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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9795.
×

Index

A

AgrEvo, 33, 222, 224, 225

Agrobacterium-transformation methods, 24-25, 45, 161

Allergenicity, 6, 7, 14, 34-36, 71-72, 136, 140, 169, 180

Bt, 109

conventional breeding techniques, 71-72

FDA policy, 14, 29, 166, 169, 176-177, 180

genetic variability, 42

pollen, 63

risk assessment, 42, 45, 54, 56, 57, 62-63

tests for, 7, 13-14, 62-67, 72-73, 102, 103

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), 122, 124, 142, 146, 157, 161, 173-174, 177, 218, 230, 231

Animal feed and forage, 8, 74-75, 144, 169, 222, 239

Animal studies, 68-69, 72, 103, 116-120, 175, 232, 238-240

Antibiotics, 29(n.6), 45, 47, 48, 63, 98, 121, 122

Asilomar Conference, 24

B

Bacillus thuringiensis, 13-14, 27-28, 31-33

allergenicity, 109

case studies, 108-116

corn, 28, 33, 35, 36, 69, 76-77, 79, 108, 111-114, 142, 234-235, 238-239

cotton, 28, 33-34, 35, 37, 108, 114-116, 137, 166, 171, 232, 239-240

Department of Agriculture, 31-32, 110, 112, 115, 167-168

deregulated crops, dated list, 33

ecological risks, 110

EPA, 31-32, 35, 100, 110, 112-113, 114, 115, 116, 120, 166, 167-168, 171, 174, 238-240

field testing, 27-28, 63, 64

gene expression, 28, 118, 119, 234, 240

health risks, 51-52, 54, 63, 64-67, 69, 72, 116-120, 238-240

nontarget species, 36-37, 74, 75-77, 78, 79, 110-111, 112-113, 115, 116-120, 137, 142, 238-240

monarch butterflies, 36-37, 75-77, 113-114

peer review, 112-113

pest resistance to, 31-32, 35, 98, 100-101, 102, 103, 114-115

resistance management, 35, 167-168

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9795.
×

pollen, 37, 113-114, 142

potatoes, 31-32, 33, 35, 64, 65-66, 79, 108-111, 175, 240

risk assessment, general, 14, 51-52, 54, 63, 108-116

toxicity, general, 14, 27-28, 32, 63, 64-67, 109-110, 112, 239, 240

toxicity testing, 14, 63, 64-67, 69, 72, 110, 112-113, 115, 116-120, 175, 239, 240

see also Bt proteins

Bacteria, other, 25, 28, 96, 121, 149

Agrobacterium-transformation methods, 24-25, 45, 161

Bacterial resistance, 22, 34, 49, 50, 96, 220

Barley, 19, 22, 49, 82, 219, 235

Biffed, Roland, 23

Biodiversity,

see Ecological risks;

Nonmarket species Biotechnology Science Advisory Committee (EPA), 29

Bt

see Bacillus thuringienesis

Bt proteins, 7, 10, 13, 14, 32, 103, 108-109, 175

field testing, 27-28, 63, 64

resistance, 51-52, 102, 103

toxicity, 14, 64-65, 72, 75, 112, 113, 115, 116-120, 238, 239, 240

Brussels sprouts, 22

C

Calgene, 31, 33

Carcinogenicity, 14, 42, 48, 63

Celery, 71

Cell fusion, 21

Chemical pesticides, 1, 33-34, 37, 46-47, 111-112, 114-115

carcinogenicity, 63

economics of, 46, 109, 218-229

integrated pest management, use of, 20

natural plant chemicals, 47-48

nontarget species, 9, 78-79, 80

pest resistance to, 101, 102, 109

Ceiba-Geigy, 33, 222, 227

Confidential business information (CBI), 158, 173-174, 175, 177, 178, 181

Conventional breeding techniques, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 20, 22-23

allergenicity, 71-72

definitional issues, 5, 144

ecological impacts, 9

economic factors, 217-218

FDA review, 148-149

resistance traits, 44

risk assessment, 43, 45, 51, 62

toxicants in, 7-8

transgenic techniques combined with, 28, 51

transgenic techniques vs,4, 5-6, 21, 43, 45

wheat rust, 105-106

Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology, 2, 3, 10-18, 135, 144-181, 212, 244-245

approach, 11-12, 144-151

background, 10-11, 25-26, 144-145, 151, 172

costs, 17-18

Department of Agriculture, 15, 16, 26, 39, 144, 145-147, 155-171, 173-174, 180-181

