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OCR for page 225
Index
A
Access
broadband, 46
costs of, 4142
equal, 213n
to the local loop, 11
open, and cable, 49
Access infrastructure, trends in upgrading
the local, 49-50
Adaptive design, scalable, 4041
Adaptive routing, to increase reliability
and robustness, 89-90
Address aggregation, routing table scaling
and, 66-71
Address space, scaling up, 64-81
Address translation, network, 15, 69-70, 76-
77, 140-142
Address translators, network, 70, 141
Addresses
assigning, 7-8
blocks of held by organizations, 7
managing, 65-66
numerical, 64
portability, 167-168
scarcity of, 71-76
tensions surrounding allocation of, 68
Administration, of the Domain Name
System, 52
225
Advanced intelligent network (AIN), 159-
160
Advertisements, route, 69,114
Aggregation, address, 66-71
Agreements, interconnection, 112-118
AIN. See Advanced intelligent network
Algorithms, scaling of, 56-57
Allocation of addresses, 68,105
America Online (AOL), 111-112,147
merger with Time Warner, 145
American National Standards Institute
(ANSI), 133
Anonymity, 190-194
defined, 180
in public policy, 190-194
ANSI. See American National Standards
Institute
AOL. See America Online
Application programming interface (API),
specifications for, 124-125
Applications, 4, 36
innovative, 131-132
multimedia, 100
. .
reeng~neermg, 6
reliability and robustness of, 92-93
requirements of new, 100
specifications for, 125
Architectures, 34, 154
end-to-end, 4
OCR for page 226
226
hourglass model of, 4, 36-38, 127-128
IP telephony, 155-159
PSTN, 16-17
telephony, new and evolving, 154-162
ARIN, 65
ARPANET, 39, 44n, 134
Assigning addresses, 7-8
ATM networks, 100n
Attacks
denial-of-service, 8
vulnerability of the Internet to, 84-89
Audio, streaming, 100
Authentication issues
in public policy on the Internet, 199-204
safeguards for, 24
B
Backbone capacity, 3, 20, 31n
growth in, 45
Backdoor connections, 108n
Balkanization, of the Internet, 10
Bandwidth
adding, 99-100
utilizing, 55
Barriers to entry, lowering, for innovation,
42
Bell Labs, 109n
Benefits, long-term, of open IP service, 24-
25
Best-effort networks, 9-10
BGP. See Border Gateway Protocol
Bilateral peering, 115
BIND software, 63
Biometrics, 202, 204
Bits, 55n
nonuniform treatment of, 142-145
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), 71, 104
route advertisements, 69
Boundaries, revenue-neutral, for the
Internet, 12-13
Broadband
access, 46
deployment of, 47-48
Broadcasting business, 47
Buffer overflow, 100
Business influences on openness, end-to-
end transparency in, 145-149
INDEX
C
Cable & Wireless, 110
Cable modems, 31
Cable operators, 49
Caching
DNS, 62
Web, 38
CALEA. See Communications Assistance
for Law Enforcement Act
Capacity. See also Bandwidth
growth in backbone, 45
scaling of, 55,116-117
Certification authorities, 196
Challenges
of distributing information, 6
of harmonization, 28
scaling, 4-6
Children's Online Privacy Protection Act of
1998, 181, 188
China, Internet use in, 75-76
CIDR. See Classless Interdomain Routing
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR), 67-
69, 79-80
CMIP. See Common Management
Information Protocol
Collaboration, among researchers, funders
and network operators, 20-21
Collisions between existing industries and
emerging Internet industries, 15-17,
151-176
future of the Internet and other
industry sectors, 175-176
implications of IP telephony for
telephony regulation, 170-175
interoperation between IP telephony
and the PSTN, 165-170
IP telephony defined, 152-154
new and evolving architectures for
telephony, 154-162
scenarios for future evolution, 162-165
Committee on Broadband Last-Mile
Technologies, 11, 49
Common Management Information
Protocol (CMIP), 137
Communications Assistance for Law
Enforcement Act (CALEA), Federal
Communications Commission
