Both fruit and seeds rank high, sometimes seeds dominate

Lagothrix

L. flavicauda

L. lagothricha

Yellow-tailed woolly monkey

Woolly monkey

Fruit 67% (6-95%), seeds 10% (0-35%); insects 7% (0-34%), leaves (mostly young) 12% (2-48%); flowers 2% (0-9%), pod exudates eaten at some sites

Diurnal, arboreal, multimale/ multifemale groups of 5-70 individuals; highlands groups 6-7; lowlands groups 10-20 individuals

3.5-6.5 kg females, 3.6-10.2 kg males

Butynski, 1982; Defler & Defler, 1996; Durham, 1975; Ford & Davis, 1992; Kinzey, 1997; Luna, 1987; Peres, 1994b; Ramirez, 1988; Robinson & Janson, 1987; Soini, 1987; Stevenson et al., 1994

Cacajao

C. calvus

C. melanocephalus

Bald uacari

Black-headed uacari

Seeds (mostly unripe) 59% (20-97%), fruit pulp 22% (1-60%), nectar 6% (0-58%), insects 5%, leaves and so on 3%; seeds of unripe fruit important as for all pithecines

Diurnal, arboreal mostly, multimale/ multifemale groups 5-30 up to 100 individuals

2.4-4.0 kg

Ayres, 1989; Barnett & Brandon-Jones, 1997; Fontaine, 1981; Ford, 1994; Kinzey, 1992; Mittermeier & Coimbra-Filho, 1977

Chiropotes

C. albinasus

C. satanas

White-nosed saki

Bearded saki

Seeds (mostly unripe) 53% (12-96%), fruit 37% (6-84.5%); leaves 2% (0-4%), flowers 5% (1-11%), insects 3% (0-24%); seed predators on 52 species and seed dispersers of 7 species; C. satanas ingest unripe fruit with hard pericarp

Diurnal, arboreal, multimale/ multifemale groups 10-30 individuals

1.9-3.3 kg females, 2.2-4.0 kg males

Ayres, 1989; Ford & Davis, 1992; Kinzey, 1992; Kinzey & Norconk, 1993; Mittermeier & vanRoosmalen, 1981; Mittermeier et al., 1983; Norconk et al., 1998; Robinson et al., 1987; van Roosmalen et al., 1981, 1988

Pithecia

P. aequatorialis^c

P. albicans

P. irrorata^c

P. monachus

P. pithecia

Equatorial saki

Buffy saki

Bald-faced saki

Monk saki

White-faced saki

Seeds 38% (17-88%), other fruit 43% (3-51%), leaves (mostly young) 12% (0-32%), insects 1.0% (0-6%), flowers 6% (0-15%); P. monachus may eat more leaves or insects, P. pithecia more young seed ( 60%)

Diurnal, arboreal, monogomous family groups, groups 2-8; P. aequatorialis, P. monachus: cryptic

0.779-2.5 kg females, 0.964-3.1 kg males

Buchanan et al., 1981; Ford & Davis, 1992; Happel, 1982; Kinzey, 1992; Kinzey & Norconk, 1993; Mittermeier & vanRoosmalen, 1981; Norconk, 1996; Norconk & Kinzey, 1990; Norconk et al., 1998; Peres, 1993b

Primarily folivorous, some fruit, no animal prey

Alouatta

A. belzabul^c

A. caraya

A. colibensis^c

A. fusca

A. palliata

A. pigra

A. sara^c

A. seniculus

Red-handed howler

Black-and-gold howler

Colba Island howler

Brown howler

Mantled howler

Black howler

Bolivian red howler

Red howler

A. palliata, A. seniculus, A. pigra: total leaves 54% (20-100%), including 38% young, 16% mature leaf; total fruit, especially figs, 39% (0-80%), including 34% ripe, 5% unripe; flowers 9% (0-90%); A. fusca, A. caraya: 72% leaves (45-89%); fruit 20% (2-55%); flowers 8% (0-24%)

Diurnal, arboreal (drink on ground, A. palliata can swim), 1,2 or multimales/ multifemales, groups 4-21 individuals; One-male groups common

2.4-7.6 kg females, 4.2-11.4 kg males

Bicca & Calegaro, 1994; Chapman, 1987; Crockett & Eisenberg, 1987; de Thoisy & Richard-Hansen, 1997; Estrada, 1984; Estrada & Coates-Estrada, 1986; Ford & Davis, 1992; Galetti et al., 1987; Garcia, 1994; Gaulin & Gaulin, 1982; Glander, 1978; Hladik el al., 1971; Julliot & Sabatier, 1993; Milton, 1980; 1981; Mittermeier & van Roosmalen, 1981; Neville et al., 1988; Oftedal, 1991; Prates et al., 1987; Simmen & Sabatier, 1996; Smith, 1977; Stoner, 1996; Strier, 1992.

Brachyteles

B. arachnoides

Woolly spider monkey or muriqui

Leaves 58% (range 41-93%); fruit 28% (7-59%), within which unripe seeds were 8% (0-32%); flowers 14% (0-38%)

Diurnal, arboreal, multimale/ multifemale and fission-fusion, groups 5-45 individuals

9.4 kg female, 12.1 kg male

Ford, 1994; Lemos, 1988; Milton, 1984; Neville et al., 1988; Nishimura et al., 1988; Strier, 1991, 1992