EPA, 15, 16, 26, 39, 144, 145, (passim)149-171, 174-176, 177, 178-181

FDA, 15, 16, 26, 39, 144, 145, 147-149, 150, (passim)155-171 , 176-177, 180-181

historical perspectives, 10-11, 25-26, (passim)144-149

operational aspects, 15-17, 144-151

transparency, 15, 154, 156, 158, 172-178, 179, 180

Corn, 20, 22, 23, 49, 145, 157, 218, 219, 220, 226, 234, 235

Bt, 28, 33, 35, 36, 69, 76-77, 79, 108, 111-114, 142, 234-235, 238-240

pollen, 75, 76, 82

Cornell University, 33

Cost factors,

see Economic factors

Cotton, 75, 145, 217, 218, 219, 220, 226, 235

Bt, 28, 33-34, 35, 37, 108, 114-116, 137, 166, 171, 232, 239-240

gene-flow controls, 82

D

Databases, 8, 15-16, 135, 140, 141, 143, 167, 173, 177, 178, 181

Internet, 167, 173, 174, 176, 177, 181

Definitional issues, 15, 159-162

conventional pest-protected plant, 5, 144

exposure assessment, 41

food additive, 148

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9795.
×

genetically modified plant, 4-5, 144, 179

hazard identification, 41

naturally pest-protected plant, 5

nontarget species, 73-74

pest, 2, 149, 161-162

pesticide/pest-protected plant, 4, 127, 149, 150, 152, 159-160, 180, 212

pleiotropic (secondary) effect, 7

risk, 40

risk characterization, 41-42

toxicity, 73

transgenic pest-protected plant, 5, 144, 159-160

weed, 9

DeKalb Genetics, 33, 114, 222, 227, 228

Department of Agriculture, 3, 12, 15, 16, 17, 25, 28-29, 31, 142

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), 122, 124, 142, 146, 157, 161, 173-174, 177, 218, 230, 231

Bt, 31-32, 110, 112, 115, 167-168

coordinated regulatory framework, 15, 16, 26, 39, 144, 145-147, 155-171, 173-174, 180-181

cost of testing, 212, 229, 230, 231

databases, 8, 15-16, 140, 141, 143, 173, 181

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 157

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 164

Federal Plant Pest Act, 11, 26, 29, 145-146, 157, 164, 166, 167, 173, 181, 229

field testing, 28, 161

gene-flow controls, 82, 91, 165-166

interagency coordination, general, 15, 16, 135, 144

databases, 8, 15-16, 140, 141, 143, 178, 181

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 147, 157, 164

permit/petition process, 28-29, 31, 146-147

Plant Quarantine Act, 157

secondary (pleiotropic) effects, 135

toxicity, 8, 73, 165

transparency, 173-174

virus-resistant squash, 14, 123-124, 125

wild/weedy hybrids, 138, 139

Department of Health and Human Services,

see Food and Drug Administration;

National Institutes of Health

Dose-response evaluation, 40-42, 54, 97-98

Dow Chemicals, 223, 227, 228

DuPont, 223

E

Ecological risks, 6, 9-10, 12, 37, 137-139, 140, 141-142, 151, 164, 165, 243

Bt, 110

economics of regulation, 17, 231

risk assessments, 41-42, 142, 168

secondary pests, 37

see also Gene-flow effects;

Nontarget species;

Resistant pests;

Weeds;

Wild plants

Economic factors, 213-229

chemical pesticides, 46, 109, 218-229

conventional breeding techniques, 217-218

genetic pest protection, 46-47, 109

pest impacts on crops, 19

R&D expenditures, 216-218

regulatory costs, 17-18, 38, 178-179, 181, 211-213, 229-237

resistant pests, 96

small and medium size businesses, 18, 38, 179, 181, 212, 213

wheat rust, 107-108

see also Funding

Education,

see Information dissemination

Eggs, 75, 114

Electroporation, 25

Empresas La Moderna, 223

Environmental Protection Agency, 3, 11, (passim)12-18 , 29-31, 102, 142

Bt, 31-32, 35, 100, 110, 112-113, 114, 115, 116, 120, 166, 167-168, 171, 174, 238-240