ruling on, 172-173,175
Communications media, 34
Communications technologies, 4, 31, 36
Computer Industry Almanac, 72
OCR for page 227
INDEX
Confidentiality safeguards, 24
Congestion, 86-87, 99-100,117
Connectivity, value placed on, 35, 108
Control
de centralize d, 4
for interoperation between IP telephony
and the PSTN, 168-169
Cookies, 183n, 196
CPNI. See Customer proprietary network
information
Credit card use, 197-200
Critical open standards in the Internet, 126-
130
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol,
129
routing protocols, 129
Cross-Industry Working Team project, 214
Cryptography, public key, 201
Customer proprietary network information
(CPNI), 184
Customers
requirements of large, 120n
value-stratification of, 9,105,118-121
"Cyber-crime," 194
D
DARPA. See Defense Advanced Research
Projects Agency
Data collection, 26
Data packets, routing of, 4,12
Data services, trends in, 50
Data transfer, mediating, 74
Decentralized control, 4
Dedicated private networks, IP telephony
configurations using, 158
Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency (DARPA), 45
Degraded service, 97-98
Demand for addresses, estimating, 71-75
Denial-of-service attacks, 8
Deployment of IPv6 technology, 79-81
recommendations for investing in, 24
Design
distributed, 4
for robustness and reliability, 15, 82-83
scalable distributed and adaptive, 40-41
success by, 3-5
Devices. See Single-purpose devices
DHCP. See Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol
227
Dial-up modems, 32
Differentiated services (diff-serv), 102
"Digital identity," 195
Digital subscriber line (DSL), 31
Directory system proposals, 64
Discounts, 121
Distributed design, 4
scalable, 4041
Distribution of information
challenges of, 6
peer-to-peer, 2
Diversification, trends in the ISP market,
4648
DNS. See Domain Name System
Domain Name System (DNS), 4, 6, 58-64,
129, 168
administration of, 52
caching, 62
conflicts in, 23n
hierarchy, 59
organization of, 58
scaling, 58-64
DSL. See Digital subscriber line
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP), 129, 139
improvements to, 78
E
E-commerce, 131-132, 147
taxation issues in, 132n, 205, 208-209
E-mail, 5,131, 146, 192
E-rate program, 215
EC. See European Commission
Economics of interconnection. See also
Financial arrangements for
interconnection; Supporting R&D
recommendations for investigating, 21
Edge-based innovation, 4, 36
EDI. See Electronic data interchange
Electronic data interchange (EDI), 147-148
Electronic Signatures in Global and
National Commerce Act, 204
Emergency (911) calls, 81,172,175
Emerging Internet industries, collisions
with existing industries, 15-17,151-
176
Employers, monitoring online activity, 192
Encryption, 193
IP-layer, 15
End systems, 37
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228
End-to-end architecture, 4
End-to-end latency, 103
End-to-end performance, 214
End-to-end service, 104
End-to-end transparency, 138-150
addressing issues in, 139-142
keeping the Internet open, 149-150
market and business influences on
openness, 145-149
nonuniform treatment of bits, 142-145
End-user equipment, 154
Entertainment business, 47
Entry, barriers for innovation, lowering, 42
ESNET, 110
Estimating address use and demand, 71-75
European Commission (EC), 189
European Telecommunications Standards
Institute (ETSI), 133
addressing interoperation between IP
telephony and the PSTN, 166
European Union (KU) regulators, 110,188-
189, 204
Evolution
of Internet standards allowing
innovation, 132
of models for interconnection through
multiple providers, 121-123
of pricing models, 4142
scenarios for future, 51-52,162-165
Existing industries, collisions with
emerging Internet industries, 15-17,
151-176
F
Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA), 188n
FCC. See Federal Communications
. .
