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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 2000. Submarine Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Hydrofluorocarbons: HFC-236fa, HFC-23,and HFC-404a. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/9815.
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HYDROFLUOROCARBON-236FA 26 REFERENCES Bentley, K.S. 1995a. In Vitro Assay of HFC-236fa for Chromosome Aberrations in Human Lymphocytes. Haskell Laboratory Report No. 604-94. Haskell Laboratory, Wilmington, DE. Bentley, K.S. 1995b. Mouse Bone Marrow Micronucleus Assay of HFC-236fa by Inhalation. Haskell Laboratory. Report No. 602-94. Haskell Laboratory, Wilmington, DE. Bentley, K.S. 1995c. Mutagenicity Testing of HFC-236fa in the Salmonella Typhimurium and Escherichia Coli Plate Incorporation Assay. Haskell Laboratory Report No. 647-94. Haskell Laboratory, Wilmington, DE. HRC (Huntington Research Centre). 1994. HFC 236fa. Assessment of Cardiac Sensitization Potential in Dogs. Report No. DPT 293/931308. Huntington Research Centre, Ltd. Huntington, England. Keller, D.A. 1994. Acute Inhalation Toxicity of HFC-236fa and HFC-236ea in the Rat. Report No. 761-93. Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine. Newark, DE. Munley, S.M. 1996. Inhalation Developmental Toxicity of HFC-236fa in Rabbits. Haskell Laboratory Report No. 417-96. Haskell Laboratory, Wilmington, DE. Munley, S.M. 1995. Inhalation Developmental Toxicity Study of HFC-236fa in Rats. Haskell Laboratory. Report No. 66-95. Haskell Laboratory, Wilmington, DE. Smith, N.D., T.G. Brna, C.L. Gage, and R.V. Hendriks. 1997. New Chemical Alternative for Ozone- Depleting Substances: HFC-236fa. EPA-600/R-97-065. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division, Research Triangle Park, N.C. Ulrich, C.E. 1996. Acute Inhalation Toxicity Study of HFC-236fa in Albino Rats. WIL Research Laboratories, Inc. WIL-189022. DuPont Report No. HLO 74-96. Ashland, OH. Valentine, R. 1996. 90-Day Inhalation Toxicity Study with HFC-236fa in Rats. Haskell Laboratory Report No. 211-95; DuPont HLR 211-95. Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine. Newark, DE. Valentine, R. 1995. Two-week Inhalation Toxicity Study with HFC-236fa in Rats. Haskell Laboratory for Toxicology and Industrial Medicine. Report. No. 596-94; DuPont HLR 596-94, Newark, DE. Vinegar, A., G.W. Buttler, M.C. Caracci, and J.D. McCafferty. 1995. Gas Uptake Kinetics of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236fa) and Identification of Its Potential Metabolites. Armstrong Laboratory, Occupational and Environmental Health Directorate, Toxicology Division, Human Systems Center, Air Force Materiel Command. Wright-Patterson A.F.B., OH. AL/OE-TR-1995-0177, NMRI-95-46.

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As part of the effort to phase out the use of stratospheric ozone-depleting substances, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), the U.S. Navy is considering hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) as replacements for the CFC refrigerants used aboard its submarines. Before using the HFCs, the Navy plans to set emergency exposure guidance levels (EEGLs) and continuous exposure guidance levels (CEGLs) to protect submariners from health effects that could occur as a result of accidental releases or slow leaks.

In this report, the Subcommittee on Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Hydrofluorocarbons of the National Research Council's (NRC 's) Committee on Toxicology independently reviews the scientific validity of the Navy's proposed 1-hr and 24-hr EEGLs and 90-day CEGLs for two of the candidate refrigerants-HFC-236fa and HFC-404a. In addition, the subcommittee reviews the the EEGLs and CEGL for HFC-23, one of the combustion products of HFC-236fa. This NRC report is intended to aid the Navy in using HFCs safely.

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