coordinated regulatory framework, 15, 16, 26, 39, 144, 145, (passim)149-171 174-176, 177, 178-181

cost of regulation, 212, 224, 229, 230-231, 233

exemptions, 153-154

sexual compatibility, 12-13, (passim)128-134 , 137, 143

viral coat proteins, 13, 14, 133-134, 143

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9795.
×

fact sheets, 16, 64, 65, 110, 116, 164, 174, 175, 181

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 11, 30, 31, 32, 62, 128, 137, 151, 152, 153, 156, 157, 164, 174, 176, 212, 213, 232, 233

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 11, 13, 26, 30, 31, 32, 38, 62, 127, 128, 134, 137, 143, 149-154, 156, 157, 160, 162, 164, 168, 174, 176, 180, 211, 212, 213, 224, 229, 232, 233, 237

Federal Plant Pest Act, 157, 164

Food Quality Protection Act, 30-31, 127

gene expression, 12, 127, 130, 133, 165

health risks, 131-135, 151, 157, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 180

interagency coordination, general, 15, 16, 135, 137, 144, 162-168, 180

databases, 8, 15-16, 140, 141, 143, 178, 181

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 25, 26, 147, 157, 164, 233

nonmarket species, 142, 165

plant-pesticide defined, 4

proposed rules (1994 and 1997), 4, 11, 12, 17, 30, 37-38, 39, 104, 126-139, 151-154, 156-157, 162-164, 174-176, 179-181

confidential business information, 175, 178, 181

nontoxic modes, 134

secondary (pleiotropic) effects, 37, 134-135, 143

sexual compatibility, 12-13, (passim) 128-134, 137, 143

viral coat proteins, 13, 14, 31, 133-134, 143, 160-161, 171

wild/weedy hybrids, 138-139

public opinion of, 37-38

resistant pests, 97-98, 100, 102

risk assessment, general, 37-38, 62-63, 128, 131-132

toxicity, general, 129-130, 132-133, 150-151

toxicity testing, 8, 32, 73, 100, 110, 112-113, 114, 115, 116-120, 153, 165, 175, 212

cost of testing, 212, 224, 229, 230-231, 233

transparency, 174-176, 179-180

viral coat proteins, 13, 14, 31, 133-134, 143, 160-161, 171

Exposure assessment, 41-42, 54, 131

F

Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act, 20

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 11, 13, 26, 29, 30-31, 32, 62, 128, 137, 151, 152, 153, 156, 157, 164, 174, 176, 211-212, 213, 232, 233

Federal government

interagency coordination, 15, 16, 18, 135, 144, 162-168

databases, 8, 15-16, 140, 141, 143, 178, 181

memoranda of understanding, 16, 163, 166, 180

see also Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology

jurisdictional issues, 10-13, 16, 27, 134, 144-145, 151, 154, 155, 157, 158, 162, 163, 180;

see also Department of Agriculture;

Environmental Protection Agency;

Food and Drug Administration;

Legislation;

National Institutes of Health;

Regulatory issues

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 11, 13, 26, 30, 31, 32, 38, 62, 127, 128, 134, 137, 143, 149-154, 156, 157, 160, 162, 164, 168, 174, 176, 180, 211, 212, 213, 224, 229, 232, 233, 237

Federal Plant Pest Act, 11, 26, 29, 145-146, 157, 164, 166, 167, 173, 181, 229, 232, 233, 237

Federal Register, 26, 31, 38, 130, 147, 166, 173, 174

Field testing, 5, 146, 220

Bt, 27-28, 63, 64

commercial, 42

Department of Agriculture, 28, 161

gene-flow effects studies, 88

regulatory, 1, 11, 20, 25, 27-28, 34, 46, 153, 161, 180

costs, 17-18, 38, 178-179, 181, 211-213, 229-237

tobacco and tomatoes, 27

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9795.
×

Field Testing Genetically Modified Organisms: Framework for Decisions, 46

Food additives, 29, 31, 148, 149, 157

Food and Drug Administration, 3, 12, 15, 16, 17, 29, 31, 71, 137

allergens, 14, 29, 166, 169, 176-177, 180

coordinated regulatory framework, 15, 16, 26, 39, 144, 145, 147-149, 150,(passim) 155-171 , 176-177, 180-181