Commlsslon
FCRA. See Fair Credit Reporting Act
Federal Communications Commission
(FCC), 123, 170-171
opening radio-frequency spectrum, 49
ruling on CALEA and common carrier
status, 173
Federal Trade Commission, 181
File transfer protocol (FTP), 134, 141
Filtering IP traffic, 143
publicizing ISPs' policies for, 25
Financial arrangements for interconnection,
115-118
discounts, 121
INDEX
peer model, 116, 118-121
transit model, 116
Firewalls, 143
Frame Relay networks, lOOn
Free Internet service providers, 111, 212
FTP. See File transfer protocol
Funders, recommendations for
collaboration with, 20-21
Future evolution
scenarios for, 162-165
and success, 51-52
G
Games, 1
Gateways, 154-155
General Services Administration, 204
Geographic perspective on Internet issues,
recommendations for maintaining
broad, 28
Government Paperwork Elimination Act, 204
Government policy responses, 25-28
creating laws and regulations that
establish overall parameters only,
27-28
focusing laws and regulations on
concerns identified, 27
maintaining broad geographic
perspective on Internet issues, 28
monitoring Internet phenomena, 25-26
researching triggers for Internet
intervention, 26
Growth
in backbone capacity, 45
of the ISP market, 4648
Growth of the Internet, 5-10
quality of service, 9-10
robustness and reliability, 8-9
scaling challenges, 5-6
scaling up the address space, 6-8
H
Hardware failures, 87
Harmonization, challenge of, 28
Hierarchy, DNS, 59
Hosting providers, 112
Hourglass model of Internet architecture,
4, 36-38, 127-128
HTTP, 6, 56-57,130, 134, 143
OCR for page 229
INDEX
I
I-mode phone service, 50
JAB. See Internet Architecture Board
ICANN. See Internet Corporation for
Assigned Names and Numbers
Identity
defined, 180
in public policy, 194-199
"Identity portability," 198
IEEE. See Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers
IESG. See Internet Engineering Steering
Group
IETF. See Internet Engineering Task Force
Industry sectors. See also Existing industries
future of, 175-176
Infrastructure
public key, 201-202
for routing, 85n
trends in upgrading local access, 6, 49-
50
Innovation, 1, 124-138
edge-based, 4, 36
evolution of Internet standards setting,
132
the Internet as a platform for, 131-132
to keep the Internet interconnected and
open, 13-15
lowering barriers to entry for, 42
Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE), standards from,
74,133
Integrated services (int-serv), quality-of-
service mechanisms for, 102-103
Integrated Services over Specific Link
Layers, 103
Interactive chat, 1
Interconnection
of ISPs, 108
to keep the Internet open, 11-13
new models for, 1
to preserve the Internet, 107-124
Interconnection mechanisms and
agreements, 112-118
considerations affecting decisions to
enter into peering agreements, 118-
121
financial arrangements for, 11-12, 115-
118
logical routing, 11, 114-115
physical, 11, 113-114
229
Interconnection openness and
transparency, 107-150
end-to-end transparency, 138-150
maintaining end-to-end service through
multiple providers, 107-124
openness and innovation, 124-138
Interconnection through multiple
providers, 107-124
evolution of interconnection models,
121-123
monitoring Internet interconnections,
123-124
structure of the Internet service
provider industry, 109-112
Interfaces, 154
InterNAP, 122
International Data Corporation, 51
International Organization for
Standardization (ISO), 133
International pressures for addresses, 75-76
International Telecommunication Union
(ITU), 35, 133, 136, 204
Standardization Sector (ITU-T),
addressing interoperation between
IP telephony and the PSTN, 166
Internet Architecture Board (IAB), 22, 43,
135, 139n
Internet-based commerce, taxation issues
in public policy, 205-209
Internet-based telephony, 1
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names
and Numbers (ICANN), 22-23, 43-
44, 59-60, 65-66
Internet Engineering Steering Group
(IESG), 43, 135
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
groups, 22, 35, 43, 77, 124-125
addressing interoperation between IP
telephony and the PSTN, 165-166
guidelines for, 88
standards process, 134-135
Internet industries, emerging, 15-17, 151-
176
Internet Mapping Project, 109n
Internet marketplace, 41-43
lowering barriers to entry for
innovation, 42
