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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Clean Coastal Waters: Understanding and Reducing the Effects of Nutrient Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9812.
×

Index

A

Abatement strategies

monitoring and modeling, 197-236

source reduction and control, 269-310

understanding, 195-310

water quality goals, 237-268

Adriatic Sea, 88

AFOs. See Animal feeding operations

AGNPS. See Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution model

Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution model (AGNPS), 377

Agricultural production systems changes under way in, 161

Agriculture-dominated watersheds, 211-212

Air Pollution Prevention and Control Act. See Clean Air Act

Albemarle-Pamlico estuarine system, 27, 109, 112

Algal beds

degradation of, 98-101

Algal bloom. See Harmful algal bloom (HAB)

Allochthonous organic matter inputs influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 175

American Society of Civil Engineers, 300, 302

Urban Water Resources Research Council of, 303

Ammonium sulfate, 134

Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), 26, 29, 95

Anaerobic digestion

of liquid wastes, 280

Animal feeding operations (AFOs), 124-125

Anoxia

shifts in community structure caused by, 89-90

ANSWERS. See Areal, Nonpoint Source Watershed Environment Response Simulation

Apalachicola estuary, 66

Areal, Nonpoint Source Watershed Environment Response Simulation (ANSWERS), 377-378

ASP. See Amnesic shellfish poisoning

Assessments

need to conduct, 10, 59

Atmospheric nitrogen, 35-36, 53

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Clean Coastal Waters: Understanding and Reducing the Effects of Nutrient Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9812.
×

B

Baltic Sea, 32, 79-81

Barbados, 103

BASINS. See Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources

Beaches

importance of, 15

“Beneficiary pays” principle, 251-252

Benthic filter feeders, 305-306

Best management practices (BMPs), 57, 59, 256, 272, 274-275, 277, 282-288, 300, 302, 309

Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS), 378

Biogeochemical models CENTURY, 231

Biogeochemical processes, 74

Biological oxygen demand (BOD), 296

Biological treatment options in situ, 304-306

“Blue-green algae,” 78

BMPs. See Best management practices

BOD. See Biological oxygen demand

Bottom-dwelling plants, 100

C

C-GOOS. See Coastal Component of the Global Ocean Observing System

CAFE. See Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency standards

CASTNET. See Clean Air Status and Trends Network

CCMP. See Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan

CE-QUAL-W2 model, 386

CENR. See Committee on Environment and Natural Resources

CENTURY model

biogeochemical, 231

Chaetomorpha, 26

Chattonella, 98

CH3D-ICM model, 387-388

Chemical, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems (CREAMS), 379

Chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT), 296

Cherry Creek Basin, 264

Chesapeake Bay, 6, 27, 39, 76, 88, 103, 106, 109-110, 120, 122, 128-130, 152-157, 230, 305

Chesapeake Bay Program, 49, 219-220, 304, 361

Choosing targets, 239-240

Circulation enhancement, 304

CISNet. See Coastal Intensive Site Network

Cladophora, 26

Classification scheme

Hansen and Rattray, 179-180

Clean Air Act, 7, 9, 16-18, 37, 53, 56, 61, 161, 289, 293, 309, 356

amendments to, 263, 291, 307, 360

Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET), 363

Clean Water Act, 7, 9, 16-17, 52-53, 212, 242, 252, 293-294, 309, 356-358, 360, 362

Clean Water Action Plan (CWAP), 9, 51-53, 55, 358, 367

Clean Water State Revolving Funds loans, 362

CNSPCP. See Coastal Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program

Coastal Component of the Global Ocean Observing System (C-GOOS), 365-366

Coastal eutrophication

management strategies addressing, 368

models for, 384-391

Coastal Intensive Site Network (CISNet), 365

Coastal marine ecosystems

evidence for nitrogen limitation in, 67-72

importance of silica and iron in, 81-83

mechanisms that lead to nitrogen limitation in, 72-81

Coastal models

for monitoring and modeling, 227-230

Coastal Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program (CNSPCP), 52, 357-358

Coastal Research and Monitoring Strategy, 52, 367

Coastal Services Center, 367-368

Coastal system types

Plankton Dominated Drowned River Valley Estuary (DRVE), 166

Salt Marsh Dominated Estuary (SME), 166

Seagrass Dominated Estuary (SGE), 166

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Clean Coastal Waters: Understanding and Reducing the Effects of Nutrient Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9812.
×

