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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
×

DRI DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids

A Report of the Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds,

Subcommittees on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients and

Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes, and the

Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes

Food and Nutrition Board

Institute of Medicine

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
×

NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20418

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This project was funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Contract No. 282-96-0033; Health Canada; the Institute of Medicine; the Dietary Reference Intakes Private Foundation Fund, including the Dannon Institute and the International Life Sciences Institute; and the Dietary Reference Intakes Corporate Donors' Fund. Contributors to the Fund include Roche Vitamins Inc.; Mead Johnson Nutrition Group; Daiichi Fine Chemicals, Inc.; Kemin Foods, Inc.; M&M Mars; Weider Nutrition Group; Nabisco Foods Group; U.S. Borax; and Natural Source Vitamin E Association. The opinions or conclusions expressed herein do not necessarily reflect those of the funders.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids : a report of the Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds, Subcommitties on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients and of Interpretation and Use of Dietary Reference Intakes, and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine.

p. ; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-309-06949-1 (case) – ISBN 0-309-06935-1 (paper)

1. Antioxidants. 2. Reference values (Medicine). 3. Vitamin C. 4. Vitamin E. 5. Carotenoids. I. Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds.

[DNLM: 1. Nutritional Requirements. 2. Ascorbic Acid. 3. Carotenoids. 4. Reference Values. 5. Selenium. 6. Vitamin E. QU 145 D56566 2000]

QP801.A66 D53 2000

612.3′9–dc21

00-035521

This report is available for sale from the
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
×

“Knowing is not enough; we must apply. Willing is not enough; we must do.”

—Goethe

INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE

Shaping the Future for Health

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
×

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

National Academy of Sciences

National Academy of Engineering

Institute of Medicine

National Research Council

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. William A. Wulf is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. William A. Wulf are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
×

PANEL ON DIETARY ANTIOXIDANTS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS

NORMAN I. KRINSKY (Chair),

Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts

GARY R. BEECHER,

U.S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland

RAYMOND F. BURK,

Clinical Nutrition Unit, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee

ALVIN C. CHAN,

Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

JOHN W. ERDMAN, JR.,

Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

ROBERT A. JACOB,

U.S. Department of Agriculture Western Human Nutrition Research Center, University of California, Davis

ISHWARLAL JIALAL,

Department of Pathology and Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas

LAURENCE N. KOLONEL,

Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu

JAMES R. MARSHALL,

Cancer Prevention and Control, Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson

SUSAN TAYLOR MAYNE,

Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut

ROSS L. PRENTICE,

Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington

KATHLEEN B. SCHWARZ,

Division of Pediatric GI/Nutrition, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland

DANIEL STEINBERG,

Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of California, San Diego

MARET G. TRABER,

Department of Nutrition and Food Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis

Food and Nutrition Board Liaison

CHARLES H. HENNEKENS,

Boca Raton, Florida

Federal Project Steering Committee Liaison

LTC KARL FRIEDL,

U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, Maryland

Staff

SANDRA A. SCHLICKER, Study Director

ELISABETH A. REESE, Research Associate

ALICE L. VOROSMARTI, Research Associate

MICHELE R. RAMSEY, Senior Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
×

SUBCOMMITTEE ON UPPER REFERENCE LEVELS OF NUTRIENTS

IAN C. MUNRO (Chair),

CanTox, Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada

GEORGE C. BECKING,

Phoenix OHC, Kingston, Ontario, Canada

RENATE D. KIMBROUGH, Independent Consultant,

Washington, D.C.

RITA B. MESSING,

Division of Environmental Health, Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul

SANFORD A. MILLER,

Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio

SUZANNE P. MURPHY,

Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu

HARRIS PASTIDES,

School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia

JOSEPH V. RODRICKS,

The Life Sciences Consultancy LLC, Washington, D.C.

IRWIN H. ROSENBERG,

Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts

STEVE L. TAYLOR,

Department of Food Science and Technology and Food Processing Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln

JOHN A. THOMAS, Retired,

San Antonio, Texas

GARY M. WILLIAMS,

Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla

Staff

SANDRA A. SCHLICKER, Study Director

ELISABETH A. REESE, Research Associate

MICHELE R. RAMSEY, Senior Project Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
×

SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTERPRETATION AND USES OF DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES

SUZANNE P. MURPHY (Chair),

Cancer Research Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu

LENORE ARAB,

Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, University of North Carolina School of Public Health, Chapel Hill

SUSAN I. BARR,

Department of Nutrition, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

SUSAN T. BORRA,

International Food Information Council, Washington, D.C.