multiple and evolving pricing models,
4142
tippy markets, 14, 4243, 136
Internet portals, 61
OCR for page 230
230
Internet Protocol. See IP
Internet revolution, 1-2
Internet service providers (ISPs)
free, 111
growth and diversification of markets
for, 4648
hosting providers, 112
interconnecting, 108
interpositioning, 144
mergers among, 109
policies for filtering or prioritizing IP
traffic, 25
role of, 3, 6-7
structure of the industry for
interconnection through multiple
providers, 109-112
tier 1,12-13,110-111,119, 122-124
value-stratification of customers by, 9,
105
Internet Society (ISOC), 135
Internet Software Consortium, 73
Internet Tax Freedom Act (ITFA), 207
Internet telephony, 15-16, 27, 118
Interoperation between IP telephony and
the PSTN, 165-170
addressing and number portability,
167-168
groups addressing, 165-166
robustness considerations, 169-170
signaling and control and service
creation, 168-169
Interpositioning, ISP, 144
Intervention, triggers for Internet, 26
Investment, in deployment of IPv6
technology, 24
IOPS, 91, 94
IP-addressability, 74
IP-layer encryption, 15
IP technology, 31
IP telephony
architectural contrasts with today's
PSTN, 161-162
architectures for, 155-159
defined, 15-16, 152-154
groups addressing interoperation
involving, 165-166
implications for telephony regulation
170-175
interoperation with the PSTN, 165-170
IPng. See IPv6 technology
IPSec protocol, 15,142
INDEX
IPv6 technology
for addressing and configuration, 77-79
deploying, 7-8, 53, 70, 79-81
recommendations for investing in, 24
ISO. See International Organization for
Standardization
ISOC. See Internet Society
ISPs. See Internet service providers
ITFA. See Internet Tax Freedom Act
ITU. See International Telecommunication
Union
Jitter, 99
reducing, 100-101
K
Keeping the Internet interconnected and
open, 10-15
access to the local loop, 11
innovation and transparency, 13-15
interconnection, 11-13
L
Large customers, requirements of, 120n
Latency, 99
end-to-end, 103
Latency-sensitive traffic, 104
Laws and regulations
recommendations for creating, 27-28
recommendations for focusing on
concerns identified, 27
Layering principle, 36n
Level 3, 163
Links
point-to-point, 108
wireless, 104
Local access infrastructure, 154
trends in upgrading, 49-50
Local area networks, wireless, 74
Local loop, access to, 11
Logical (routing) interconnection, 114-115
Long-term benefits, of open IP service, 24-25
Lowering barriers, to entry, for innovation,
42
OCR for page 231
INDEX
M
Malicious attacks, 87
Management
of addresses, 65-66
of the Domain Name System, 60-61
Marketplace-based research, developing
and demonstrating Internet
capabilities through, 21-22
Marketplace issues, 4143
growth and diversification of ISP
markets, 4648
influence of end-to-end transparency on
openness, 145-149
low barriers to entry for innovation, 42
market pressures, 56
multiple and evolving pricing models,
4142
tippy markets, 14, 4243, 136
MCI, 110
Media Gateway Control, IETF Working
Group, 166
Mergers, among Internet service providers,
109, 145, 164
Microsoft, 43, 145
Modems
cable, 31
dial-up, 32
Monitoring
Internet interconnections, 123-124
persistent Internet phenomena, 25-26
Monopolistic positions, 13-14
Moore's law, 45
Multihoming, 114n
Multimedia applications, 100
Multiple pricing models, 41-42
Multiple providers, interconnection
through, 107-124
N
Naming systems, scaling, 58-64
NANOG. See North American Network
Operators Group
National identifier, 195n
National Infrastructure Protection Center,
84
National Laboratory for Applied Network
Research (NLANR), 72
National Science Foundation (NSF), 45
231
National Security Telecommunications
Advisory Committee (NSTAC), 84,
86
National Telecommunications and
Information Administration (NTIA),
211
Netscape Communications, 43
Netsizer project, 72-73
Network address translation (NAT), 7,15,
69-70, 76-77, 140-142
Network address translators (NATs), 24,
70, 141
Network operators, 88
recommendations for collaboration
with, 20-21
Network Reliability and Interoperability
Council (NRIC), 23, 96
Network Reliability Steering Committee,
94n
Network Solutions, 65
Networks. See also Internet; Local area
networks; Private networks
ATM and Frame Relay, 100n
best-effort, 9-10
role of, 34
television, 34
virtual overlay, 103