Coastal waters

determining status of, 44

nutrient over-enrichment in, 14-16

productivity of, 2-3

sources of nutrient inputs to, 113-162

Coastal Zone Management Act, 7, 9, 16, 18, 53, 356-358

reauthorization amendments to, 52

Coastal Zone Management Programs, 358

Columbia River, 180

Combating nutrient over-enrichment, 37-62

Command-and-control regulations, 258-260

Committee on Environment and Natural Resources (CENR), 51, 54, 188, 210

Draft Coastal Research and Monitoring Strategy, 59

Environmental Monitoring Team of, 188

Committee on the Causes and Management of Coastal Eutrophication, 16, 79, 188

“Compensating surplus.” See Willingness to pay

Complexity

levels of, 229-230

Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP), 360

Concentration measurements

limits of, 248

Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program, 53

Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), 252, 256-257, 288

Controlling costs

of monitoring and modeling, 213-214

Controlling the right nutrients, 31-36

Copper, 91

Coral reef destruction, 30-31, 101-103

Coral-zooxanthellae symbiosis, 30

Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) standards, 290, 292-293

Corpus Christi Bay, 87

CREAMS. See Chemical, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems

Criteria

establishing, 240-242

Crop rotation, 281

“Crown-of-Thorns” starfish, 31

CRP. See Conservation Reserve Program

CWAP. See Clean Water Action Plan

Cyanobacteria, 78

D

Danish Nationwide Monitoring Program, 204-205

Data assimilation, 200

Data sets

electronic storage and management of, 202

Databases

need to develop, 56

DCP. See Dissolved concentration potential

“Dead Zone”

in the Gulf of Mexico, 1, 25, 39, 87

Denitrification, 140-141

influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 171

Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), 26, 29, 95

Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, 102

Dilution

influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 165

Dilution capacity, 184-186

Dissolved concentration potential (DCP), 182-183, 186-187, 191

updating measures of, 191

Dissolved organic matter (DOM), 91-92

Distributed Routing, Rainfall, Runoff Model-Quality (DR3M-QUAL), 380

DOE. See U.S. Department of Energy

DOM. See Dissolved organic matter

Dose-Response Curves, 166

Draft Coastal Research and Monitoring Strategy, 59

DR3M-QUAL. See Distributed Routing, Rainfall, Runoff Model-Quality

DSP. See Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning

Dutch coastal waters, 92

DYNHYD5, 386

E

ECOM/*EM model, 387

Economic impacts

challenge of estimating, 111-112

types of, 104-111

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Clean Coastal Waters: Understanding and Reducing the Effects of Nutrient Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9812.
×

EFDC. See Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code model

Elba watershed, 6

EMAP. See Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program

Embayments, 73

Enrichment. See Over-enrichment

Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) model, 388

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP), 209, 363-364

Environmental Monitoring Team, 188

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 7-8, 16-17, 52-53, 56, 61, 108, 156, 212, 226, 234, 246, 255

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) of, 209, 363-364

Great Waters program of, 53, 360-361

National Estuary Program (NEP) of, 45, 191, 210, 359-360, 368-370

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) of, 202, 226, 235, 247, 295, 298, 357

Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) of, 225, 383

Pollution Prevention Grants Program of, 361

statistical method of, 383

Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), 288, 362

EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency

EQIP. See Environmental Quality Incentives Program

“Equivalent surplus.” See Willingness to accept

Estuaries

nitrogen and phosphorus in, 66-67

productivity of, 2

sources of nutrient inputs to, 113-162

Estuarine conditions

developing quantitative measures of, 208-210

Estuarine export potential (EXP), 182-184, 186-187, 191

updating measures of, 191

Estuarine models, 384-391

for monitoring and modeling, 227-230

European Community limits, 276

European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model, 219

EUTRO5 model, 385, 387

Eutrophication

controlled by nitrogen, 68-70

defined, 1-2, 24

spatial coherence scales of, 199

Eutrophication reduction policies, 250

Executive Office

Committee on Environment and Natural Resources (CENR), 51, 54

EXP. See Estuarine export potential

Expanding monitoring and modeling need for, 7-8

Experimental Lakes Area, 68, 78

F

Federal actions

need to exert leadership, 8-9, 56-57

recommendations for, 51-62

Federal monitoring and assessment programs, 362-368

Federal programs

need to identify and correct overlaps and gaps in, 9, 51, 53-55

representative, 357-362

Fees, 261-262

Findings. See Recommendations

Finger canals, 305

Fjords, 73

Florida Bay, 88

Florida Keys, 88, 102

Flushing

influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 165-167, 170

Framework for Integrating the Nation’s Environmental Monitoring and Research Networks and Programs, 366-367