ALICIA L. CARRIQUIRY,

Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames

BARBARA L. DEVANEY,

Mathematica Policy Research, Princeton, New Jersey

JOHANNA T. DWYER,

Frances Stern Nutrition Center, New England Medical Center and Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts

JEAN-PIERRE HABICHT,

Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

HARRIET V. KUHNLEIN,

Centre for Indigenous Peoples' Nutrition and Environment, McGill University, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada

Consultant

GEORGE BEATON,

GHB Consulting, Willowdale, Ontario, Canada

Staff

MARY I. POOS, Study Director

ALICE L. VOROSMARTI, Research Associate

MICHELE R. RAMSEY, Senior Project Assistant

Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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STANDING COMMITTEE ON THE SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION OF DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES

VERNON R. YOUNG (Chair),

Laboratory of Human Nutrition, School of Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge

JOHN W. ERDMAN, JR. (Vice-Chair),

Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

LINDSAY H. ALLEN,

Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis

STEPHANIE A. ATKINSON,

Department of Pediatrics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

ROBERT J. COUSINS,

Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville

JOHANNA T. DWYER,

Frances Stern Nutrition Center, New England Medical Center and Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts

JOHN D. FERNSTROM,

Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

SCOTT M. GRUNDY,

Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas

CHARLES H. HENNEKENS,

Boca Raton, Florida

SANFORD A. MILLER,

Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio

WILLIAM M. RAND,

Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts

U.S. Government Liaison

ELIZABETH CASTRO,

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C.

Canadian Government Liaison

PETER W.F. FISCHER,

Nutrition Research Division, Health Protection Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Staff

ALLISON A. YATES, Study Director

GAIL E. SPEARS, Administrative Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
×

FOOD AND NUTRITION BOARD

CUTBERTO GARZA (Chair),

Division of Nutrition, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

LARRY R. BEUCHAT,

Center for Food Safety and Quality Enhancement, University of Georgia, Griffin

BENJAMIN CABALLERO,

Center for Human Nutrition, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland

FERGUS M. CLYDESDALE,

Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst

ROBERT J. COUSINS,

Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville

SCOTT M. GRUNDY,

Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas

ALFRED H. MERRILL, JR.,

Department of Biochemistry, Emory Center for Nutrition and Health Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia

LYNN PARKER,

Child Nutrition Programs and Nutrition Policy, Food Research and Action Center, Washington, D.C.

ROSS L. PRENTICE,

Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington

A. CATHARINE ROSS,

Department of Nutrition, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park

ROBERT M. RUSSELL,

Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts

ROBERT E. SMITH,

R.E. Smith Consulting, Inc., Newport, Vermont

VIRGINIA A. STALLINGS,

Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

STEVE L. TAYLOR,

Department of Food Science and Technology and Food Processing Center, University of Nebraska, Lincoln

Staff

ALLISON A. YATES, Director

GAIL E. SPEARS, Administrative Assistant

GARY WALKER, Financial Associate

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
×

Preface

This report is one of a series that presents a comprehensive set of reference values for nutrient intakes for healthy U.S and Canadian populations. It is a product of the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine working in cooperation with scientists from Canada.

The report establishes a set of reference values for vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium to replace previously published Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs) for the United States and Canada and examines data about β-carotene and the other carotenoids (α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lutein, lycopene, and zeaxanthin). Evidence has been reviewed regarding the impact of these compounds on chronic disease along with their roles related to deficiency states. Although the reference values are based on data, the data were often scanty or drawn from studies that had limitations in addressing the various questions that needed to be dealt with in order to develop reference values for these nutrients and food components. Thus, scientific judgment was required in setting the reference values. The reasoning used is described for each nutrient in Chapter 5, Chapter 6, Chapter 7 through Chapter 8.

