Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates: Second Revised Edition

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Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates: Second Revised Edition, 2003

TABLE 7-1 Survey of Data Used to Estimate Vitamin E Requirement

						Estimated Requirement
Species	Age and Body Weight	Daily DM Consumption	Type of Diet	Nutrient Levels Studied	Criteria Used to Estimate Requirement	mg·kg⁻¹ of dietary DM	mg (or IU)·BWkg^-1·d^-1	Reference
Macaca mulatta	Young 2 kg	Assumed 30 g·BW_kg−¹·d⁻¹	Purified	0 (+ suppl) or 20 mg·d⁻¹	Dose needed for anemia remission, number days of remissions	<10 mg·0.03 kg⁻¹ = <333 mg of α-tocopherol	<10 mg of αtocopherol	Dinning and Day, 1957
Macaca mulatta	Immature 1.5-2.5 kg	Assumed 30 g·BW_kg−¹·d⁻¹	Purified	0 (+ suppl) or 34 mg·d⁻¹	Dose needed to keep urinary creatine:creatinine ratio below 1	2.6 mg·0.03 kg⁻¹ = 87 mg of d,lα-tocopherol	2.6 of mg d,l-αtocopherol	Fitch and Dinning, 1963
Macaca mulatta	Young 1.3-1.8 kg	Assumed 30 g·BW_kg−¹·d⁻¹	Purified	0 (+ suppl) or 34 mg·d⁻¹	Dose needed for anemia remission, number days of remission	0.378 mg·0.03 kg⁻¹ = 12.6 mg of l-α-tocopherol	0.378 ± 0.108 mg of l-α-tocopherol	Fitch et al., 1965
Macaca mulatta	4.5 and 4.0 kg	170 g (ME at 3.48 kcal·g⁻¹ of DM)	Purified	0, 5, and 10 mg·kg⁻¹ of diet	Plasma vitamin E concentrations	>5 mg and <10 mg of d-α-tocopherol	>0.4 mg <0.75 mg of d-α-tocopherol	Bieri and Evarts, 1972
Cebus albifrons	14 mos 1.4-1.8 kg	86 g (ME at 185 kcal·BW_kg⁻¹)	Purified	Trace vs 100 mg·kg⁻¹ of diet	Dose needed for anemia remission, number days of remission	3.0 mg of α-tocopherol	0.165 ± 0.02 mg of α-tocopherol	Ausman and Hayes, 1974
Macaca fascicularis	14 mos 2.2 kg	67 g (ME at 105 kcal·BW_kg⁻¹)	Purified	Trace vs 100 mg·kg⁻¹ of diet	Curing anemia	3.2 mg	0.10 mg	Ausman and Hayes, 1974
Callithrix jacchus	80-90% mature 306-344 g	Assumed 32 g	Purified	4 or 48 mg·kg⁻¹ of diet	Plasma α-tocopherol concentrations, ability to reduce peroxidative hemolysis	>4 mg to <48 mg of d-αtocopherol	Calc: (>4 mg) (0.032 g of diet) = 0.128 mg·0.325 kg⁻¹ = >0.4 mg; (<48 mg) (0.032 g) = 1.536 mg· 0.325 kg⁻¹ = <4.7 mg	McIntosh, 1987
Callithrix jacchus	400 ± 20 g	31 g	Purified (+ fish oils)	2.94 mg per monkey	Plasma concentrations and erythrocyte hemolysis	>95 mg	<7.4 mg	Ghebremeskel et al., 1990
Callithrix jacchus	Adult 392 g	31 and 33 g	Purified (+ fish oils)	2.94 mg and 52.7 mg per monkey	Hydrogen peroxide-induced hemolysis—64% (high) vs 2% (normal)	>95 mg <1,600 mg	>7.4 mg <134 mg	Ghebremeskel et al., 1991
Callithrix jacchus	Young, 9-12 mos 295-330 g	Assumed 32 g	Purified	130 IU·kg⁻¹ of diet	Plasma tocopherol concentrations	<130 IU of α-tocopherol	Calc: (130 IU)(0.032 kg of diet) = 4.16 IU·0.33 kg⁻¹ = <12.6 IU	Charnock et al., 1992
Macaca fascicularis	N.A.	Assumed 30 g·BW_kg⁻¹·d⁻¹	Purified	60 or 270 mg·kg⁻¹ of diet	Liver α-tocopherol, lipofuscin pigments, enzymes, and TBRS	<60 mg >270 mg if ω-3 fatty acids present	N.A.	Kaasgaard et al., 1992a
Cercopithecus aethiops	Adult	30 g·BW_kg⁻¹·d⁻¹ (ME at 90 kcal·BW_kg⁻¹·d⁻¹)	Purified	Vitamin E at 30-50 mg·kg⁻¹ of diet	Plasma concentrations	<50 mg	N.A.	Carr et al., 1993^a
^aReport did not identify minimal vitamin E requirements, but data provide an upper boundary of need based on criteria used.

in the liver of rats and chicks to form menaquinone-4 (MK-4) (Olson, R.E., 1999).

Vitamin K is the cofactor for γ-glutamyl carboxylase, a microsomal enzyme responsible for the posttranslational carboxylation of glutamyl residues (producing γ-carboxy-glutamic acid, Gla) in seven coagulation proenzymes (clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X and proteins C, S, and Z) and in intracellular protein Gas 6 (growth-arrest-specific factor, homologous to protein S), matrix Gla protein, and bone Gla protein (osteocalcin) (Hauschka et al., 1989; Liu et al., 1996; Ferland, 1998).

It is now apparent that vitamin K is important not only in blood coagulation but also in bone metabolism. Matrix Gla protein is found in the organic matrix of bone, dentin,

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