Index
A
Abatement strategies
monitoring and modeling, 197-236
source reduction and control, 269-310
understanding, 195-310
water quality goals, 237-268
Adriatic Sea, 88
AFOs. See Animal feeding operations
AGNPS. See Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution model
Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution model (AGNPS), 377
Agricultural production systems changes under way in, 161
Agriculture-dominated watersheds, 211-212
Air Pollution Prevention and Control Act. See Clean Air Act
Albemarle-Pamlico estuarine system, 27, 109, 112
Algal beds
degradation of, 98-101
Algal bloom. See Harmful algal bloom (HAB)
Allochthonous organic matter inputs influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 175
American Society of Civil Engineers, 300, 302
Urban Water Resources Research Council of, 303
Ammonium sulfate, 134
Amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), 26, 29, 95
Anaerobic digestion
of liquid wastes, 280
Animal feeding operations (AFOs), 124-125
Anoxia
shifts in community structure caused by, 89-90
ANSWERS. See Areal, Nonpoint Source Watershed Environment Response Simulation
Apalachicola estuary, 66
Areal, Nonpoint Source Watershed Environment Response Simulation (ANSWERS), 377-378
ASP. See Amnesic shellfish poisoning
Assessments
B
Barbados, 103
BASINS. See Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources
Beaches
importance of, 15
“Beneficiary pays” principle, 251-252
Benthic filter feeders, 305-306
Best management practices (BMPs), 57, 59, 256, 272, 274-275, 277, 282-288, 300, 302, 309
Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS), 378
Biogeochemical models CENTURY, 231
Biogeochemical processes, 74
Biological oxygen demand (BOD), 296
Biological treatment options in situ, 304-306
“Blue-green algae,” 78
BMPs. See Best management practices
BOD. See Biological oxygen demand
Bottom-dwelling plants, 100
C
C-GOOS. See Coastal Component of the Global Ocean Observing System
CAFE. See Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency standards
CASTNET. See Clean Air Status and Trends Network
CCMP. See Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan
CE-QUAL-W2 model, 386
CENR. See Committee on Environment and Natural Resources
CENTURY model
biogeochemical, 231
Chaetomorpha, 26
Chattonella, 98
CH3D-ICM model, 387-388
Chemical, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems (CREAMS), 379
Chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT), 296
Cherry Creek Basin, 264
Chesapeake Bay, 6, 27, 39, 76, 88, 103, 106, 109-110, 120, 122, 128-130, 152-157, 230, 305
Chesapeake Bay Program, 49, 219-220, 304, 361
Choosing targets, 239-240
Circulation enhancement, 304
CISNet. See Coastal Intensive Site Network
Cladophora, 26
Classification scheme
Hansen and Rattray, 179-180
Clean Air Act, 7, 9, 16-18, 37, 53, 56, 61, 161, 289, 293, 309, 356
amendments to, 263, 291, 307, 360
Clean Air Status and Trends Network (CASTNET), 363
Clean Water Act, 7, 9, 16-17, 52-53, 212, 242, 252, 293-294, 309, 356-358, 360, 362
Clean Water Action Plan (CWAP), 9, 51-53, 55, 358, 367
Clean Water State Revolving Funds loans, 362
CNSPCP. See Coastal Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program
Coastal Component of the Global Ocean Observing System (C-GOOS), 365-366
Coastal eutrophication
management strategies addressing, 368
models for, 384-391
Coastal Intensive Site Network (CISNet), 365
Coastal marine ecosystems
evidence for nitrogen limitation in, 67-72
importance of silica and iron in, 81-83
mechanisms that lead to nitrogen limitation in, 72-81
Coastal models
for monitoring and modeling, 227-230
Coastal Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program (CNSPCP), 52, 357-358
Coastal Research and Monitoring Strategy, 52, 367
Coastal Services Center, 367-368
Coastal system types
Plankton Dominated Drowned River Valley Estuary (DRVE), 166
Salt Marsh Dominated Estuary (SME), 166
Seagrass Dominated Estuary (SGE), 166
Coastal waters
determining status of, 44
nutrient over-enrichment in, 14-16
productivity of, 2-3
sources of nutrient inputs to, 113-162
Coastal Zone Management Act, 7, 9, 16, 18, 53, 356-358
reauthorization amendments to, 52
Coastal Zone Management Programs, 358
Columbia River, 180