"NII Class Profiles," 214
NLANR. See National Laboratory for
Applied Network Research
North American Network Operators
Group (NANOG), 43, 91, 94
NRIC. See Network Reliability and
Interoperability Council
NSF. See National Science Foundation
NSFNet, 41, 55, 108n
NSTAC. See National Security
Telecommunications Advisory
Committee
NTIA. See National Telecommunications
and Information Administration
Number portability, 167-168
Numerical addresses, 64
o
Office of Management and Budget, 188
Online privacy, 185
Open access, and cable, 49
Open IP service, recommendations for
long-term benefits of, 24-25
OCR for page 232
232
Open specifications, 125
Open standards in the Internet, 124-138
business influences on, 145-149
critical open standards in the Internet,
126-130
Domain Name System, 129
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol,
129
evolution of Internet standards setting,
132
recommendations for fostering the
development of, 21
routing protocols, 129
Operational errors, 87
Operators, 22-25
cable, 49
considering long-term benefits of open
IP service, 24-25
improving reliability and robustness, 24
improving reporting of outages, 9, 23
investing in deployment of IPv6
technology, 24
network, 20-21, 88
publicizing ISPs' policies for filtering or
prioritizing IP traffic, 25
Optical fiber cables, 3
Organizations
blocks of addresses held by, 7
Internet, 4344
NS/EP, 82
Outages, improving reporting of, 9, 23
Overall parameters, recommendations for
creating laws and regulations which
only establish, 27-28
Overlay networks, virtual, 103
p
Packet switching, 45n, 115n
Parameters, creating laws and regulations
that only establish overall, 27-28
Peer model financial arrangements for
interconnection, 116, 118-121
alternatives to, 124
Peer-to-peer applications, 47
distribution of information, 2
Peering agreements, 12,115,118-121
Performance objectives
end-to-end, 214
seeking to establish, 28,106
Physical interconnection, 113-114
INDEX
PKI. See Public key infrastructure
Planning, uncertainty in, 2
Platform for Privacy Preferences (P3P),
186-187, 197
Point-to-point links, 108
Policy approaches. See Public policy; Social
policy concerns
Portability, addressing, 167-168
Prefixes, routing, 66
Preserving the Internet, 107-150
end-to-end transparency, 138-150
maintaining end-to-end service through
multiple providers, 107-124
openness and innovation, 124-138
Presidential Decision Directive 63, 84
President's Commission for Critical
Infrastructure Protection, 84
Pressures for addresses, international, 75-
76
Pricing models, multiple and evolving, 41-
42
Prioritizing IP traffic, publicizing ISPs'
policies for, 25
Privacy
defined, 180
online, 185
policy and regulatory approaches to
protection of, 187-190
in public policy, 180-190
setting preferences, 187
technical approaches to protection of,
186-187
Private networks, 70
IP telephony configurations using a
dedicated, 158
Problem resolution, 121
Protocols, 3-4, 39n. See also individual
protocols
routing, 129
scaling of, 56-57
security, 142
PSINet, 118
PSTN. See Public switched telephone
network
P3P. See Platform for Privacy Preferences
Public debate, about the Internet, 2, 27-28
Public exchanges, 113
Public Internet. See also Private networks
defined, 30n
IP telephony configurations using, 158
Public key cryptography, 201
OCR for page 233
INDEX
Public key infrastructure (PKI), 201-202, 204
Public policy issues, 177-215
anonymity, 190-194
authentication on the Internet, 199-204
identity, 194-199
privacy, 180-190
taxation of Internet-based commerce,
205-209
universal service, 209-215
Public switched telephone network
(PSTN), 34, 83, 89
architectural contrasts with IP
telephony, 161-162
evolving architecture of, 159-160
interoperation with IP telephony, 16-17,
151, 153-154, 165-170
Publicizing ISPs' policies, for filtering or
prioritizing IP traffic, 25
Q
Quality-of-service (QOS) mechanisms, 9-10,
102-103, 117
debate over, 105-106
differentiated services (diff-serv), 102
enhanced support for, 79
integrated services (int-serv), 102-103
measuring, 120
other approaches, 103
relative efficiency of, 101
technologies for, 100n
Queuing, 99
Qwest, 163
R
R&D, supporting on scaling challenges and
reliability and robustness issues, 19-
20
Rate-adaptation mechanisms, 100