G

German coastal waters, 92

GLEAMS. See Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems

Global Positioning System technology, 214

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Clean Coastal Waters: Understanding and Reducing the Effects of Nutrient Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9812.
×

“Gold Book” criteria, 242

GOMP. See Gulf of Mexico Program

GPP. See Gross Primary Productivity

Great Barrier Reef, 102

Great Waters program, 53, 360-361

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), 168-169

Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems (GLEAMS), 372, 379

Gulf Coast of Florida, 107

Gulf of Mexico, 88, 108, 111

“Dead Zone” in, 1, 25, 39, 87

Gulf of Mexico Program (GOMP), 361

H

HAB. See Harmful algal bloom

Habitat measurements

information from, 216

Hansen and Rattray classification scheme, 179-180

Harmful algal bloom (HAB), 26, 28-31, 52, 84-85, 93-98, 306-307

controlling with natural parasite, 307

effect of, 2

expansion of, 29

Hedonic pricing models, 108

Himmerfjärden estuary, 70-71, 194

HSPF. See Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN

Hudson River estuary

water residence time in, 168-169

Hydrologic Engineering Center of, 234

Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF), 372, 379

Hypoxia, 86-89

shifts in community structure caused by, 89-90

Hypsography

influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 170

I

Important nutrients

identifying, 65-83

Index sites, 58

proposal to select and use, 188

Industrial waste

treated, 295, 297

Inland Sea of Japan, 96-97

“Insurance” fertilization, 277

Integrated Coastal Monitoring Program for the Gulf of Mexico, 365

International Council of Scientific Unions, 141

International Geosphere-Biosphere Program, 141

International SCOPE Nitrogen Project, 121-122, 141-142, 145-146, 150-153, 224, 227

Iron

affect on phytoplankton, 82

importance in coastal systems, 81-83

K

Kaneohe Bay, 102

Kattegat, 204-205

Kissimmee River, 303-304

L

Lagoons, 73

Laholm Bay, 32, 70, 72

Lake Champlain, 286

Lake Okeechobee, 303

Lakes

nitrogen and phosphorus in, 66-67

LaPlatte River watershed, 286-287

Light extinction

influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 171

Lingulodinium machaerophorum, 93-94

Little Washita River watershed, 285-286

Livestock. See Animal feeding operations (AFOs)

Load maintenance strategies

identifying most effective, 50

Loadings

investigating, 46-48, 111

Local managers

need to support initiatives from, 61-62

recommended approach for, 42-50

results of questionnaire, 356-375

Long Island Sound, 39, 87, 120, 223-224, 264

Long Term Ecological Research Network, 366

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Clean Coastal Waters: Understanding and Reducing the Effects of Nutrient Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9812.
×

M

Maintenance steps, 49-50

Management strategies, 373-375

addressing coastal eutrophication, 368

Managers

challenge to, 14, 236

need to provide information to, 8, 60

results of questionnaire, 356-375

Managing Troubled Waters, 201

Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas, 31

Mandatory nutrient management, 259

Manokin River, 25

Manure management, 278-280

Margin of safety, 243

Marine Ecosystem Research Laboratory (MERL), 68-69, 167, 214, 221

Marketable permits, 263-265, 307-308

Mediterranean estuaries, 179

MERL. See Marine Ecosystem Research Laboratory

Metadatabase

need to develop, 56

Metals

bioavailability of, 91

Microalgae, 26

MIKE3 model, 387

Mississippi Basin, 25, 122

Mississippi River, 25, 82, 88, 122, 157-158

Modeling

estuarine and coastal models, 227-230

introduction to, 214-225

other relevant models, 230-233

recommendations for, 233-236

watershed management models, 225-227

Models

coastal eutrophication, 384-391

creating proprietary, 234

estuarine, 384-391

need to improve, 9-10, 60

process, 377-382

reviews, 376-391

selecting, 233-234

spreadsheet, 382

statistical, 382-384

watershed, 376

Molybdenum

required for nitrogen fixation, 80

Monitoring

calibration in, 198n

controlling costs of, 213-214

developing quantitative measures of estuarine conditions, 208-210

developing quantitative measures of watershed conditions, 210-213

elements of an effective program for, 202-208

introduction to, 201-202

need to expand capability for, 7-8, 57-59

recommendations for, 233-236

using volunteer observers in, 215-216

Moral persuasion, 255-256

Mud Hollow Brook watershed, 287

Municipal waste

treated, 293-295

N

NADP. See National Atmospheric Deposition Program

Narragansett Bay, 32, 69, 76-77, 157, 214

National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 293

National Animal Feeding Operations Strategy, 53

National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP), 46, 53, 363

National Coastal Monitoring Center, 364

National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment, 4-5, 10, 21-22, 38-40, 44, 50, 59, 183, 186-187, 208, 368

