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Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates: Second Revised Edition, 2003
Mandrillus
M. leucophaeus
M. sphinx
Drill
Mandrill
Fruit 71% (42-99%); leaves 9%; flowers 4% (0-47%); stems, pith, or bark 5%; sap or gum 3%(0-26%); fungi 3% (0-52%); grass or crops 3% (0-23%); prey 6% (0-27%); roots; mandrills are seed predators and raid crops
Diurnal, arboreal and largely terrestrial; M. leucophaeus 1 male, multifemale (up to 20), group size 14-179; M. sphinx multimale/ multifemale
M. leucophaeus: 6.9-10.0 kg females, 17.0 kg male; M. sphinx: 11.5 kg female, 26.9 kg male
Fleagle, 1988; Gautier-Hion, 1978; Gautier-Hion et al., 1980; Harvey et al., 1987; Hoshino, 1985; Jouventin, 1975; Lahm, 1986; Norris, 1988; Rogers et al., 1996; Tutin et al., 1997; Wolfheim, 1983
Miopithecus
M. talapoin
Dwarf guenon or southern talapoin monkey
Fruit 52% (0-90%); leaves and shoots 5% (0-22%); flowers 2%; stems, pith or bark 4% (0-10%); grass or crops 8% (0-80%); prey 35% (0-50%); fungus; raid crops
Diurnal, arboreal, swim, multimale/ multifemale, group size 60 to 112 individuals
0.745-1.12 kg females, 1.0-1.38 kg males
Butynski, 1982; Gautier-Hion, 1971, 1973, 1988a; Gautier-Hion et al., 1980; Gonzalez-Kirchner, 1994; Napier, 1981; Wrangham et al., 1993
Papio hamadryas
P. h. anubis
P. h. cynocephalus
P. h. papio
P. h. ursinus
Olive baboon
Yellow baboon
Guinea baboon
Chacma baboon
Fruit and seeds 46% (0-86%); grass, sedge, herb 16% (0-97%); corms or roots 10% (0-85%); tree leaves 10% (0-61%); flowers 8% (0-27%); exudates or sap 4% (0-15%); other plant parts 6% (0-19%); prey 7% (0-72%); raid farms; beg from tourists; P. h. ursinus near sea eat crab
Diurnal, mostly terrestrial, part arboreal; multimale/ multifemale group size 7-200; P. h. papio: rudimentary fission-fusion
7.9-18.6 kg females, 14.1-43.6 kg males
Butynski, 1982; Byrne et al., 1993; Dunbar & Dunbar, 1974; Hamilton et al., 1978; Harding, 1976; Harvey et al., 1987; Moreno-Black & Maples, 1977; Napier, 1981; Norton et al., 1987; Post, 1982; Rhine et al., 1989; Ross, 1991; Rowell, 1966; Silva & Downing, 1995; Stacey, 1986; Whiten et al., 1990; Wolfheim, 1983
Exceptional Diets
Papio hamadryas hamadryas
Hamadryas baboon (5 subspecies)
Only one study found quantifying diet: fruit or pods with seeds 44%, fig fruit 13%, grass seeds 6%, grass plants 17%, leaves 10%, flowers 6%, roots 5%; prey consumption not quantified
Diurnal, terrestrial, fission-fusion, 1 male + multifemales, group size foraging 25-38, troops up to 750
12.0 kg female, 21.3 kg male
Boug et al., 1994; Fleagle, 1988; Wolfheim, 1983
Theropithecus gelada
Gelada baboon
Grass leaves 62% (0-93%), grass root or stem 13% (0-67%), grass seed 13% (0-70%), fruit 3% (0-7%), tree leaves 6% (0-62%), herbs and flowers 2% (0-8%), other roots or bulbs 1% (0-3%), prey 0.1%; raid crops
Diurnal, terrestrial, multimale/ multifemale; group size: 3-20 reproductive unit, band 30-300
bBody weights in ranges whenever possible; single numbers are not averages but indicate that only one individual of the species has been weighed in the wild.
cNo data available from the wild but assumed to be similar to congenerics.
limitation is the bias introduced by persistence of fibrous items compared with more easily digested foods.
FECAL ANALYSIS
Recognizing cell structures of different plants in feces and identifying them, even to the genus level, requires considerable microscope training. Most researchers send fecal samples to specialized laboratories for plant identification (Moreno-Black 1978). Fecal analysis has been used effectively in studying the feeding ecology of the nocturnal galagos (Nash, 1983; Harcourt 1984) and some cercopithecines (Moreno-Black and Maples, 1977). Tutin et al. (1991), and Tutin and Fernandez (1993), studying lowland gorillas, used a macroscopic method to evaluate feces, looking for seeds and fibrous material. However, fecal analysis has the same limitation as does analysis of stomach contents: that is, the items that persist tend to be fibrous, whereas the more easily digested foods leave no trace.
FOOD REMNANTS
This method often is used in combination with fecal analysis or visual observation. It is useful when the animal
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