conventional breeding techniques, 148-149

cost of regulation, 212, 213-214, 229-230, 231, 232-233

databases, funding, 177

databases, other, 8, 15-16, 140, 141, 143, 178, 181

ecological effects, 138

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 11, 13, 26, 29, 30-31, 32, 62, 128, 137, 151, 152, 153, 156, 157, 164, 174, 176, 211-212, 213, 232, 233

food additives, 29, 31, 148, 149, 157

gene expression, 148, 149, 165

interagency coordination, general, 15, 16, 135, 137, 144, 162-168, 180

databases, 8, 15-16, 140, 141, 143, 178, 181

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 233

secondary (pleiotropic) effects, 134-135

testing, 7-8, 62-63, 169, 212, 213-214, 229-230, 231

transparency, 177-178

toxicants, 7-8, 29, 62-63, 73

viral resistance, 121-122

Food Quality Protection Act, 20, 30-31, 127

Freedom of Information Act, 177

Funding

FDA database, 177

gene-flow effects studies, 88

NIH safety guidelines and, 24

report at hand, 2

Fungal pathogens, 19

flax rust, 48-49

wheat rust, 104-108

Fungal resistance, 23, 28, 34, (passim)46-51 , 96, 149, 220

wheat rust, 23, 48, 106-108

G

Gain-of-transmission characters, 94-95

Gene expression, 7, 10, 16, 24,(passim) 51-54 , 56, 63, 65, 140-141

Bt, 28, 118, 119, 234, 240

EPA policy, 12, 127, 130, 133, 165

FDA policy, 148, 149, 165

gene flow and, 81, 90

nonmarket species, 10

viral coat proteins, 95, 133

Gene-flow effects, 6, 9-10, 31, 36, 41, 43, 45, 80-93, 122-123, 124, 142, 165-166

cotton, 82

Department of Agriculture controls, 82, 91, 165-166

see also Sexual compatibility

Genomes

gene-flow effects, 90

size of common plants, table, 21, 22

viral resistance, 95

Guidance on Consultation Procedures for Foods Derived from New Plant Varieties, 169

H

Hazard identification, 40-42, 44-45, 54, 131

Health risks, 6, 7-8, 12, 35-36, 37, 136-137, 140, 148, 151, 165, 166, 180, 243-244

animal feed, 8, 74-75, 144, 169, 222, 239

animal studies, 68-69, 72, 103, 116-120, 175, 232, 238-240

Bt, 51-52, 54, 63, 64-67, 69, 72, 116-120, 238-240

carcinogenicity, 14, 42, 48, 63

economics of regulation, 17, 231, 232

EPA rulemaking, 131-135, 151, 157, 162, 164, 165, 166, 167, 180

risk assessments, 40-42, 45, 46, 54-73, 116-120, 121-122, 126, 131-137, 139-140

see also Allergenicity;

Food and Drug Administration;

Secondary (pleiotropic) effects;

Toxicity

Herbicides and herbicide tolerance, 4, 27, 33, 36, 39, 69, 81, 84, 87, 96, 123, 124, 145, 215, 218, 220, 224, 226, 228-229