National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR), 191, 358-360

National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS), 210

System-Wide Monitoring Program (SWMP) of, 364

National Estuary Program (NEP), 45, 191, 210, 359-360, 368-370

National Harmful Algal Bloom Research and Monitoring Strategy, 52

National information clearinghouse need to develop, 55-56

National Nutrient Management Strategy, 38-39, 42, 51, 55, 57, 59, 62

National Ocean Service, 182-184, 187

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) , 16, 46-47, 50, 57, 61, 104, 111, 153-154, 165, 170, 182-183, 274

Coastal Services Center of, 367-368

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Clean Coastal Waters: Understanding and Reducing the Effects of Nutrient Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9812.
×

National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment of, 4-5, 10, 21-22, 38, 40, 44, 50, 59, 183, 186-187, 208, 368

National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) of, 191, 358-360

National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) of, 210

National Ocean Service of, 182-184, 187

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), 202, 226, 235, 247, 295, 298, 357

National Research Council (NRC), 16, 35, 45, 86, 95, 115, 201, 224, 243, 273

Committee on the Causes and Management of Coastal Eutrophication, 16, 79, 188

National Resources Conservation Service, 370

National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), 54

National Science Foundation (NSF), 7, 16, 61, 189-190

National Strategy for the Development of Regional Nutrient Criteria, 367

National Trends Network, 363

National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA), 363

National Wetlands Inventory classification, 178-179

Nationwide Coastal Environmental Quality Monitoring Network, 364

Nationwide strategy needed

to address nutrient over-enrichment, developing, 38-42

Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP), 225, 383

Natural Resource Conservation Service of, 213

NAWQA. See National Water Quality Assessment

NEP. See National Estuary Program

NERR. See National Estuarine Research Reserve

NERRS. See National Estuarine Research Reserve System

Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), 26, 29, 95

Nitrogen, 274-276

animal feeding on, 272-273

atmospheric, 35-36, 135-139

decomposition rate of organic, 278

in estuaries and lakes, 66-67

export from agricultural systems, 133-135

reason for focusing on, 31-32, 34

reducing off-farm inputs of, 273-274

retention in forests, 137-138

Nitrogen fertilizer

fate of in North America, 115-117

production of, 114

Nitrogen limitation

evidence for, in coastal marine ecosystems, 67-72

mechanisms that lead to, in coastal marine ecosystems, 72-81

Nitrogen Saturation Experiment, 139

NOAA. See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Nonpoint Source Implementation Grants, 362

North Sea, 219

NPDES. See National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System

NPSM-HSPF model, 378

NRC. See National Research Council

NSF. See National Science Foundation

NSP. See Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning

NSTC. See National Science and Technology Council

NURP. See Nationwide Urban Runoff Program

Nutrient inputs

methodologies for determining, 151-153

rate of change in, 157-160

sources to estuaries and coastal waters, 113-162

spatial and temporal distribution of, 171, 175

Nutrient load

influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 165

Nutrient over-enrichment

in coastal waters, 14-16

combating, 37-62

developing a nationwide strategy to address, 38-42

problem of, 2-4, 20-36

understanding, 13-36

Nutrient over-enrichment effects, 20, 23, 84-112

ecological, 85-103

economic, 103-112

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Clean Coastal Waters: Understanding and Reducing the Effects of Nutrient Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9812.
×

Nutrients

controlling the right, 31-36

identifying important, 65-83

O

Operculodinium centrocarpum, 94

Oslo Fjord, 94, 157

Over-enrichment

understanding nutrient, 13-36

Oxygen demand

increased, 86-89

Ozone Transport Assessment Group, 292

P

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), 26, 29, 95

Partnership

public-private, 254

Peridinium faeroense, 94

Permits

marketable, 263-265

Pfiesteria, 26-28, 77, 98, 107

Phaeocystis, 96

Phosphorus, 277-278

animal feeding on, 272-273

biological removal of, 295

in estuaries and lakes, 66-67

export from agricultural systems, 130-133

reducing off-farm inputs of, 273-274

Photographs

information from, 215

Physiographic setting

influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 164-165

Phytoplankton

affect of iron on, 82-83

Phytoplankton grazing

influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 170-171

Phytoplankton turnover time

influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 165-167, 170

Plankton community structure changes in, 90-93

Po River, 88

Pocomoke River, 25

Poisoning syndromes. See Amnesic shellfish poisoning;

Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning;

Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning;

Paralytic shellfish poisoning

Policies

eutrophication reduction, 250

“Polluter pays” principle, 251-252

Polluting parties, 251

Pollution control

distributional impacts of, 251-252

dynamic adjustment to, 251

voluntary approaches to, 253-258

Pollution permits

trading, 263-265

Pollution Prevention Grants Program, 361

Population density

link to nitrogen export, 144

Porites porites, 103

Prevention steps, 49-50

Primary production base

influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 165

Problem

of nutrient over-enrichment, 20-36

understanding, 63-194

Process models, 377-382

Program coordination

need for, 370

Programmatic approaches, 356-375

Property values, 106

Proprietary models

creating, 234

PSP. See Paralytic shellfish poisoning

Public-private partnership

in Tampa Bay, 254

Puget Sound, 183

Q

QUAL2E model, 385

R

Recommendations, 37-62

for federal actions, 51-62

for local managers, 42-50

for monitoring and modeling, 233-236

Red tides, 15, 93, 97, 306

Redfield ratio, 78

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Clean Coastal Waters: Understanding and Reducing the Effects of Nutrient Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9812.
×

Regional Monitoring Programs, 364

Related websites, 392-393

Remedial measures

implementing, 283-285

Research

need to expand and target, 10, 61

resources needed for, 44-50

Restoration steps, 45-49

Results of a managers questionnaire, 368-375

Rhine watershed, 6

Riparian area surveys

information from, 216

Riparian zones

effectiveness of, 281-282

Rivers, 73.

See also individual rivers

S

Safe Drinking Water Act, 251

Safety

margin of, 243

Salt Marsh Dominated Estuary (SME), 166

Sampling design, 203

San Francisco Bay system, 172-174

Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE)

International Nitrogen Project of, 121-122, 141-142, 145-146, 150-153, 224, 227

SCOPE. See Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment

Seagrass

degradation of, 98-101

Seagrass Dominated Estuary (SGE), 166

Seagrass models, 230-231

Sensitivity analysis, 218

Septic tanks, 297-298

Sewer overflow

structural controls for, 301-302

Silica

importance in coastal systems, 81-83

Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins (SWRRB), 379-380

Soil phosphorus thresholds, 212

Source reduction and control, 269-310

agricultural sources, 270-288

atmospheric sources, 288-293

next steps for, 308-310

other mitigation options, 302-308

urban sources, 293-302

Sources of nutrient inputs

agricultural, 270-288

atmospheric, 288-293

changes in agricultural production and nonpoint source nutrient pollution, 124-139

disturbance, nonpoint nutrient fluxes, and baselines for nutrient exports from pristine systems, 121-123

to estuaries and coastal waters, 113-162

implications for achieving source reductions, 160-162

insights from the SPARROW model applied to the national scale, 147-150

nutrient budgets for specific estuaries and coastal waters, 150-156

nutrient fluxes to the coast, 141-147

oceanic waters as a nutrient source to estuaries and coastal waters, 156-160

processing of nitrogen and phosphorus in wetlands, streams, and rivers, 139-141

wastewater and nonpoint source inputs, 119-121

SPARROW. See Spatially Referenced Regressions on Watersheds Model

Spatial distribution of nutrient inputs

influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 171, 175

Spatially Referenced Regressions on Watersheds Model (SPARROW), 147-150, 152-154, 186-187, 227, 382-383

Special Water Quality Incentives, 288

Spreadsheet models, 382

Standards

establishing, 240-242

Statistical approaches, 382-384

Storage, Treatment, Overflow Runoff Model (STORM), 380, 382

Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), 382

Stormwater control facilities, 301

regional, 302-303

Stratification

influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 170

Streamgaging Network, 362-363

Structural controls

for sewer overflow, 301-302

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Clean Coastal Waters: Understanding and Reducing the Effects of Nutrient Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9812.
×

Susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 163-194

additional questions about, 191-194

coastal classification, 176

geomorphic classification, 177

habitat classification, 178-181

hybrid classification, 181

hydrodynamic classification, 177-178

index of, 172-174

major factors influencing estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 164-176