Realizing the Information Future, 126
Recommendations, 18-28
collaboration among researchers,
funders, and network operators, 20-
21
considering long-term benefits of open
IP service, 24-25
creating laws and regulations that
establish overall parameters only,
27-28
233
for designers and operators, 22-25
developing and demonstrating Internet
capabilities through marketplace-
based research, 21-22
focusing laws and regulations on
concerns identified, 27
fostering the development of open
standards for the Internet, 21
for government policy responses, 25-28
improving reliability and robustness, 24
improving reporting of outages, 9, 23
investigating the economics of
interconnection, 21
investing in deployment of IPv6
technology, 24
maintaining broad geographic
perspective on Internet issues, 28
monitoring persistent Internet
phenomena, 25-26
publicizing ISPs' policies for filtering or
prioritizing IP traffic, 25
researching triggers for Internet
intervention, 26
supporting R&D on scaling challenges
and reliability and robustness issues,
19-20
for the technology base, 19-22
Redundancy, 114n
Reengineering applications, 6
Regulatory approaches, 26. See also Laws
and regulations; Telephony;
individual regulatory agencies
to privacy protection, 187-190
standards enforced under, 125
Reliability and robustness, 8-9, 81-98
in applications, 92-93
and auxiliary servers, 93-94
designing for, 82-83
improving, 24
integrating, 90-91
and more adaptive routing, 89-90
recommendations for supporting R&D
on, 19-20
and reporting outages and failures, 9,
23, 94-98
and vulnerability of the Internet to
attack, 84-89
Remailers, 192-193
Reporting of outages, recommendations for
improving, 9, 23
Requests for comments (RFCs), 34-35, 134
OCR for page 234
234
Researchers, recommendations for
collaboration with, 20-21
Resource reservation protocol (RSVP), 102-
103
Revenue-neutral boundaries, for the
Internet, 12-13
RFCs. See Requests for comments
Robustness. See also Reliability and
robustness
and auxiliary servers, 93-94
considerations for interoperation
between IP telephony and the PSTN,
121, 169-170
principle of, 39-40
technologies to improve, 9
Route advertisements, 69,114
Route update messages, 67
Routing
adaptive, 89-90
of data packets, 4, 12
infrastructure for, 85n
protocols for, 32, 89,129
suppliers, 164
Routing interconnections, 104,114-115
Routing prefix, 66
Routing tables
problems with, 121n
scaling and address aggregation for, 66- (SNMP), 136
71
RSVP. See Resource reservation protocol
Running out of addresses. See Scarcity of
addresses
INDEX
managing addresses, 65-66
network address translation, 76-77
routing table scaling and address
aggregation, 66-71
scarcity of addresses, 71-76
Scaling up the Internet, 53-106
building a better Internet, 53-54
improving quality of service, 98-106
improving reliability and robustness,
81-98
Scarcity of addresses, 8, 71-76
estimating address use and demand,
71-75
international pressures for addresses,
75-76
Security protocols, 142
Service creation
at the edges, 170
for interoperation between IP telephony
and the PSTN, 168-169
Service delivery, 105
Services, 36
Signaling
for interoperation between IP telephony
and the PSTN, 168-169
mechanisms for, 102-103
Simple Network Management Protocol
S
Safe harbor guidelines, 189
Sales tax law, 205n
Scalability, 4
Scalable distributed and adaptive design,
4041
Scaling, 54-64
of capacity, 55
of the Internet's naming systems, 58-64
of protocols and algorithms, 56-57
recommendations for supporting R&D
on challenges over, 19-20
Scaling challenges, 4-6
Scaling up the address space, 6-8, 64-81
deploying an IPv6 solution, 79-81
IPv6 a potential solution to addressing
and configuration, 77-79
Single-purpose devices, rise in the use of,
50-51
Smart card, 203n
SNMP. See Simple Network Management
Protocol
Social policy concerns, 18-19, 177-215
Softswitch Consortium, addressing
interoperation between IP telephony
and the PSTN, 166
Software failures, 87
Specific Link Layers, 103
Specifications
for an application programming
interface, 124-125
for complete applications, 125
open, 125
Speed of light considerations, 98
Standards. See also Open standards in the
Internet
enforced under regulatory authority,
125
Stanford University, 75
Stateless transmission, 40
OCR for page 235