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9795.
×

Herbivores, nontarget species, 50, 73-74, 75, 79, 89, 113

Historical perspectives, 1, 7, 19-20, 22-34, 38, 213-227

coordinated regulatory framework, 10-11, 25-26,(passim) 144-149

integrated pest management, 19-20

NAS research, 2, 5, 38, 40, 42-46, 54

regulatory framework, 25-32

transgenic crop varieties cleared, number, 32

wheat rust, 105, 106

Hormones, 56, 128, 134

Human health, see Health risks

I

Information dissemination, 3, 15-16, 81, 156, 172

confidential business information (CBI), 158, 173-174, 175, 177, 178, 181

EPA fact sheets, 16, 64, 65, 110, 116, 164, 174, 175, 181

Federal Register, 26, 31, 38, 130, 147, 166, 173, 174

interagency coordination, 15, 16, 18, 135, 144, 162-168

Internet, 167, 173, 174, 176, 177, 181

transparency, 15, 154, 156, 158, 172-178, 179-180

see also Databases

Insects and insect resistance, 28, 33, 34, 47, 49, 70, 149, 150, 220

chemical insecticides, 9, 34, 37, 41

induced resistance responses, 50, 96

nontarget species, 36, 74, 75, 77-79, 110-111

Monarch butterflies, 36-37, 75-77, 113-114

predators, 73-74, 77, 78-79, 141

pollenation, 80, 83

see also Bacillus thuringiensis

Integrated pest management, 19-20

Intergeneric hybrids, 59-60

International Conference on Recombinant DNA Molecules (Asilomar Conference) 24

International Food Biotechnology Council, 35

International Life Sciences Institute, 35

Internet, 167, 173, 174, 176, 177, 181

Intraspecific hybrids, 58-59

Introduction of Recombinant DNA-Engineered Organisms into the Environment, 2, 5, 38, 40, 42-46, 54

J

Jurisdictional issues, 10-13, 16, 27, 134, 144-145, 151, 154, 155, 157, 158, 162, 163, 180

interagency coordination, 15, 16, 18, 135, 144, 162-168

see also Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology

L

Labeling, 2, 147, 163, 167, 176-177, 180

Legislation

Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act, 20

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 11, 13, 26, 29, 30-31, 32, 62, 128, 137, 151, 152, 153, 156, 157, 164, 174, 176, 211-212, 213, 232, 233

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, 11, 13, 26, 30, 31, 32, 38, 62, 127, 128, 134, 137, 143, 149-154, 156, 157, 160, 162, 164, 168, 174, 176, 180, 211, 212, 213, 224, 229, 232, 233, 237

Federal Plant Pest Act, 11, 26, 29, 145-146, 157, 164, 166, 167, 173, 181, 229

Food Quality Protection Act, 20, 30-31, 127

Freedom of Information Act, 177

National Environmental Policy Act, 25, 26, 147, 157, 164, 233

Plant Quarantine Act, 157

see also Regulatory issues

M

Maize,

see Corn

Memoranda of understanding, 16, 163, 166, 180

Mendel, Gregor, 22-23

Milk, 74

Monarch butterflies, 36-37, 75-77, 113-114

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9795.
×

Monsanto, 28, 32, 33, 110, 113, 115, 222, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228, 231-232, 234-235, 238-240

Mutagenesis, 21, 60-61

see also Somaclonal variation

N

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), 25, 26, 147, 157, 164, 233

National Institutes of Health, 24, 25

Nematodes, 19, 28, 34, 49, 53, 149, 220, 248

Nontarget species, 6, 9, 36-37, 89, 165, 231, 243-244

Bt, 36-37, 74, 75-77, 78, 79, 110-111, 112-113, 115, 116-120, 137, 142, 238-240

monarch butterflies, 36-37, 75-77, 113-114

chemical pesticides, 9, 78-79, 80

defined, 73-74

EPA, 142, 165

gene expression, 10

herbivores, 50, 73-74, 75, 79, 89, 113

insects, 36, 74, 75, 77-79, 110-111

Monarch butterflies, 36-37, 75-77, 113-114

predators, 73-74, 77, 78-79, 141

risk assessment, 41, 45, 73-80, 132, 137-138

see also Gene-flow effects;

Health risks

North American Free Trade Agreement, 167

Northurp King, 33

Novartis, 222, 227, 228

O

Oats, 22, 219, 235

Office of Science and Technology Policy, 25

P

Papaya, 22, 32, 33, 120, 121, 125-126, 145, 157

Particle-gun transformation, 25, 161

Pathogen resistance, 6, 9, 10, 14, 139, 141, 150

deregulated crops, dated list, 33

historical perspectives, 23

hypersensitive response, 50, 53

permits issues by category of resistance, 34

risk assessment, 44, 48-54, 93-95

R genes, 48-49, 50, 52-53, 55

see also Bacterial resistance;

Fungal resistance;

Resistance management;

Resistant pests;

Viral resistance

Peanuts, 22, 219

Peer review

Bt, 112-113

Plant Quarantine Act, 157

Pleiotropic effects,

see Secondary (pleiotropic) effects

Pioneer Hybrid International, 35-36, 227, 228

Pollen, 36, 75-77, 83, 141, 165

allergens, 63

Bt, 37, 113-114, 142

corn, 75, 76, 82

see also Gene-flow effects

Potatoes, 19, 22, 23, 32, 48-49, 52, 53, 68, 70, 74, 78-79, 145, 157, 217, 218, 219, 220