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Ocean Service classification schemes, 182-187

need to develop better classification scheme for, 59-608

next steps, 187-191

Suspended materials load

influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 171

SWMM. See Storm Water Management Model

SWMP. See System-Wide Monitoring Program

SWRRB. See Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins

System-Wide Monitoring Program (SWMP), 364-365

T

Tampa Bay, 6, 120, 265

eutrophication reversal in, 192-194

public-private partnership in, 254

Targets

choosing, 239-240

Taxes, 261-262

Temporal distribution of nutrient inputs

influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 171, 175

Thalassia testudinum, 99

TMDLs. See Total maximum daily loads

Tolo Harbor, 96

Tools and information

existing, 44-50

Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program, 357

Total maximum daily loads (TMDLs), 45, 50, 56, 212, 241-244, 246-247

TOXIROUTE model, 378

Trading pollution permits, 263-265

Transport management, 280-283

Treated industrial waste, 295, 297

Treated municipal waste, 293-295

Tyrrell model, 79

U

U.K. Nitrate Sensitive Areas Scheme, 281

Ulva, 26

Understanding abatement strategies, 195-310

United Nations’ Environmental Program, 141

Urban diffuse source discharges, 298-302

Urban Water Resources Research Council, 303

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Hydrologic Engineering Center of, 234

National Resources Conservation Service of, 370

U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 7-8, 16, 53, 212, 234

Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) of, 252, 256-257, 288

Natural Resource Conservation Service of, 213

U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), 255

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 178

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 7-8, 16, 46, 58-59, 153, 172, 186, 207, 234

regression models of, 383-384

Streamgaging Network of, 362-363

USDA. See U.S. Department of Agriculture

USGS. See U.S. Geological Survey

V

Valuation techniques

alternative, 105-111

Vibrios, 103

W

WARMF. See Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework

WASP. See Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 2000. Clean Coastal Waters: Understanding and Reducing the Effects of Nutrient Pollution. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9812.
×

WASP5 model, 385-386

Wastewater treatment processes “polishing,” 300

removal capability percentages of, 296

Water Environment Federation, 300

Water Information Network, 53

Water Pollution Control Act. See Clean Water Act

Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP), 221

Water Quality Assessment Methodology (WQAM), 384

Water quality goals, 237-268

choosing a policy approach, 247-265

setting, 239-247

steps in developing effective, 265-268

Water Quality Improvement Act (WQIA), 259

Water residence time

in Hudson River estuary, 168-169

influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 165-167, 170

Water samples

information from, 215-216

Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework (WARMF), 380

Watershed conditions

developing quantitative measures of, 210-213

Watershed models, 225-227, 376

Watersheds

agriculture-dominated, 211-212

hydrologic/hydraulic alterations in, 303-304

identifying, 283-285

targeting within, 285-286

Websites, 392-393

Wetlands, 300-301

Wetlands Reserve Program, 52, 288

Wildlife Habitat Incentive Program, 288

Willingness to accept (WTA), 104

Willingness to pay (WTP), 23, 104, 110

World Meteorological Organization, 141

WQAM. See Water Quality Assessment Methodology

WQIA. See Water Quality Improvement Act

WTA. See Willingness to accept

WTP. See Willingness to pay

Y

Yards and Neighborhood Program, 255

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Environmental problems in coastal ecosystems can sometimes be attributed to excess nutrients flowing from upstream watersheds into estuarine settings. This nutrient over-enrichment can result in toxic algal blooms, shellfish poisoning, coral reef destruction, and other harmful outcomes. All U.S. coasts show signs of nutrient over-enrichment, and scientists predict worsening problems in the years ahead.

Clean Coastal Waters explains technical aspects of nutrient over-enrichment and proposes both immediate local action by coastal managers and a longer-term national strategy incorporating policy design, classification of affected sites, law and regulation, coordination, and communication.

Highlighting the Gulf of Mexico's "Dead Zone," the Pfiesteria outbreak in a tributary of Chesapeake Bay, and other cases, the book explains how nutrients work in the environment, why nitrogen is important, how enrichment turns into over-enrichment, and why some environments are especially susceptible. Economic as well as ecological impacts are examined.

In addressing abatement strategies, the committee discusses the importance of monitoring sites, developing useful models of over-enrichment, and setting water quality goals. The book also reviews voluntary programs, mandatory controls, tax incentives, and other policy options for reducing the flow of nutrients from agricultural operations and other sources.

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