Combating nutrient over-enrichment, 37-62
Command-and-control regulations, 258-260
Committee on Environment and Natural Resources (CENR), 51, 54, 188, 210
Draft Coastal Research and Monitoring Strategy, 59
Environmental Monitoring Team of, 188
Committee on the Causes and Management of Coastal Eutrophication, 16, 79, 188
“Compensating surplus.” See Willingness to pay
Complexity
levels of, 229-230
Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan (CCMP), 360
Concentration measurements
limits of, 248
Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program, 53
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), 252, 256-257, 288
Controlling costs
of monitoring and modeling, 213-214
Controlling the right nutrients, 31-36
Copper, 91
Coral reef destruction, 30-31, 101-103
Coral-zooxanthellae symbiosis, 30
Corporate Average Fuel Efficiency (CAFE) standards, 290, 292-293
Corpus Christi Bay, 87
CREAMS. See Chemical, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems
Criteria
establishing, 240-242
Crop rotation, 281
“Crown-of-Thorns” starfish, 31
CRP. See Conservation Reserve Program
CWAP. See Clean Water Action Plan
Cyanobacteria, 78
D
Danish Nationwide Monitoring Program, 204-205
Data assimilation, 200
Data sets
electronic storage and management of, 202
Databases
need to develop, 56
DCP. See Dissolved concentration potential
“Dead Zone”
in the Gulf of Mexico, 1, 25, 39, 87
Denitrification, 140-141
influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 171
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP), 26, 29, 95
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa, 102
Dilution
influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 165
Dilution capacity, 184-186
Dissolved concentration potential (DCP), 182-183, 186-187, 191
updating measures of, 191
Dissolved organic matter (DOM), 91-92
Distributed Routing, Rainfall, Runoff Model-Quality (DR3M-QUAL), 380
DOE. See U.S. Department of Energy
DOM. See Dissolved organic matter
Dose-Response Curves, 166
Draft Coastal Research and Monitoring Strategy, 59
DR3M-QUAL. See Distributed Routing, Rainfall, Runoff Model-Quality
DSP. See Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning
Dutch coastal waters, 92
DYNHYD5, 386
E
ECOM/*EM model, 387
Economic impacts
challenge of estimating, 111-112
types of, 104-111
EFDC. See Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code model
Elba watershed, 6
EMAP. See Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program
Embayments, 73
Enrichment. See Over-enrichment
Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code (EFDC) model, 388
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP), 209, 363-364
Environmental Monitoring Team, 188
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 7-8, 16-17, 52-53, 56, 61, 108, 156, 212, 226, 234, 246, 255
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) of, 209, 363-364
Great Waters program of, 53, 360-361
National Estuary Program (NEP) of, 45, 191, 210, 359-360, 368-370
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) of, 202, 226, 235, 247, 295, 298, 357
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) of, 225, 383
Pollution Prevention Grants Program of, 361
statistical method of, 383
Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP), 288, 362
EPA. See Environmental Protection Agency
EQIP. See Environmental Quality Incentives Program
“Equivalent surplus.” See Willingness to accept
Estuaries
nitrogen and phosphorus in, 66-67
productivity of, 2
sources of nutrient inputs to, 113-162
Estuarine conditions
developing quantitative measures of, 208-210
Estuarine export potential (EXP), 182-184, 186-187, 191
updating measures of, 191
Estuarine models, 384-391
for monitoring and modeling, 227-230
European Community limits, 276
European Regional Seas Ecosystem Model, 219
Eutrophication
controlled by nitrogen, 68-70
spatial coherence scales of, 199
Eutrophication reduction policies, 250
Executive Office
Committee on Environment and Natural Resources (CENR), 51, 54
EXP. See Estuarine export potential
Expanding monitoring and modeling need for, 7-8
Experimental Lakes Area, 68, 78
F
Federal actions
need to exert leadership, 8-9, 56-57
recommendations for, 51-62
Federal monitoring and assessment programs, 362-368