Bt, 31-32, 33, 35, 64, 65-66, 79, 108-111, 175, 240

Predators, nontarget species, 73-74, 77, 78-79, 141

Public information,

see Information dissemination

Public opinion, 2, 11, 34-35, 155, 172, 224

R genes, 48-49, 50, 52-53, 55

Race-specific R genes,

see R genes

Recombinant DNA (rDNA), general, 2, 5, 16, 144

allergenicity reduction, 36

Department of Agriculture permit process, 146

historical perspectives, 23-28

previous NAS research, 2, 5, 38, 40, 42-46, 54

role of committee report, 38

Red Book,41

Regulatory issues, general, 1, 10-11, 15-18, 25-27, 37-38, 104, 241-242

committee charge, 2-3

confidential business information, 158, 173-174, 175, 177, 178, 181

costs, 17-18, 38, 178-179, 181, 211-213, 229-237

databases, 8, 15-16, 135, 140, 141, 143, 167, 173, 178, 181

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9795.
×

Internet, 167, 173, 174, 176, 177, 181

ecological impacts, 10, 17, 231

economics of, 17-18, 38, 178-179, 181, 211-213, 229-237

gene-flow controls, 82, 91, 165-166

jurisdictional issues, 10-13, 16, 27, 134, 144-145, 151, 154, 155, 157, 158, 162, 163, 180

labeling, 2, 147, 163, 167, 176-177, 180

public opinion, 2, 11, 34-35, 155, 172, 224

state-level, 173-174

transparency, 15, 154, 156, 158, 172-178, 179-180

voluntary standards, 18, 168, 180, 229-230

see also Coordinated Framework for the Regulation of Biotechnology;

Definitional issues;

Department of Agriculture;

Environmental Protection Agency;

Food and Drug Administration;

Information dissemination;

Legislation;

National Institutes of Health

Regulatory testing, 7, 8, 10, 16, 62-68

allergenicity/toxicity testing, 7-8, 13-14, 62-68, 102, 103, 130, 140

Bt, 14, 27-28, 63, 64-67, 69, 72, 110, 112-113, 115, 116-120, 175, 239, 240

toxicity, 14, 63, 64-67, 69, 72, 110, 112-113, 115, 116-120, 175, 239, 240

costs, 17-18, 38, 178-179, 181, 211-213, 229-237

field testing, 1, 11, 20, 25, 27-28, 34, 46, 153, 161, 180

costs, 17-18, 38, 178-179, 181, 211-213, 229-237

EPA, 8, 32, 73, 100, 110, 112-113, 114, 115, 116-120, 153, 165, 175, 212

cost of testing, 212, 224, 229, 230-231, 233

FDA, 7-8, 62-63, 169, 212, 213-214, 229-230, 231

gene-flow effects, 91

Resistance management, 10, 45, 46-47, 97-101, 103, 141, 167

Bt, 35, 167-168

Coordinated Framework, 11

Resistant pests, 6, 9, 10, 34, 35, 95-102, 167

Bt, 31-32, 35, 98, 100-101, 102, 103, 114-115

chemical pesticides, 101, 102, 109

EPA, 97-98, 100, 102

Rhone-Poulenc, 222

Rice, 22, 23, 36, 82, 219, 220, 235

Risk assessment, 40-45, 54-103, 139-140, 168, 180

allergenicity, 42, 45, 54, 56, 57, 62-63

Bt, 14, 51-52, 54, 63, 108-116

conventional breeding techniques, 43, 45, 51, 62

dose-response evaluation, 40-42, 54, 97-98

ecological risks, 41-42, 142, 168

nonmarket species, 41, 45, 73-80, 132, 137-138

EPA, 37-38, 62-63, 128, 131-132

secondary (pleiotropic) effects, 37, 134-135, 143

exposure assessment, 41-42, 54, 131

hazard identification, 40-42, 44-45, 54, 131

health risks, 40-42, 45, 46, 54-73, 116-120, 121-122, 126, 131-137, 139-140

nontarget species, 7-8, 13-14, 62-68, 102, 103, 130

pathogen resistance, 44, 48-54, 93-95

risk characterization, 24, 37, 41-42

secondary (pleiotropic) effects, 7, 37, 58, 62, 63, 69-72, 134-135, 143

EPA, 37, 134-135, 143

toxicity, 41-42, 45, 54, 56, 57, 59, 62-63, 136

see also Ecological risks, Health risks;