These compounds, vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, β-carotene and other carotenoids, have been termed “dietary antioxidants” somewhat loosely by many. There has been intense interest by the public and the media in the possibility that increased intakes of dietary antioxidants protect against chronic disease. Many research programs are under way in this area.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
×

Epidemiological evidence suggests that the consumption of fruits and vegetables reduces the risk of both cancer and cardiovascular disease, and it has been hypothesized that this is due in part to the presence of compounds with antioxidant properties found in these food groups. While dietary antioxidants is a convenient generic title, these compounds are multifunctional, and some of the actions observed in vivo may not represent an antioxidant function, even though the compounds have been frequently classified as antioxidant nutrients.

Although a definition of a dietary antioxidant is provided in this report at the specific request of the federal agencies, the above compounds were evaluated with respect to their role in human nutrition, without limiting the criteria to antioxidant properties or to only those compounds or nutrients which met the definition. Data were reviewed regarding the minimum amount of these compounds required to prevent deficiency diseases, as well as the amounts that might impact on chronic diseases regardless of whether or not the putatively protective mechanisms involved antioxidant properties. Thus, a major task of the Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds, the Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients (UL Subcommittee), the Subcommittee on Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes (Uses Subcommittee), and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI Committee) was to analyze the evidence on beneficial and adverse effects of various intakes of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and β-carotene in the context of setting Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for these compounds.

Many of the questions raised about requirements for and recommended intakes of these nutrients cannot be answered fully because of inadequacies in the present database. Apart from studies of overt deficiency disease, there is a dearth of studies that address specific effects of inadequate intakes on specific indicators of health status. For these compounds, there is no direct information that permits estimating the amounts required by children, adolescents, lactating women, and the elderly. For β-carotene, data useful for the setting of Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs) are inconsistent and for the other carotenoids data are sparse, precluding reliable estimates of the minimum intake above which there is the risk of adverse effects. For some of these nutrients, there are questions about how much is contained in the food North Americans eat. Thus, another major task of the report was to outline a research agenda to provide a basis for public policy decisions related to rec-

Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
×

ommended intakes of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and the carotenoids and ways to achieve those intakes.

The process for establishing DRIs is an iterative process and is thus evolving as the conceptual framework is applied to new nutrients and food components. With more experience, the proposed models for establishing reference intakes for use with nutrients and food components that play a role in health will be refined. Also, as new information or new methods of analysis are adopted, these reference values undoubtedly will be reassessed.

Because the project is ongoing as indicated above, many comments were solicited and have been received on the two reports previously published (Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride and Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12,Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline). Refinements have been included in the general discussion regarding approaches used (Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Chapter 3 through Chapter 4) and in the discussion of uses of DRIs (Chapter 9 in this report). For example, it is now clearly stated that animal data can be used as the critical adverse effect in setting a UL for a nutrient.

Among the comments received to date have been requests for additional guidance in the practical application of DRIs. The Uses Subcommittee, conceptually included since the beginning of the DRI process, was formed subsequent to the release of the first two reports. Although their activities will involve reports specifically addressing the rationale for using DRIs for assessing intake and planning, in this report Chapter 9 addresses some of the major issues that relate to the anticipated uses and applications of reference values.

This report reflects the work of the Food and Nutrition Board's DRI Committee, its expert Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds, UL Subcommittee, and Uses Subcommittee. It is important to acknowledge the support of the government of Canada and Canadian scientists in this initiative, which represents a pioneering first step in the standardization of nutrient reference intakes at least within a major part of one continent. A brief description of the overall project of the DRI Committee and of the panel's task are given in Appendix A. It is hoped that the critical, comprehensive analyses of available information and of knowledge gaps in this initial series of reports will greatly assist the private sector, foundations, universities, government laboratories, and other institutions with the development of a productive research agenda for the next decade.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
×

The DRI Committee, the Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compounds, the UL Subcommittee, and the Uses Subcommittee wish to extend sincere thanks to the many experts who have assisted with this report by giving presentations, providing written materials, participating in discussions, analyzing data, and other means. Many, but far from all, of these people are named in Appendix B. Special thanks go to staff at the National Center for Health Statistics, the Food Surveys Research Group of the Agricultural Research Service, and the Department of Statistics at Iowa State University for extensive analyses of survey data.

The respective chairs and members of the panel and subcommittees have performed their work under great time pressure. Their dedication made the completion of this report possible. All gave of their time willingly and without financial reward; both the science and practice of nutrition are major beneficiaries.

This report has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council's Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments to assist the panel and subcommittee members and the Institute of Medicine in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge.