Federal programs
need to identify and correct overlaps and gaps in, 9, 51, 53-55
representative, 357-362
Fees, 261-262
Findings. See Recommendations
Finger canals, 305
Fjords, 73
Florida Bay, 88
Flushing
influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 165-167, 170
Framework for Integrating the Nation’s Environmental Monitoring and Research Networks and Programs, 366-367
G
German coastal waters, 92
GLEAMS. See Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems
Global Positioning System technology, 214
“Gold Book” criteria, 242
GOMP. See Gulf of Mexico Program
GPP. See Gross Primary Productivity
Great Barrier Reef, 102
Great Waters program, 53, 360-361
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), 168-169
Groundwater Loading Effects of Agricultural Management Systems (GLEAMS), 372, 379
Gulf Coast of Florida, 107
Gulf of Mexico Program (GOMP), 361
H
HAB. See Harmful algal bloom
Habitat measurements
information from, 216
Hansen and Rattray classification scheme, 179-180
Harmful algal bloom (HAB), 26, 28-31, 52, 84-85, 93-98, 306-307
controlling with natural parasite, 307
effect of, 2
expansion of, 29
Hedonic pricing models, 108
Himmerfjärden estuary, 70-71, 194
HSPF. See Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN
Hudson River estuary
water residence time in, 168-169
Hydrologic Engineering Center of, 234
Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF), 372, 379
Hypoxia, 86-89
shifts in community structure caused by, 89-90
Hypsography
influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 170
I
Important nutrients
identifying, 65-83
Index sites, 58
proposal to select and use, 188
Industrial waste
Inland Sea of Japan, 96-97
“Insurance” fertilization, 277
Integrated Coastal Monitoring Program for the Gulf of Mexico, 365
International Council of Scientific Unions, 141
International Geosphere-Biosphere Program, 141
International SCOPE Nitrogen Project, 121-122, 141-142, 145-146, 150-153, 224, 227
Iron
affect on phytoplankton, 82
importance in coastal systems, 81-83
K
Kaneohe Bay, 102
Kattegat, 204-205
Kissimmee River, 303-304
L
Lagoons, 73
Lake Champlain, 286
Lake Okeechobee, 303
Lakes
nitrogen and phosphorus in, 66-67
LaPlatte River watershed, 286-287
Light extinction
influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 171
Lingulodinium machaerophorum, 93-94
Little Washita River watershed, 285-286
Livestock. See Animal feeding operations (AFOs)
Load maintenance strategies
identifying most effective, 50
Loadings
Local managers
need to support initiatives from, 61-62
recommended approach for, 42-50
results of questionnaire, 356-375
Long Island Sound, 39, 87, 120, 223-224, 264
Long Term Ecological Research Network, 366
M
Maintenance steps, 49-50
Management strategies, 373-375
addressing coastal eutrophication, 368
Managers
need to provide information to, 8, 60
results of questionnaire, 356-375
Managing Troubled Waters, 201
Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas, 31
Mandatory nutrient management, 259
Manokin River, 25
Manure management, 278-280
Margin of safety, 243
Marine Ecosystem Research Laboratory (MERL), 68-69, 167, 214, 221
Marketable permits, 263-265, 307-308
Mediterranean estuaries, 179
MERL. See Marine Ecosystem Research Laboratory
Metadatabase
need to develop, 56
Metals
bioavailability of, 91
Microalgae, 26
MIKE3 model, 387
Mississippi River, 25, 82, 88, 122, 157-158
Modeling
estuarine and coastal models, 227-230
introduction to, 214-225
other relevant models, 230-233
recommendations for, 233-236
watershed management models, 225-227
Models
coastal eutrophication, 384-391
creating proprietary, 234
estuarine, 384-391
process, 377-382
reviews, 376-391
selecting, 233-234
spreadsheet, 382
statistical, 382-384
watershed, 376
Molybdenum
required for nitrogen fixation, 80
Monitoring
calibration in, 198n
controlling costs of, 213-214
developing quantitative measures of estuarine conditions, 208-210
developing quantitative measures of watershed conditions, 210-213
elements of an effective program for, 202-208
introduction to, 201-202
need to expand capability for, 7-8, 57-59
recommendations for, 233-236
using volunteer observers in, 215-216
Moral persuasion, 255-256
Mud Hollow Brook watershed, 287