Regulatory testing

Rye, 60, 82

Secondary (pleiotropic) effects, 7, 37, 58, 62, 63, 69-72, 134-135, 143

EPA, 37, 134-135, 143

Secondary plant products, 41, 53-54, 56-57, 70-72

Sexual compatibility, 20-21, 24, 30, 45, 51, 58, 61, 88, 106, 107, 123,(passim) 128-139

EPA exemption, 12-13, (passim)128-134 , 137, 143

Small and medium size businesses, 18, 38, 179, 181, 212, 213

Social factors, 2

Somaclonal variation, 21, 61

Somatic-cell fusion, 61, 70-71

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9795.
×

Soybeans, 22, 35, 69, 82, 145, 217, 218, 219, 220, 226, 235

Squash, 14, 31, 32, 33, 120-125, 145, 157, 171

State-level regulation, 173-174

Tobacco, 53, 74, 77, 116, 220, 235

gene-flow controls, 82

genome size, 22

regulatory field testing, 27

Tomatoes, 31, 33, 49, 74, 220, 235

gene-flow controls, 82

genome size, 22

regulatory field testing, 27

Toxicity, 6, 7-8, 13-14, 34-35, 140

Bt, general, 14, 27-28, 32, 63, 64-67, 109-110, 112, 239, 240

Bt, testing, 14, 63, 64-67, 69, 72, 110, 112-113, 115, 116-120, 175, 239, 240

definitional issues, 73

Department of Agriculture policy, 8, 73, 165

EPA policy, general, 129-130, 132-133, 150-151

EPA testing policy, 8, 32, 73, 100, 110, 112-113, 114, 115, 116-120, 153, 165, 175, 212

cost of testing, 212, 224, 229, 230-231, 233

FDA policy, 7-8, 29, 62-63, 73

naturally occurring plant chemicals, 48

risk assessment, 41-42, 45, 54, 56, 57, 59, 62-63, 136

secondary plant products, 41, 53-54, 56-57, 70-71

testing, 7-8, 13-14, 62-67, 72-73, 102, 140

EPA policy, 8, 32, 73, 100, 110, 112-113, 114, 115, 116-120, 153, 165, 175, 212

Transcapsidation, 94-95

UpJohn/Asgrow Seed Company, 31

Viral coat proteins, 30, 31, 32, 52, 57, 63, 95, 171

EPA exemption, 13, 14, 31, 133-134, 143, 160-161, 171

Viral resistance, 28, 32, 33, 35, 50-51, 52, 93-95, 120-126, 150, 220

mosaic viruses, 27, 31, 32, 53, 121, 124, 161

R gene, 49

squash, 14, 31, 33, 120-125

transcapsidation, 94-95

Voluntary standards, 18, 168, 180, 229-230

Weeds, 45, 122-124, 138-139, 141-142, 149

gene-flow effects, 6, 9-10, 31, 36, 41, 43, 45, 80-93, 122-123, 124, 142, 165-166

resistance to control, 96, 142

viral coat proteins, 13

Wheat, 19, 22, 23, 60, 82, 217, 218, 219, 220, 235

rust, 23, 48, 104-108

Wild plants, 20-21, 35, 74, 138-139, 142

gene-flow effects, 83-90, 92, 142

squash, 31, 122-125

wheat, 22

see also Gene-flow effects;

Weeds

World Wide Web,

see Internet

Zeneca/Astrat, 223, 227

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9795.
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Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation Get This Book
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This book explores the risks and benefits of crops that are genetically modified for pest resistance, the urgency of establishing an appropriate regulatory framework for these products, and the importance of public understanding of the issues.

The committee critically reviews federal policies toward transgenic products, the 1986 coordinated framework among the key federal agencies in the field, and rules proposed by the Environmental Protection Agency for regulation of plant pesticides. This book provides detailed analyses of:

  • Mechanisms and results of genetic engineering compared to conventional breeding for pest resistance.
  • Review of scientific issues associated with transgenic pest-protected plants, such as allergenicity, impact on nontarget plants, evolution of the pest species, and other concerns.
  • Overview of regulatory framework and its use of scientific information with suggestions for improvements.
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