, and
nuclear materials.
8. Hanford Tank Clean Up: A Guide to Understanding the Technical
Issues. R. E. Gephart and R. E. Lundgren. Battel le Press. 1 998.
The report provides a good summary of the basic issues relat-
ed to high-level radioactive waste that is being stored in 177
underground tanks at the Hanford Site. It provides background
information on the history of the site, the production of high-
level radioactive waste, the construction of the underground
tanks and related facilities, and efforts to manage the waste and
associated environmental contamination. The report also details
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the critical technical issues that need to be addressed for
cleanup of the tanks.
9. N ation a I Research Cou nc i I (N RC). G rou nd Water and So i I
Cleanup: Improving Management of Persistent Contaminants.
Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. 1 999.
This report advises DOE on technologies and strategies for
cleaning up three types of soil and ground water contaminants:
metals, radionuclides, and dense nonaqueous phase liquids. The
report descri tees DO E's program i n grou ndwater and sol I remed i -
ation, the changing regulatory environment, and technologies
being used to remediate each of the contaminant types noted
above. Specific advice to DOE suggests ways to set priorities in
technology development, to improve the overall technology
development program, to overcome barriers to technology
deployment, and to address budget limitations.
1 0. From Cleanup to Stewardship. DOE/EM-0466. Washington, D.C.:
U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Environmental
Management. 1 999.
This is a companion report to Accelerating Cleanup: Paths to
Closure and provides background information on current and
planned long-term stewardship activities at DOE sites. The report
summarizes what is currently known about end states at DOE
sites, and it also provides information on the number and loca-
tions of sites that will require continuing management after DOE
cleanup is completed. Additionally, the report identifies several
issues that will need to be addressed to ensure a successful tran-
sition from cleanup to stewardship.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
doe sites