Municipal waste
treated, 293-295
N
NADP. See National Atmospheric Deposition Program
Narragansett Bay, 32, 69, 76-77, 157, 214
National Ambient Air Quality Standards, 293
National Animal Feeding Operations Strategy, 53
National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP), 46, 53, 363
National Coastal Monitoring Center, 364
National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment, 4-5, 10, 21-22, 38-40, 44, 50, 59, 183, 186-187, 208, 368
National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR), 191, 358-360
National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS), 210
System-Wide Monitoring Program (SWMP) of, 364
National Estuary Program (NEP), 45, 191, 210, 359-360, 368-370
National Harmful Algal Bloom Research and Monitoring Strategy, 52
National information clearinghouse need to develop, 55-56
National Nutrient Management Strategy, 38-39, 42, 51, 55, 57, 59, 62
National Ocean Service, 182-184, 187
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) , 16, 46-47, 50, 57, 61, 104, 111, 153-154, 165, 170, 182-183, 274
Coastal Services Center of, 367-368
National Estuarine Eutrophication Assessment of, 4-5, 10, 21-22, 38, 40, 44, 50, 59, 183, 186-187, 208, 368
National Estuarine Research Reserve (NERR) of, 191, 358-360
National Estuarine Research Reserve System (NERRS) of, 210
National Ocean Service of, 182-184, 187
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), 202, 226, 235, 247, 295, 298, 357
National Research Council (NRC), 16, 35, 45, 86, 95, 115, 201, 224, 243, 273
Committee on the Causes and Management of Coastal Eutrophication, 16, 79, 188
National Resources Conservation Service, 370
National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), 54
National Science Foundation (NSF), 7, 16, 61, 189-190
National Strategy for the Development of Regional Nutrient Criteria, 367
National Trends Network, 363
National Water Quality Assessment (NAWQA), 363
National Wetlands Inventory classification, 178-179
Nationwide Coastal Environmental Quality Monitoring Network, 364
Nationwide strategy needed
to address nutrient over-enrichment, developing, 38-42
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP), 225, 383
Natural Resource Conservation Service of, 213
NAWQA. See National Water Quality Assessment
NEP. See National Estuary Program
NERR. See National Estuarine Research Reserve
NERRS. See National Estuarine Research Reserve System
Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP), 26, 29, 95
Nitrogen, 274-276
animal feeding on, 272-273
decomposition rate of organic, 278
in estuaries and lakes, 66-67
export from agricultural systems, 133-135
reason for focusing on, 31-32, 34
reducing off-farm inputs of, 273-274
retention in forests, 137-138
Nitrogen fertilizer
fate of in North America, 115-117
production of, 114
Nitrogen limitation
evidence for, in coastal marine ecosystems, 67-72
mechanisms that lead to, in coastal marine ecosystems, 72-81
Nitrogen Saturation Experiment, 139
NOAA. See National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
Nonpoint Source Implementation Grants, 362
North Sea, 219
NPDES. See National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NPSM-HSPF model, 378
NRC. See National Research Council
NSF. See National Science Foundation
NSP. See Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
NSTC. See National Science and Technology Council
NURP. See Nationwide Urban Runoff Program
Nutrient inputs
methodologies for determining, 151-153
rate of change in, 157-160
sources to estuaries and coastal waters, 113-162
spatial and temporal distribution of, 171, 175
Nutrient load
influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 165
Nutrient over-enrichment
in coastal waters, 14-16
combating, 37-62
developing a nationwide strategy to address, 38-42
understanding, 13-36
Nutrient over-enrichment effects, 20, 23, 84-112
ecological, 85-103
economic, 103-112
Nutrients
controlling the right, 31-36
identifying important, 65-83
O
Operculodinium centrocarpum, 94
Over-enrichment
understanding nutrient, 13-36
Oxygen demand
increased, 86-89
Ozone Transport Assessment Group, 292
P
Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), 26, 29, 95
Partnership
public-private, 254