The content of the final report is the responsibility of the Institute of Medicine and the study panel and not the responsibility of the reviewers. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. The panel wishes to thank the following individuals, who are neither officials nor employees of the Institute of Medicine, for their participation in the review of this report: Bruce N. Ames, Ph.D., University of California at Berkeley; Dennis M. Bier, M.D., Baylor College of Medicine; James R. Coughlin, Ph.D., Coughlin & Associates; Barry Halliwell, D.Sc., University of London, Kings College; John E. Halver, Ph.D., University of Washington; Richard J. Havel, M.D., University of California at San Francisco; Orville Levander, Ph.D., U.S. Department of Agriculture; Stanley D. Omaye, Ph.D., University of Nevada; Helmut Sies, M.D., Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Thressa C. Stadtman, Ph.D., National Institutes of Health; and Walter Willett, M.D., Dr. P.H., Harvard School of Public Health.

The DRI Committee wishes to acknowledge, in particular, the commitment shown by Norman Krinsky, chair of the panel, who steered this difficult project through what at times seemed to some

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
×

like “dangerous and uncharted waters.” His ability to keep the effort and the various perspectives moving in a positive direction is very much appreciated. Thanks also are due to DRI Committee members Scott Grundy and John Fernstrom, in-depth internal reviewers for this report.

Special thanks go to the staff of the Food and Nutrition Board and foremost to Sandra Schlicker, who was the study director for the panel and without whose assistance, both intellectual and managerial, this report would neither have been as polished nor as timely in its release.

It is, of course, those at the Food and Nutrition Board who get much of the work completed and so the panel, subcommittees, and the Food and Nutrition Board wish to thank Allison Yates, Director of the Food and Nutrition Board, for constant assistance and it also recognizes, with appreciation, the contributions of Mary Poos, Elisabeth Reese, Alice Vorosmarti, Gail Spears, and Michele Ramsey. We also thank Florence Poillon and Sydne Newberry for editing the manuscript and Mike Edington and Claudia Carl for assistance with publication.

Vernon Young

Chair, Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes

Cutberto Garza

Chair, Food and Nutrition Board

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels,

 

155

   

 Research Recommendations for Vitamin C,

 

165

   

 References,

 

167

 6

 

VITAMIN E

 

186

   

 Summary,

 

186

   

 Background Information,

 

187

   

 Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for α-Tocopherol,

 

203

   

 Factors Affecting the Vitamin E Requirement,

 

224

   

 Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group,

 

226

   

 Intake of Vitamin E,

 

243

   

 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels,

 

249

   

 Research Recommendations for Vitamin E,

 

260

   

 References,

 

262

 7

 

SELENIUM

 

284

   

 Summary,

 

284

   

 Background Information,

 

284

   

 Selection of Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for Selenium,

 

287

   

 Factors Affecting the Selenium Requirement,

 

291

   

 Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group,

 

292

   

 Intake of Selenium,

 

308

   

 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels,

 

311

   

 Research Recommendations for Selenium,

 

318

   

 References,

 

319

 8

 

β-CAROTENE AND OTHER CAROTENOIDS

 

325

   

 Summary,

 

325

   

 Background Information,

 

326

   

 Selection of Possible Indicators for Estimating the Requirement for β-Carotene and Other Carotenoids,

 

331

   

 Factors Affecting Carotenoid Bioavailability,

 

354

   

 Findings by Life Stage and Gender Group,

 

358

   

 Intake of Carotenoids,

 

360

   

 Tolerable Upper Intake Levels,

 

366

   

 Research Recommendations for β-Carotene and Other Carotenoids,

 

371

   

 References,

 

372

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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DRI DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FORVitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Page viii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Page xiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Page xvii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Page xviii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Page xxii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Page xxiii Cite
Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." Institute of Medicine. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9810.
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Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids Get This Book
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This volume is the newest release in the authoritative series of quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets for healthy people. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) is the newest framework for an expanded approach developed by U.S. and Canadian scientists.

This book discusses in detail the role of vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and the carotenoids in human physiology and health. For each nutrient the committee presents what is known about how it functions in the human body, which factors may affect how it works, and how the nutrient may be related to chronic disease.

Dietary Reference Intakes provides reference intakes, such as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), for use in planning nutritionally adequate diets for different groups based on age and gender, along with a new reference intake, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), designed to assist an individual in knowing how much is "too much" of a nutrient.

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