INDEX
Streaming audio and video, 100,118
Subsidy issue, 215n
Success by design, 3-5
abstract features and principles, 3444
distributed design and decentralized
control, 4
end-to-end architecture, 4
"hourglass" architecture, 4, 36-38, 127-
128
Internet organizations, role of, 43-44
the Internet's "hourglass" architecture,
36-38, 127-128
the robustness principle, 39-40
scalability, 4
scalable distributed and adaptive
design, 4041
Supporting R&D, on scaling challenges and
reliability and robustness issues, 19-
20
Sustaining the growth of the Internet, 5-10
quality of service, 9-10
robustness and reliability, 8-9
scaling challenges, 5-6
scaling up the address space, 6-8
T
Tables. See Routing tables
Taxation issues
in e-commerce, 132n
in public policy on Internet-based
commerce, 205-209
TCP. See Transmission Control Protocol
TDM. See Time division multiplexing
Technical approaches, to protecting
privacy, 186-187
Technologies
communications, 4
to improve robustness, 9
IP, 31
quality-of-service, 100n
work-around, 7
Technology base, 19-22
collaboration among researchers,
funders and network operators, 20-
21
developing and demonstrating Internet
capabilities through marketplace-
based research, 21-22
fostering the development of open
standards for the Internet, 21
235
investigating the economics of
interconnection, 21
supporting R&D on scaling challenges
and reliability and robustness issues,
19-20
Telco to IP architecture, 156
Telco to telco architecture, 156
Telcordia, 72-73
Telecommunications Act of 1996, 167n
Telecommunications and Internet Protocol
Harmonization Over Networks
(TIPHON), 166
Telephony, 15-17, 151-176
future of the Internet and other
industry sectors, 175-176
implications of IP telephony for
telephony regulation, 170-175
Internet-based, 1, 151-176
interoperation between IP telephony
and the PSTN, 165-170
IP telephony defined, 152-154
new and evolving architectures for, 154-
162
scenarios for future evolution, 162-165
Television networks, 34
Third-generation (3G) wireless services, 7-
8,104
Tier 1 Internet service providers, 12-13,
110-111, 119, 122-124
Time division multiplexing (TDM), 162
Time Warner, America Online merger
with, 145
TIPHON. See Telecommunications and
Internet Protocol Harmonization
Over Networks
Top-level domains, 62-63
Traffic, latency-sensitive, 104
Transit agreements, 12,114
Transit model financial arrangements for
interconnection, 116
Translation, network address, 15, 69-70, 76-
77, 140-142
Translators, network address, 70,141
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 98-
100, 126, 130-131n
Transparency. See also End-to-end
transparency
to keep the Internet interconnected and
open, 13-15
Trends in Internet development, 44-51
growing role for wireless services, 50
OCR for page 236
236
growth and diversification of the ISP
market, 4648
growth in backbone capacity, 45
rise in the use of single-purpose
devices, 50-51
upgrading the local access
infrastructure, 49-50
voice and data services, 50
Triggers for Internet intervention,
recommendations for researching,
26
Troubleshooting, 121
Trunking, WDM-based, 113
Trust in Cyberspace, 84, 86-87
U
UNINET, 76
Universal service issues
concerns about, 210n
in public policy, 209-215
Upgrading the local access infrastructure,
trends in, 49-50
Usage of addresses, estimating, 71-75
"Use tax," 205n
Users. See Customers
V
Value-stratification of customers, by ISPs,
9, 105
Vertical integration, 145-146
Video, streaming, 100
INDEX
Virtual overlay networks (VONs), 103
Voice services
quality-of-service requirements for, 101
trends in, 15, 47, 50
VONs. See Virtual overlay networks
Vulnerability, of the Internet to attack, 84-
89
W
WAP. See Wireless access protocol
Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM),
90, 113, 160
WDM-based bunking, 113
Web caching, 38
Web interface, 5
Wireless access protocol (WAP), 51,147
Wireless Access Protocol Forum, 136
Wireless links, 104
Wireless services
growing role for, 50
local area networks, 74
third-generation, 7-8, 104
Work-around technologies, 7
World Wide Web, 2, 56
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 125,
134, 136, 148, 186-187, 197
WorldCom, 110
W3C. See World Wide Web Consortium
X
XML, 148
Representative terms from entire chapter:
network operators