Peridinium faeroense, 94
Permits
marketable, 263-265
Pfiesteria, 26-28, 77, 98, 107
Phaeocystis, 96
Phosphorus, 277-278
animal feeding on, 272-273
biological removal of, 295
in estuaries and lakes, 66-67
export from agricultural systems, 130-133
reducing off-farm inputs of, 273-274
Photographs
information from, 215
Physiographic setting
influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 164-165
Phytoplankton
affect of iron on, 82-83
Phytoplankton grazing
influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 170-171
Phytoplankton turnover time
influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 165-167, 170
Plankton community structure changes in, 90-93
Po River, 88
Pocomoke River, 25
Poisoning syndromes. See Amnesic shellfish poisoning;
Diarrhetic shellfish poisoning;
Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning;
Paralytic shellfish poisoning
Policies
eutrophication reduction, 250
“Polluter pays” principle, 251-252
Polluting parties, 251
Pollution control
distributional impacts of, 251-252
dynamic adjustment to, 251
voluntary approaches to, 253-258
Pollution permits
trading, 263-265
Pollution Prevention Grants Program, 361
Population density
link to nitrogen export, 144
Porites porites, 103
Prevention steps, 49-50
Primary production base
influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 165
Problem
of nutrient over-enrichment, 20-36
understanding, 63-194
Process models, 377-382
Program coordination
need for, 370
Programmatic approaches, 356-375
Property values, 106
Proprietary models
creating, 234
PSP. See Paralytic shellfish poisoning
Public-private partnership
in Tampa Bay, 254
Puget Sound, 183
Q
QUAL2E model, 385
R
Recommendations, 37-62
for federal actions, 51-62
for local managers, 42-50
for monitoring and modeling, 233-236
Redfield ratio, 78
Regional Monitoring Programs, 364
Related websites, 392-393
Remedial measures
implementing, 283-285
Research
need to expand and target, 10, 61
resources needed for, 44-50
Restoration steps, 45-49
Results of a managers questionnaire, 368-375
Rhine watershed, 6
Riparian area surveys
information from, 216
Riparian zones
effectiveness of, 281-282
Rivers, 73.
See also individual rivers
S
Safe Drinking Water Act, 251
Safety
margin of, 243
Salt Marsh Dominated Estuary (SME), 166
Sampling design, 203
San Francisco Bay system, 172-174
Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE)
International Nitrogen Project of, 121-122, 141-142, 145-146, 150-153, 224, 227
SCOPE. See Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment
Seagrass
degradation of, 98-101
Seagrass Dominated Estuary (SGE), 166
Seagrass models, 230-231
Sensitivity analysis, 218
Septic tanks, 297-298
Sewer overflow
structural controls for, 301-302
Silica
importance in coastal systems, 81-83
Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins (SWRRB), 379-380
Soil phosphorus thresholds, 212
Source reduction and control, 269-310
agricultural sources, 270-288
atmospheric sources, 288-293
next steps for, 308-310
other mitigation options, 302-308
urban sources, 293-302
Sources of nutrient inputs
agricultural, 270-288
atmospheric, 288-293
changes in agricultural production and nonpoint source nutrient pollution, 124-139
disturbance, nonpoint nutrient fluxes, and baselines for nutrient exports from pristine systems, 121-123
to estuaries and coastal waters, 113-162
implications for achieving source reductions, 160-162
insights from the SPARROW model applied to the national scale, 147-150
nutrient budgets for specific estuaries and coastal waters, 150-156
nutrient fluxes to the coast, 141-147
oceanic waters as a nutrient source to estuaries and coastal waters, 156-160
processing of nitrogen and phosphorus in wetlands, streams, and rivers, 139-141
wastewater and nonpoint source inputs, 119-121
SPARROW. See Spatially Referenced Regressions on Watersheds Model
Spatial distribution of nutrient inputs
influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 171, 175
Spatially Referenced Regressions on Watersheds Model (SPARROW), 147-150, 152-154, 186-187, 227, 382-383
Special Water Quality Incentives, 288
Spreadsheet models, 382
Standards
establishing, 240-242
Statistical approaches, 382-384
Storage, Treatment, Overflow Runoff Model (STORM), 380, 382
Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), 382
Stormwater control facilities, 301
regional, 302-303
Stratification
influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 170
Streamgaging Network, 362-363
Structural controls
for sewer overflow, 301-302
Susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 163-194
additional questions about, 191-194
coastal classification, 176
geomorphic classification, 177
habitat classification, 178-181
hybrid classification, 181
hydrodynamic classification, 177-178
index of, 172-174
major factors influencing estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 164-176
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s National Ocean Service classification schemes, 182-187
need to develop better classification scheme for, 59-608
next steps, 187-191
Suspended materials load
influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 171
SWMM. See Storm Water Management Model
SWMP. See System-Wide Monitoring Program
SWRRB. See Simulator for Water Resources in Rural Basins
System-Wide Monitoring Program (SWMP), 364-365
T
eutrophication reversal in, 192-194
public-private partnership in, 254
Targets
choosing, 239-240
Taxes, 261-262
Temporal distribution of nutrient inputs
influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 171, 175
Thalassia testudinum, 99
TMDLs. See Total maximum daily loads
Tolo Harbor, 96
Tools and information
existing, 44-50
Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program, 357
Total maximum daily loads (TMDLs), 45, 50, 56, 212, 241-244, 246-247
TOXIROUTE model, 378
Trading pollution permits, 263-265
Transport management, 280-283
Treated industrial waste, 295, 297
Treated municipal waste, 293-295
Tyrrell model, 79
U
U.K. Nitrate Sensitive Areas Scheme, 281
Ulva, 26
Understanding abatement strategies, 195-310
United Nations’ Environmental Program, 141
Urban diffuse source discharges, 298-302
Urban Water Resources Research Council, 303
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Hydrologic Engineering Center of, 234
National Resources Conservation Service of, 370
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 7-8, 16, 53, 212, 234
Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) of, 252, 256-257, 288
Natural Resource Conservation Service of, 213
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), 255
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 178
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 7-8, 16, 46, 58-59, 153, 172, 186, 207, 234
regression models of, 383-384
Streamgaging Network of, 362-363
USDA. See U.S. Department of Agriculture
USGS. See U.S. Geological Survey
V
Valuation techniques
alternative, 105-111
Vibrios, 103
W
WARMF. See Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework
WASP. See Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program
WASP5 model, 385-386
Wastewater treatment processes “polishing,” 300
removal capability percentages of, 296
Water Environment Federation, 300
Water Information Network, 53
Water Pollution Control Act. See Clean Water Act
Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP), 221
Water Quality Assessment Methodology (WQAM), 384
Water quality goals, 237-268
choosing a policy approach, 247-265
setting, 239-247
steps in developing effective, 265-268
Water Quality Improvement Act (WQIA), 259
Water residence time
in Hudson River estuary, 168-169
influence on estuarine susceptibility to nutrient over-enrichment, 165-167, 170
Water samples
information from, 215-216
Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework (WARMF), 380
Watershed conditions
developing quantitative measures of, 210-213
Watershed models, 225-227, 376
Watersheds
agriculture-dominated, 211-212
hydrologic/hydraulic alterations in, 303-304
identifying, 283-285
targeting within, 285-286
Websites, 392-393
Wetlands, 300-301
Wetlands Reserve Program, 52, 288
Wildlife Habitat Incentive Program, 288
Willingness to accept (WTA), 104
Willingness to pay (WTP), 23, 104, 110
World Meteorological Organization, 141
WQAM. See Water Quality Assessment Methodology
WQIA. See Water Quality Improvement Act
WTA. See Willingness to accept
WTP. See Willingness to pay
Y
Yards and Neighborhood Program, 255